吸附材料和水肥因子对N、P的影响
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摘要
随着人类经济活动不断深入,水环境污染已成为全球性问题。农业面源污染成为导致水环境污染的重要原因,它对受纳水体的污染接近甚至大于点源污染,国内外以及三峡库区农业面源污染形式严峻。通过农田径流进入江河和湖泊是农业面源污染的一条最主要的途径。
以N、P为量化因子,基于农田径流的污染控制出发,可将径流封闭的稻田生态系统作为一种拦截缓冲带来治理农田径流形成的农业面源污染。将农田地表径流引入稻田,降低其流动性,通过施用吸附材料来截留N、P污染物。同时,通过水稻的消纳吸收以及水稻土的沉降,来降低滞留或流经稻田的农田径流污染物。目前,吸附材料用于吸附农田径流的研究相对较少,因此筛选吸附NH4-N、NO3-N、TP的最佳吸附材料,以及找到最佳经济施用量十分必要；对稻田生态系统消纳和沉降农业面源污水已开展了很多的研究,包括耕作方法、排水措施、平衡施肥等,但依据三峡库区水稻种植习惯进行的水稻移栽期水肥因子模拟较少。据此,通过改进后的水肥因子管理-施肥后不同时期灌水,以种植户习惯的施用尿素和过磷酸钙底肥后当天灌水处理为对照,采用施肥后不同时期灌水,通过检测稻田生态系统中田面水对N、P的沉降,以及水稻土的供肥能力,找到稻田施肥后最佳灌水时期,对治理农田径流形成的面源污染有重要意义。
结果表明：铵态氮、硝态氮沉降效果最好的吸附材料分别是人造沸石、活性炭,沉降率分别达到87%和32%；对磷沉降效果最好的也是活性炭,沉降率达到35%。综合去除率和经济效益,浓度为1.5g／L的沸石是最佳的铵态氮沉降投加量；浓度为12g／L、2.0g／L的活性炭分别是最佳的硝态氮沉降和磷沉降投加量。
振荡作用时间、pH、P浓度直接影响吸附材料对模拟污水中可溶态N、P的沉降：振荡作用时间影响沉降率,人造沸石沉降铵态氮,解吸临界点为15分钟；用活性炭沉降硝态氮,解吸临界点为30分钟；用活性炭沉降磷,振荡作用时间与沉降率成正比。污水pH值也影响沉降率,pH值6-7时,人造沸石对铵态氮沉降率最高,达到82.02%；pH值5-6时,活性炭分别对硝态氮和磷沉降率最高,沉降率分别达到31.5%、52.74%。对磷浓度为1-9mg／L的模拟污水而言,人造沸石对铵态氮均能保持稳定的吸附,平均沉降率73.5%；活性炭对硝态氮保持稳定的吸附,沉降率在29.97%-31.13%之间；活性炭对磷沉降率随磷浓度上升而递减,沉降率从70.32%降至15.85%。
施肥后不同时期灌水措施可降低水田田面水中的TN、TDN、TP含量,能将水田生态系统COD控制在较低水平,对pH影响不明显。以施肥当天灌水为参照,施肥灌水间隔期7d、14d、30d对TN均有极高的去除率,平均去除率分别为21.79%、33.88%、34.09%；各处理的TP平均去除率分别为4.81%、16%、21.5%。7d间隔期铵态氮平均浓度最高,达到1.38mg／L；硝态氮最低,值为2.79mg/L。TDN最低,值为4.97mg/L,TPN最高,值为5.29mg/L。TDP平均含量随间隔期的增加而递减,值分别为1.01、0.54、0.31、0.18mg／L,相反TPP平均含量依次升高,值分别为0.83、1.2、1.28、1.31mg／L。可见,经过施肥后7d、14d、30d灌水处理,相对施肥当天灌水而言,田面水中可溶态氮减少,颗粒态氮增加,可溶态磷减少,颗粒态磷增加。施肥后7-14 d灌水,可有效降低稻田田面水中硝态氮和的磷含量。施肥后不同时期灌水措施对水稻产量影响很小。
因此,施用尿素和过磷酸钙底肥7d-14d后灌水是三峡重庆库区稻田移栽期最佳水肥因子管理措施。同时将农田径流引入稻田生态系统,并施加人造沸石和活性炭,可有效吸附农田径流中N、P污染物,进而治理农业面源污染。
With the development of human economic activities, water pollution has been become a global issue. The important reason leading to water pollution is agricultural non-point resource pollution, the degree of its pollution to the receiving water bodies closer to or greater than point source pollution. It an serious challenge for agricultural nonpoint source pollution in domestic and foreign, as well as the Three Gorges reservoir area. The best important ways for running into rivers and lakes to agricultural nonpoint source pollution is farmland runoff.
