常德西湖水体与底泥营养及重金属元素的变动研究
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摘要
论文以2006年7月至2007年5月常德西湖三个相对独立水体及其底泥中的氮磷钾营养元素、重金属的四次采样和含量检测为材料,研究了西湖水体及底泥中氮磷钾营养元素与重金属元素在一年中的季节变动规律。采用国家环保局(1989)《水与废水检测与分析标准》和《土壤分析方法》中的标准分析法,分析了氮磷钾三大营养元素含量对湖泊水质的影响。结果显示,底泥和水体中的氮含量都很高,水体中总氮在30～80mg/L之间,底泥碱解氮含量在150～300mg/L之间,且都分布不均匀,湖中央分布较高,其他地方偏低,有较明显的季节变化即夏季氮磷钾含量最高,秋季最低;一年中氮磷比严重超出国家标准,水体中磷为限制性营养元素;土壤中总磷含量高,氮含量偏低,氮为限制性营养元素。该湖区呈现出比较严重的富营养化状态。水体中有效磷的含量较底泥中的低很多,含量在0.008～0.4mg/L之间,春夏两季比秋冬两季的含量要大,湖区分叉较多的地方含量变动较明显:氮磷比值比为60-1000:1,水体中氮磷比远大于最佳比例;说明水体富营养化的进程进一步加剧;钾在底泥和水体中随季节变化较稳定,冬季含量比其他月份要高。实验表明磷是湖泊初级生产力的限制因子,湖区的化肥养鱼导致湖区的富营养化程度加重,合理施肥成为湖区管理重点。重金属铅和镉含量尚在允许范围内,其中铅平均0.0710mg/L,镉为0.0048mg/l。铜和锌浓度较高已超出安全浓度,其中铜平均0.0908mg/L,呈逐步降低的趋势。锌平均0.5431mg/L且呈增高的趋势。表明湖泊附近无严重重金属污染源,但要控制药物的使用。
In order to study the rule of the nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutritive elements and heavy metals elements content with season change in Changde Xihu water and the bottom mud, sampling and checking contents of nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrition and heavy metals elements with season change in three relatively independent water of the West Lake and bottom mud from July 2006 to May 2007, and analyzed influence of the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutritive elements and heavy metals elements content to the lake water quality by the standard analytic method of National Environmental protection Bureau (1989) "Water And Waste water Examination And Analysis Standard" and "Soil Analysis method",
The result showed that, both bottom mud and water nitrogen content are very high, the water total nitrogen content ranged from 30 to 80mg/L and the bottom mud alkaline lysis nitrogen content ranged from 150 to 300mg/L, distribution of nitrogen content in bottom mud and water is non-uniform, the nitrogen content of lake center is higher than that of other places, the nitrogen content tendency is drop from lake center to lake shore. The nitrogen phosphorus potassium contents is different with seasonal variation, the summer nitrogen phosphorus potassium contents are maximal and contents in autumn is lowest; The nitrogen/phosphorus ratios exceeds a national standard seriously, the phosphorus is a restrictive nutrition element in the wave; phosphorus contents in soil are high, nitrogen contents is low, the nitrogen is a restrictive nutrition element in soil. The lake displayed comparatively grave eutrophication. the effective phosphorus content of the water is lower significantly than that of the bottom mud, fluctuates from 0.008 to 0.4mg/L, it's content in spring and summer is higher than in autumn and winter, the content change is very obvious in ramification of lake region; The nitrogen/phosphorus ratio is 60 ~ 1000; The potassium is stable in the bottom mud and in the water body along with the seasonal variation, the winter content must be higher than other months.
The experiment indicated that the phosphorus is the limit factor of the lake primary productive power, That the chemical fertilizer feeds fish in the lake district leads to pollution's aggravation of the lake water, It is key of management fertilizer applies rationally into the lake district.
The lead and the cadmium content are safe in the lake water. Average lead content is 0.0710mg/L, Average cadmium content is 0.0048mg/L The content of copper and the zinc have surpassed the safe concentration, in which copper average content is 0. 0908mg/L, assumes tendency which reduces gradually. Zinc average content is 0. 5431mg/L ,also assumes the tendency which increases gradually, Indicates that there is not a serious pollution source of heavy metal in the lake nearby , but we must control the use of medicine.
In order to study the rule of the nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutritive elements and heavy metals elements content with season change in Changde Xihu water and the bottom mud, sampling and checking contents of nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrition and heavy metals elements with season change in three relatively independent water of the West Lake and bottom mud from July 2006 to May 2007, and analyzed influence of the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutritive elements and heavy metals elements content to the lake water quality by the standard analytic method of National Environmental protection Bureau (1989) "Water And Waste water Examination And Analysis Standard" and "Soil Analysis method",
The result showed that, both bottom mud and water nitrogen content are very high, the water total nitrogen content ranged from 30 to 80mg/L and the bottom mud alkaline lysis nitrogen content ranged from 150 to 300mg/L, distribution of nitrogen content in bottom mud and water is non-uniform, the nitrogen content of lake center is higher than that of other places, the nitrogen content tendency is drop from lake center to lake shore. The nitrogen phosphorus potassium contents is different with seasonal variation, the summer nitrogen phosphorus potassium contents are maximal and contents in autumn is lowest; The nitrogen/phosphorus ratios exceeds a national standard seriously, the phosphorus is a restrictive nutrition element in the wave; phosphorus contents in soil are high, nitrogen contents is low, the nitrogen is a restrictive nutrition element in soil. The lake displayed comparatively grave eutrophication. the effective phosphorus content of the water is lower significantly than that of the bottom mud, fluctuates from 0.008 to 0.4mg/L, it's content in spring and summer is higher than in autumn and winter, the content change is very obvious in ramification of lake region; The nitrogen/phosphorus ratio is 60 ~ 1000; The potassium is stable in the bottom mud and in the water body along with the seasonal variation, the winter content must be higher than other months.
