小柘皋河农田土壤氮磷迁移模拟实验研究
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摘要
农业非点源污染是致使湖泊富营养化的一个重要因素,本文依托国家水体污染控制与治理专项(2008ZX07103-002-005),选取巢湖流域的小柘皋河流域三种典型作物的土壤即水稻土、旱地土和菜地土作为研究对象,分别考察其营养盐流失规律。
实验采用室内模拟降雨法,设置三种降雨强度和两种施肥量水平,测定不同深度的土壤和水质氮磷等指标,分析其分布特征,探讨流失规律,为农业科学管理和治理面源污染提供理论依据。
实验测定了区域土壤及壤中流营养盐本底值情况,水稻土铵氮、全氮、速效磷、总磷及表层有机质含量较高,菜地土硝氮和平均有机质较高、旱地土pH值较高。
考察了施肥量对各指标的影响,发现施加氮肥后各土壤的铵氮、硝氮和全氮含量均升高,铵氮较易被土壤吸附,而硝氮易随降水流失,磷素的移动性较弱,但随着施肥量的增大中底层的磷素含量增加,施肥后pH值普遍降低且施肥量越大pH值越降低,有机质含量增加,高锰酸盐指数提高。
分析了降雨强度对各指标的影响,发现随着降雨强度的增大,土壤铵氮、硝氮和总氮含量减小而壤中流氨氮、硝氮含量增大,土壤固液相的有效磷均有增加,总磷主要在表层积累,pH升高,有机质含量先升高后降低,高锰酸盐指数降低。
研究了土壤剖面高度各指标的变化规律,发现随着土层加深,铵氮、硝氮、全氮、有效磷、总磷、有机质减小,pH值增大,而渗漏液高锰酸盐指数普遍高于壤中流的。
探索了氮、磷淋失量的特点,发现铵氮、硝氮、总氮、有效磷及总磷的淋失量均与施肥量和降雨量呈正相关,其中土壤的硝氮淋失量与降雨强度线性相关系数均在0.96以上,而总氮流失量随施肥量的增加而显著增加,并且超过了相应施肥量增加的倍数。
最后对未来研究提出展望,计划将通过实际田间试验,并结合农田径流与排水,建立面源污染数据库与模型,计算出污染源负荷从而确定重点削减对象与削减程度,提出经济、政策及工程措施建议。
Agricultural non-point source pollution is already an important cause of eutrophication. Relying on the national project of water pollution control and management (2008ZX07103-002-005),the paper chooses paddy soil, upland soil and vegetable soil in typical watershed in Chaohu lake basin, little Zhegaohe watershed, as the research odject to analyze the rule of nutrient loss.
Adopted indoor simulated rainfall method, the experiments set three rainfall intensities and two fertilizer levels to measure nitrogen and phosphorus content in soil and water and analyze the distribution feature and loss rule in order to provide theoretical basis of scientific agriculture management and control non-point pollution.
The background values of nutrient in soil and water were measured. Ammonium nitrogen,total nitrogen,Olsen-P,total phosphorus and orgnic matter of paddy soil was the highest, while nitrate nitrogen and average orgnic matter in vegetable soil was highest and the pH value of the upland soil was highest.
The infulence of fertilizer amount was investigated. With the increase of fertilizer amount, content of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen all grew. Ammonium nitrogen was easily absorbed by soil,while nitrate nitrogen was easily lost with rainfall.Mobility of phosphorus was relatively inferior, but content of phosphorus in deeper soil increased with more fertilizer. The pH value decreased with fertilizing and decreased more greatly after adding fertilizer. The orgnic matter and CODMn both increase with fertilizing.
The infulence of rainfall intensity was investigated. With the increase of rainfall intensity, content of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen in soil decreased while ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in water increased.Olsen-P in both solid and liquild phase increased; total phosphorus accumulated mainly on the surface layer; the orgnic matter increased first and then decreased; CODMn decreased.
The rule of nitrient content changed with soil depth was studied. With deeper soil layer, content of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, Olsen-P, total phosphorus and orgnic matter all decreased, meanwhile the pH value increased. The CODMn in leachate was generally higher than that in through flow.
The feature of nitrogen and phosphorus loss amount was quested. It's found that ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, Olsen-P, total phosphorus loss amount correlated with fertilizer amount and rainfall intensity. The linear correlation coefficient between loss amount of nitrate nitrogen in soil and rainfall intensity is above 0.96. The total nitrogen loss amount notably increased with added fertilizer amount, and surpassed the corresponding multiple of added fertilizer amount.
