钻孔水力开采中气力提升系统的特性
摘要
随着世界经济的飞速发展,各国对能源的需求量日益剧增。然而各种矿源的数量却越来越少,可供开采的矿物储量也日益减少。寻求开采新的矿源已成为当前国民经济发展必须解决的问题之一。海底蕴藏丰富的矿产资源和陆地也还有某些具有复杂的水文地质条件的矿藏,却由于开采难度而迟迟得不到开发。如何在海底和水文地质条件复杂的矿中进行开采和提升矿石成了一个需要紧迫解决的问题和难题。气力提升以其具有举升深度深、操作管理方便、加工简单、维护费用低等优点而被广泛应用于深海采矿和钻孔水力开采中,因此对气力提升系统特性研究已成为了一个热点,本文针对于此进行了以下几个方面的研究。
①.利用系统模块化方法,对气力提升系统中影响其提升效率的综合因素进行了深入的研究,确立了系统各子模块与系统提升效率间的相互联系。
②.基于压力能量消耗最小原理和多相流流型以及从建模方法出发,得出了在环状流态时具有相对稳定的流动状态。针对在此流动状态下,通过对修正后的气-液和气-固两相流压降数学模型的叠加,得到了适合于对小颗粒、均匀粒径矿砂开采时工作状态下,气力提升器内气-液-固三相流压降数学模型。
③.综合应用多相流、剪切层、流体网络等理论和多相流建模思想,结合实验对气力提升系统特性进行了较为深入、系统的研究。
④.通过对剪切层理论的深入研究,建立了双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流的有效激励条件,分析了产生调制射流的机理。
⑤.利用流体网络理论建立了双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流频域相似网络模型,得到了双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器固有频率的计算表达式,确定了破碎器的结构参数、流体参数(压力、流量)及泵源的脉动对射流振荡特性的影响规律,系统提出了双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器装置的设计准则。
通过理论和实验研究,得到了以下重要结果:
①.气力提升系统由空压机组、输气管网、集输管线、气力提升器装置和破碎器串联而成,故气力提升效率应为这五大模块效率乘积。配气管和集输管效率,主要由管线长度和局部阻力系数、沿程阻力系数决定;气力提升器效率除受摩擦阻力损失、局部阻力损失外还受固体颗粒的滑移损失、热量损失及浸入率大小等因素的影响;破碎器效率受其结构参数和流体参数影响。
②.通过对气力提升特性影响因素的实验表明:浸入率的大小对气力提升特性有重要影响,浸入率越大气力提升的扬水量、扬砂量和提升效率越大;气力提升过程中,气体喷嘴的个数存在最佳值,本实验中气体喷嘴最优个数为3;气体喷嘴的安装角度对气力提升特性影响较大,当气体流量Qg小于30m3/h时,气体喷嘴安装角度与管壁相切时,气力提升的扬水量、扬砂量最大,气体流量大于37.5m3/h时,气体喷嘴不偏转时,气力提升的扬水量、扬砂量最大,当30m3/h ③.双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器结构参数设计中应综合考虑装置系统、流体参数的影响,使来流脉动频率与破碎器固有频率相近;
④.大量实验证明:在相同工况下,双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器较单腔室自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器所产生的脉冲射流具有更强的冲蚀效果,最佳冲蚀深度和冲蚀体积前者较后者分别提高了65.43%和47.53%;
⑤.双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流频率主要集中在低频带,且脉冲射流的峰值压力频率随振荡腔长、腔径的增大而减小,压力和波速的增大而增大,存在最佳腔长比和腔径比,双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流峰值压力较常规水射流可以提高(25-46)%,单腔室自激振荡脉冲射流较其只能提高射流的峰值压力(15-35)%;
以上的研究结果,为气力提升的应用奠定了理论和实验基础,为深海采矿和钻孔水力开采工程实践中打下了良好的应用基础。
The rapid development of the world economy accelerates the growing demand for sourse of energy. However, high quality mineral resources are becoming less and less. Seeking new mineral resources has become one of the problems which must be solved currently. Right now, the potential mineral resources are located in deep sea and some spots with complex hydrogeological conditions. Those resources are well-known to be difficult to mine, and after mining, the ores are also very difficult to be lift up. This paper focuses on mineral ore lifting process, and tries to use air lifting method, a widely applied method in deep-sea mining and hydraulic-drilling, whose advantages include high lifting depth, simplicity, easy-to-maintenance, etc. To satisfy the purpose, several aspects have been studied as shown in following:
①. Using the method of modularization system, affecting factors of lifting efficiency of air lifting system has been discussed.
②. Based on the theory of minimum energy consumption and the multiphase flow pattern, it can be known that the annular flow pattern is in a relatively stable flow state. For annular flow, gas-liquid and gas-solid mathematical model of pressure drop has been used to derive gas-liquid-solid model of pressure drop.
③. The feature of air lift system has been researched based on experiments and theoretical analysis which involves the theory of multiphase and shear layer;
④. Based on the self-excited oscillation theory, the effective incentive conditions of double series self-excited oscillation chamber has been established, and the formation mechanism of jet has been analyzed;
⑤. The network model of double series self-excited oscillation chamber has been established by using the theory of fluid network, and the computational expressions of the natural frequencies of nozzle has been obtained, and the effect of several factors, such as the structural parameters of nozzle, fluid parameters (pressure, flow) and the pump pressure oscillation, has been studied, and the design criteria of double self-excited oscillation chamber has been put forward.
The theory and experimental study has led to the following important fruitful results, as listed in following, have been reached.