The experiment indicated that the phosphorus is the limit factor of the lake primary productive power, That the chemical fertilizer feeds fish in the lake district leads to pollution's aggravation of the lake water, It is key of management fertilizer applies rationally into the lake district.
The lead and the cadmium content are safe in the lake water. Average lead content is 0.0710mg/L, Average cadmium content is 0.0048mg/L The content of copper and the zinc have surpassed the safe concentration, in which copper average content is 0. 0908mg/L, assumes tendency which reduces gradually. Zinc average content is 0. 5431mg/L ,also assumes the tendency which increases gradually, Indicates that there is not a serious pollution source of heavy metal in the lake nearby , but we must control the use of medicine.
引文
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[5]刘慧,方建光.莱州湾和桑沟湾养殖海区主要营养盐的周年变动及限制因子[J].水产科学,2003,10(3):227-234
[6]司友斌,王慎强,陈怀满.农田氮、磷的流失与水体富营养化.土壤,2000,32(4):188-193.
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[10]刘利花,杨淑英,吕家珑。长期不同施肥底泥中磷淋溶“突变点”研究[J]。西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(3):123-126
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[12]湛江水产专科学校.淡水养殖水化学[M].中国农业出版社,2001:108
[13]国家环境保护编委会.水和废水的监测分析方法(第3版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1989,246-280,356-366
[14]郭动,聂鑫,周时强,等.同安湾潘涂对虾养殖垦区不同形态磷的含量与动态[J].水产学报,2001,25(5):443-447
[15]张庆,谢山,黄道明.红旗湖水化学及其评价[J].水利渔业.2000,15(3).43
[16]刘鸿志,陈永清.我国重点湖泊的水环境管理现状.环境保护.1998,(12):9-10.
[17]徐谦.我国化肥非点源污染状况综述.农村生态环境.1996,12(2):39-43
[18]蔡文贵,贾晓平,林钦,等.红海湾水质营养状况分析.中国水产科学,2002,9(1):78-81
[19]张关海.湖泊围网养殖与水环境保护[J].淡水渔业.2000,13(7):36-40
[20]刁维萍,倪吾钟,倪天华,等.水环境重金属污染的现状及其评价[J].广东微量元素科学,2004,11(3):1-5
[21]缪锦来,石红旗,李光友,等。赤潮灾害的发展趋势、防治技术及其研究进展。安全与环境学报。2002,2(3):40-44.
[22]Kronvang B,Graesboll P,Larsen S E,et al.Diffuse nutrient losses in Denmark.Water Science & Technology,1996,33:81.
[23]丁长春,王兆群,丁清波.水体富营养化污染现状及防治.甘肃环境研究与监测,2001,14(2):112-113.
[24]Edwards A C,Withers P J A.Soil phosphorus management and water quality:A UK perspective.Soil Use and Management.1998,14:124-130.
[25]郑亚西,王关民.湖(库)水体富营养化综合防治对策.重庆环境科学,2001,23(4):30-35.
[26]Smith K A,Chalmers A G,Chambers B J,et al.Organic manure phosphorus accumulation,mobility and management.Soil Use and Management.1998,14:154-159.
[27]Smith K A,Jackson D R,Withers P J A.Nutrient losses by surface run-off following the application of organic manures to arable land.1.Nitrogen.Environmental Pollution.2001,112:41-51.
[28]Sharpley A N,Withers P J A.The environmentally-sound management of agricultural phosphorus.Fertiliser Research,1994,39:133-146.
[29]Paul J A Withers,Eunice I Lord.Agricultural nutrient inputs to rivers and groundwater in the UK:policy,environmental management and research needs.The Science of the Total Environment,2002,282-283:9-24.
[30]Pionke H B,Gburek W J,Sharpley A M,et al.Hydrological and chemical controls on phosphorus loss from catchments.In:Tunney H,Carton O T,Brookes P C and Johnston A E(Eds.).Phosphorus loss from soil to water.CAB International,Wallingford,1997:77-93.
[31]徐翠莲.城市生活污水生物脱氮技术.福建环境,1998(10):16,22.
[32]金相灿主编.湖泊富营养化控制和管理技术.北京:化学工业出版社.2001,50-51.
[33]孙亚敏,董曼玲,汪家权.内源污染对湖泊富营养化的作用及对策.合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2000,23(2):210-214.
[34]张乃明.土壤一植物系统重金属污染研究现状与展望[J].环境科学进展,1999,7(4):30-33
[35]徐志标,骆其君,徐继林.水样中氮磷营养盐含量的稳定性及保存方法比较研究[J].水产科学.2005,24(4):13-16
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[37]陈伟珍,林轩,邓秀清,等 湛江港水产养殖区水体氮磷含量及潜在性营养化程度分析[J].海洋渔业,2004,26(2):99-102
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