At last the outlook of future research is proposed:non-point pollution database and model should be established through actual field test combined with field runoff and drain; pollution load should be calculated to determine keypoint reducing object and degree; economic,policy and engineering measures advice should be put forward.
实验采用室内模拟降雨法,设置三种降雨强度和两种施肥量水平,测定不同深度的土壤和水质氮磷等指标,分析其分布特征,探讨流失规律,为农业科学管理和治理面源污染提供理论依据。
实验测定了区域土壤及壤中流营养盐本底值情况,水稻土铵氮、全氮、速效磷、总磷及表层有机质含量较高,菜地土硝氮和平均有机质较高、旱地土pH值较高。
考察了施肥量对各指标的影响,发现施加氮肥后各土壤的铵氮、硝氮和全氮含量均升高,铵氮较易被土壤吸附,而硝氮易随降水流失,磷素的移动性较弱,但随着施肥量的增大中底层的磷素含量增加,施肥后pH值普遍降低且施肥量越大pH值越降低,有机质含量增加,高锰酸盐指数提高。
分析了降雨强度对各指标的影响,发现随着降雨强度的增大,土壤铵氮、硝氮和总氮含量减小而壤中流氨氮、硝氮含量增大,土壤固液相的有效磷均有增加,总磷主要在表层积累,pH升高,有机质含量先升高后降低,高锰酸盐指数降低。
研究了土壤剖面高度各指标的变化规律,发现随着土层加深,铵氮、硝氮、全氮、有效磷、总磷、有机质减小,pH值增大,而渗漏液高锰酸盐指数普遍高于壤中流的。
探索了氮、磷淋失量的特点,发现铵氮、硝氮、总氮、有效磷及总磷的淋失量均与施肥量和降雨量呈正相关,其中土壤的硝氮淋失量与降雨强度线性相关系数均在0.96以上,而总氮流失量随施肥量的增加而显著增加,并且超过了相应施肥量增加的倍数。
最后对未来研究提出展望,计划将通过实际田间试验,并结合农田径流与排水,建立面源污染数据库与模型,计算出污染源负荷从而确定重点削减对象与削减程度,提出经济、政策及工程措施建议。
Agricultural non-point source pollution is already an important cause of eutrophication. Relying on the national project of water pollution control and management (2008ZX07103-002-005),the paper chooses paddy soil, upland soil and vegetable soil in typical watershed in Chaohu lake basin, little Zhegaohe watershed, as the research odject to analyze the rule of nutrient loss.
Adopted indoor simulated rainfall method, the experiments set three rainfall intensities and two fertilizer levels to measure nitrogen and phosphorus content in soil and water and analyze the distribution feature and loss rule in order to provide theoretical basis of scientific agriculture management and control non-point pollution.
The background values of nutrient in soil and water were measured. Ammonium nitrogen,total nitrogen,Olsen-P,total phosphorus and orgnic matter of paddy soil was the highest, while nitrate nitrogen and average orgnic matter in vegetable soil was highest and the pH value of the upland soil was highest.
The infulence of fertilizer amount was investigated. With the increase of fertilizer amount, content of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen all grew. Ammonium nitrogen was easily absorbed by soil,while nitrate nitrogen was easily lost with rainfall.Mobility of phosphorus was relatively inferior, but content of phosphorus in deeper soil increased with more fertilizer. The pH value decreased with fertilizing and decreased more greatly after adding fertilizer. The orgnic matter and CODMn both increase with fertilizing.
The infulence of rainfall intensity was investigated. With the increase of rainfall intensity, content of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen in soil decreased while ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in water increased.Olsen-P in both solid and liquild phase increased; total phosphorus accumulated mainly on the surface layer; the orgnic matter increased first and then decreased; CODMn decreased.
The rule of nitrient content changed with soil depth was studied. With deeper soil layer, content of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, Olsen-P, total phosphorus and orgnic matter all decreased, meanwhile the pH value increased. The CODMn in leachate was generally higher than that in through flow.
The feature of nitrogen and phosphorus loss amount was quested. It's found that ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, Olsen-P, total phosphorus loss amount correlated with fertilizer amount and rainfall intensity. The linear correlation coefficient between loss amount of nitrate nitrogen in soil and rainfall intensity is above 0.96. The total nitrogen loss amount notably increased with added fertilizer amount, and surpassed the corresponding multiple of added fertilizer amount.
At last the outlook of future research is proposed:non-point pollution database and model should be established through actual field test combined with field runoff and drain; pollution load should be calculated to determine keypoint reducing object and degree; economic,policy and engineering measures advice should be put forward.
引文
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