Choosed the content of N,P as quantitative parameter, based on controlling the farmland runoff pollution, the closed runoff paddy ecosystem can be regared as a interception buffer field which can eliminate the agricultural non-point resource by farmland runoff. Directing the paddy surface runoff to paddy field for reducing the mobility, retain N,P pollutants by using the adsorption materials, Meanwhile, through absorbing and consuming by rice and sedimentated by paddy soil, it is feasible to reduce the farmland runoff pollutants which have been retained or flowed through the paddy fields. At present, it is relatively absent to the research of adsorption materials on which be used for adsorbing the field runoff, so choosing the best qualitive adsorption materials which be used for absorb NH4-N,NO3N,TP, as well as to find the best economic application rate is necessary. It have many research on the consumption and settlement about agricultural nonpoint source water by rice ecosystems has carried out, including farming practices, drainage measures, balanced fertilization, etc., but based on the paddy rice cultivation habits of farmers in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, less water and fertilizer management factor simulation in paddy transplanting period accordingly. Through improved water and fertilizer management factor-at different stages between fertilization and irrigation. Accustomed to urea and superphosphate as basal fertilizer, contrasted to the zero day between fertilization and irrigation, treatments were used at different stages between fertilization and irrigation, by detecting the content of N, P in surface water of the paddy ecosystem and its capacity to support plant growth to find the best rice irrigation period after fertilization, it is important to control agricultural non-point resoure pollution which produced by farmland runoff.
The results showed that:the best adsorption materials for ammonium and nitrate deposition was artificial zeolite and activated carbon, sedimentation rates were 87% and 32% respectively; the best adsorption materials for phosphorus sedimentation is also the best activated carbon, sedimentation rate of 35%.Comprehensive removal percent and economic benefits, the concentration of 1.5g/L of zeolite is the best dosage of ammonium deposition; concentration of 12g/L,2.0g/L of activated carbon were the best N deposition and phosphorus deposition dosage.
Oscillating function time, pH, P concentration directly affect the content of soluble N, P by settlement of adsorption materials in simulative water:the time of oscillation affect the deposition rate, for depositing ammonium by the artificial zeolite, desorption critical point is 15 minutes; for depositing nitrate by carbon deposition,desorption critical point for 30 minutes; for depositing phosphorus by activated carbon, the time of oscillation is proportional to sedimentation rate. The pH value also affects the deposition rate, pH value of 6-7, the artificial zeolite on the highest ammonium deposition,reaching 82.02%; pH value of 5-6, the activated carbon on nitrate and phosphorus were the highest settlement rates, settlement rate reached 31.5%,52.74%. Phosphorus concentration of 1-9mg/L of simulated wastewater, the artificial zeolite can maintain the stability of the ammonium adsorption, the average settlement rate of 73.5%;the artificial zeolite can maintain the stability of the nitrate adsorption,sedimentation rate between 29.97% -31.13%; the rate of activated carbon sedimentation for phosphorus increased with the phosphorus concentration.
The measures obout different days between fertilization and irrigation to reduce the content of TN, TDN, TP in surface water,it could control the paddy field ecosystem COD on low level, no significant effect on the pH. For irrigation after fertilization in the same day as a reference, the TN removal rates depend on the fertilization and irrigation interval 7d,14d,30d were very high, the average removal rates were 21.79%,33.88%,34.09%; the average removal rate of TP is 4.81%, 16%,21.5% respectively.7d interval of the average concentration of ammonium is highest of value 1.38mg/L; N lowest value of 2.79mg/L. TDN lowest of 4.97mg/L, TPN highest value of 5.29mg /L. With the average interval inceased, TDP content decreasing values of 1.01,0.54,0.31,0.18 mg/L, the opposite order of average content of TPP with values of 0.83,1.2,1.28,1.31 mg/L respectively. For irrigation after fertilization in the same day as a reference, it is evident that the measures at different times between fertilization and irrigation, an increase in surface water particulate nitrogen, soluble nitrogen reduction, reduction of dissolved phosphorus, particulate phosphorus increased. The trentments obout 7-14 d between fertilization and irrigation, can effectively reduce the nitrate and phosphorus content on surface water of paddy field. Irrigation at different stages after fertilization measures have little effect on rice yield.
Therefore, the stages about 7d-14d between fertilized with urea and superphosphate as basal and irrigation is the best rice transplanting fertilizer management factor practices in Three Gorges. Directed agricultural runoff into the paddy ecosystem, and imposed artificial zeolite and activated carbon meanwhile, which can effectively retained and sedimentated N, P pollutants from farmland runoff, and it could further control agricultural non-point source pollution。
以N、P为量化因子,基于农田径流的污染控制出发,可将径流封闭的稻田生态系统作为一种拦截缓冲带来治理农田径流形成的农业面源污染。将农田地表径流引入稻田,降低其流动性,通过施用吸附材料来截留N、P污染物。同时,通过水稻的消纳吸收以及水稻土的沉降,来降低滞留或流经稻田的农田径流污染物。目前,吸附材料用于吸附农田径流的研究相对较少,因此筛选吸附NH4-N、NO3-N、TP的最佳吸附材料,以及找到最佳经济施用量十分必要；对稻田生态系统消纳和沉降农业面源污水已开展了很多的研究,包括耕作方法、排水措施、平衡施肥等,但依据三峡库区水稻种植习惯进行的水稻移栽期水肥因子模拟较少。据此,通过改进后的水肥因子管理-施肥后不同时期灌水,以种植户习惯的施用尿素和过磷酸钙底肥后当天灌水处理为对照,采用施肥后不同时期灌水,通过检测稻田生态系统中田面水对N、P的沉降,以及水稻土的供肥能力,找到稻田施肥后最佳灌水时期,对治理农田径流形成的面源污染有重要意义。
结果表明：铵态氮、硝态氮沉降效果最好的吸附材料分别是人造沸石、活性炭,沉降率分别达到87%和32%；对磷沉降效果最好的也是活性炭,沉降率达到35%。综合去除率和经济效益,浓度为1.5g／L的沸石是最佳的铵态氮沉降投加量；浓度为12g／L、2.0g／L的活性炭分别是最佳的硝态氮沉降和磷沉降投加量。
振荡作用时间、pH、P浓度直接影响吸附材料对模拟污水中可溶态N、P的沉降：振荡作用时间影响沉降率,人造沸石沉降铵态氮,解吸临界点为15分钟；用活性炭沉降硝态氮,解吸临界点为30分钟；用活性炭沉降磷,振荡作用时间与沉降率成正比。污水pH值也影响沉降率,pH值6-7时,人造沸石对铵态氮沉降率最高,达到82.02%；pH值5-6时,活性炭分别对硝态氮和磷沉降率最高,沉降率分别达到31.5%、52.74%。对磷浓度为1-9mg／L的模拟污水而言,人造沸石对铵态氮均能保持稳定的吸附,平均沉降率73.5%；活性炭对硝态氮保持稳定的吸附,沉降率在29.97%-31.13%之间；活性炭对磷沉降率随磷浓度上升而递减,沉降率从70.32%降至15.85%。
施肥后不同时期灌水措施可降低水田田面水中的TN、TDN、TP含量,能将水田生态系统COD控制在较低水平,对pH影响不明显。以施肥当天灌水为参照,施肥灌水间隔期7d、14d、30d对TN均有极高的去除率,平均去除率分别为21.79%、33.88%、34.09%；各处理的TP平均去除率分别为4.81%、16%、21.5%。7d间隔期铵态氮平均浓度最高,达到1.38mg／L；硝态氮最低,值为2.79mg/L。TDN最低,值为4.97mg/L,TPN最高,值为5.29mg/L。TDP平均含量随间隔期的增加而递减,值分别为1.01、0.54、0.31、0.18mg／L,相反TPP平均含量依次升高,值分别为0.83、1.2、1.28、1.31mg／L。可见,经过施肥后7d、14d、30d灌水处理,相对施肥当天灌水而言,田面水中可溶态氮减少,颗粒态氮增加,可溶态磷减少,颗粒态磷增加。施肥后7-14 d灌水,可有效降低稻田田面水中硝态氮和的磷含量。施肥后不同时期灌水措施对水稻产量影响很小。
因此,施用尿素和过磷酸钙底肥7d-14d后灌水是三峡重庆库区稻田移栽期最佳水肥因子管理措施。同时将农田径流引入稻田生态系统,并施加人造沸石和活性炭,可有效吸附农田径流中N、P污染物,进而治理农业面源污染。
With the development of human economic activities, water pollution has been become a global issue. The important reason leading to water pollution is agricultural non-point resource pollution, the degree of its pollution to the receiving water bodies closer to or greater than point source pollution. It an serious challenge for agricultural nonpoint source pollution in domestic and foreign, as well as the Three Gorges reservoir area. The best important ways for running into rivers and lakes to agricultural nonpoint source pollution is farmland runoff.
Choosed the content of N,P as quantitative parameter, based on controlling the farmland runoff pollution, the closed runoff paddy ecosystem can be regared as a interception buffer field which can eliminate the agricultural non-point resource by farmland runoff. Directing the paddy surface runoff to paddy field for reducing the mobility, retain N,P pollutants by using the adsorption materials, Meanwhile, through absorbing and consuming by rice and sedimentated by paddy soil, it is feasible to reduce the farmland runoff pollutants which have been retained or flowed through the paddy fields. At present, it is relatively absent to the research of adsorption materials on which be used for adsorbing the field runoff, so choosing the best qualitive adsorption materials which be used for absorb NH4-N,NO3N,TP, as well as to find the best economic application rate is necessary. It have many research on the consumption and settlement about agricultural nonpoint source water by rice ecosystems has carried out, including farming practices, drainage measures, balanced fertilization, etc., but based on the paddy rice cultivation habits of farmers in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, less water and fertilizer management factor simulation in paddy transplanting period accordingly. Through improved water and fertilizer management factor-at different stages between fertilization and irrigation. Accustomed to urea and superphosphate as basal fertilizer, contrasted to the zero day between fertilization and irrigation, treatments were used at different stages between fertilization and irrigation, by detecting the content of N, P in surface water of the paddy ecosystem and its capacity to support plant growth to find the best rice irrigation period after fertilization, it is important to control agricultural non-point resoure pollution which produced by farmland runoff.
The results showed that:the best adsorption materials for ammonium and nitrate deposition was artificial zeolite and activated carbon, sedimentation rates were 87% and 32% respectively; the best adsorption materials for phosphorus sedimentation is also the best activated carbon, sedimentation rate of 35%.Comprehensive removal percent and economic benefits, the concentration of 1.5g/L of zeolite is the best dosage of ammonium deposition; concentration of 12g/L,2.0g/L of activated carbon were the best N deposition and phosphorus deposition dosage.
Oscillating function time, pH, P concentration directly affect the content of soluble N, P by settlement of adsorption materials in simulative water:the time of oscillation affect the deposition rate, for depositing ammonium by the artificial zeolite, desorption critical point is 15 minutes; for depositing nitrate by carbon deposition,desorption critical point for 30 minutes; for depositing phosphorus by activated carbon, the time of oscillation is proportional to sedimentation rate. The pH value also affects the deposition rate, pH value of 6-7, the artificial zeolite on the highest ammonium deposition,reaching 82.02%; pH value of 5-6, the activated carbon on nitrate and phosphorus were the highest settlement rates, settlement rate reached 31.5%,52.74%. Phosphorus concentration of 1-9mg/L of simulated wastewater, the artificial zeolite can maintain the stability of the ammonium adsorption, the average settlement rate of 73.5%;the artificial zeolite can maintain the stability of the nitrate adsorption,sedimentation rate between 29.97% -31.13%; the rate of activated carbon sedimentation for phosphorus increased with the phosphorus concentration.
The measures obout different days between fertilization and irrigation to reduce the content of TN, TDN, TP in surface water,it could control the paddy field ecosystem COD on low level, no significant effect on the pH. For irrigation after fertilization in the same day as a reference, the TN removal rates depend on the fertilization and irrigation interval 7d,14d,30d were very high, the average removal rates were 21.79%,33.88%,34.09%; the average removal rate of TP is 4.81%, 16%,21.5% respectively.7d interval of the average concentration of ammonium is highest of value 1.38mg/L; N lowest value of 2.79mg/L. TDN lowest of 4.97mg/L, TPN highest value of 5.29mg /L. With the average interval inceased, TDP content decreasing values of 1.01,0.54,0.31,0.18 mg/L, the opposite order of average content of TPP with values of 0.83,1.2,1.28,1.31 mg/L respectively. For irrigation after fertilization in the same day as a reference, it is evident that the measures at different times between fertilization and irrigation, an increase in surface water particulate nitrogen, soluble nitrogen reduction, reduction of dissolved phosphorus, particulate phosphorus increased. The trentments obout 7-14 d between fertilization and irrigation, can effectively reduce the nitrate and phosphorus content on surface water of paddy field. Irrigation at different stages after fertilization measures have little effect on rice yield.
Therefore, the stages about 7d-14d between fertilized with urea and superphosphate as basal and irrigation is the best rice transplanting fertilizer management factor practices in Three Gorges. Directed agricultural runoff into the paddy ecosystem, and imposed artificial zeolite and activated carbon meanwhile, which can effectively retained and sedimentated N, P pollutants from farmland runoff, and it could further control agricultural non-point source pollution。
引文
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