①. Air lifting system is comprised of an air compressor, a gas pipeline network, a pipe system and an air lifting device. Therefore, the efficiency of the air lifting system is the arithmetic product of each sub-device. The efficiency of gas pipeline network and pipe system is mainly influenced by pipe length and local resistance losses. The efficiency of air raiser is decided by friction loss, local resistance losses, heat loss, slipping loss and immersion rate. For the knapper, its efficiency is influenced by its structure parameters and fluid parameters.
②. The immersion rate has a significant effect on the characteristics of air lift. The higher the immersion rate, the higher the lift water quantity is, lift sand quantity and lift efficiency are. Except that, an optimum nozzle number exists. In this experiment, 3 nozzles have been used simultaneously. Air nozzle installation angle is also an important factor which affects the lift characteristics of air lift. When gas flow is less than 30m3 / h and air nozzle is tangent to the pipe wall, lift water quantity and lift sand quantity reach the maximum value. As gas flow is more than 37.5 m3 / h and air nozzle is not deflection, the maximum number has been gotten for lift water quantity and lift sand quantity. When gas flow is between 30m3 / h and 37.5 m3 / h, air nozzle angle has less influence on lift water quantity and lift sand quantity. Sometimes, whether installing knapper nozzle or not is a key factor affecting lift process. Though the installation of Knapper nozzle decreases the amount of lifting water, it increases the quantity of lift sand.
③. Device structure and fluid parameters have to be considered during the structure parameter design process of double series self-excited oscillation chamber. Thus, the frequency of flow can be close to the natural frequency of the oscillation chamber.
④. Experimental results have shown that, under the same conditions, double series self-excited oscillation chamber has stronger erosion effects than single chamber. The erosion depth impacted by double series self-excited oscillation chamber increased 47.53% and the eroding volume increased 65.43% comparing to single chamber.
⑤. The frequency of double self-excited oscillation chamber is relatively low. The frequency of self-excited oscillation peak pressure decreases with the increasing of cavity length and the lumen diameter, and it increases with the increasing of pressure and velocity. There is an optimum cavity length ratio and lumen diameter ratio. Comparing with regular jet, the peak pressure of double series self-excited oscillation chamber increased about (25- 46)%, and the peak pressure of single self-excited oscillation chamber increased (15-35)%.
The above results have prepared the theory and practice for air lifting application, and this paper has led to farther study for deep-sea mining and borehole hydraulic mining.
①.利用系统模块化方法,对气力提升系统中影响其提升效率的综合因素进行了深入的研究,确立了系统各子模块与系统提升效率间的相互联系。
②.基于压力能量消耗最小原理和多相流流型以及从建模方法出发,得出了在环状流态时具有相对稳定的流动状态。针对在此流动状态下,通过对修正后的气-液和气-固两相流压降数学模型的叠加,得到了适合于对小颗粒、均匀粒径矿砂开采时工作状态下,气力提升器内气-液-固三相流压降数学模型。
③.综合应用多相流、剪切层、流体网络等理论和多相流建模思想,结合实验对气力提升系统特性进行了较为深入、系统的研究。
④.通过对剪切层理论的深入研究,建立了双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流的有效激励条件,分析了产生调制射流的机理。
⑤.利用流体网络理论建立了双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流频域相似网络模型,得到了双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器固有频率的计算表达式,确定了破碎器的结构参数、流体参数(压力、流量)及泵源的脉动对射流振荡特性的影响规律,系统提出了双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器装置的设计准则。
通过理论和实验研究,得到了以下重要结果:
①.气力提升系统由空压机组、输气管网、集输管线、气力提升器装置和破碎器串联而成,故气力提升效率应为这五大模块效率乘积。配气管和集输管效率,主要由管线长度和局部阻力系数、沿程阻力系数决定;气力提升器效率除受摩擦阻力损失、局部阻力损失外还受固体颗粒的滑移损失、热量损失及浸入率大小等因素的影响;破碎器效率受其结构参数和流体参数影响。
②.通过对气力提升特性影响因素的实验表明:浸入率的大小对气力提升特性有重要影响,浸入率越大气力提升的扬水量、扬砂量和提升效率越大;气力提升过程中,气体喷嘴的个数存在最佳值,本实验中气体喷嘴最优个数为3;气体喷嘴的安装角度对气力提升特性影响较大,当气体流量Qg小于30m3/h时,气体喷嘴安装角度与管壁相切时,气力提升的扬水量、扬砂量最大,气体流量大于37.5m3/h时,气体喷嘴不偏转时,气力提升的扬水量、扬砂量最大,当30m3/h
④.大量实验证明:在相同工况下,双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器较单腔室自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器所产生的脉冲射流具有更强的冲蚀效果,最佳冲蚀深度和冲蚀体积前者较后者分别提高了65.43%和47.53%;
⑤.双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流频率主要集中在低频带,且脉冲射流的峰值压力频率随振荡腔长、腔径的增大而减小,压力和波速的增大而增大,存在最佳腔长比和腔径比,双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流峰值压力较常规水射流可以提高(25-46)%,单腔室自激振荡脉冲射流较其只能提高射流的峰值压力(15-35)%;
以上的研究结果,为气力提升的应用奠定了理论和实验基础,为深海采矿和钻孔水力开采工程实践中打下了良好的应用基础。
The rapid development of the world economy accelerates the growing demand for sourse of energy. However, high quality mineral resources are becoming less and less. Seeking new mineral resources has become one of the problems which must be solved currently. Right now, the potential mineral resources are located in deep sea and some spots with complex hydrogeological conditions. Those resources are well-known to be difficult to mine, and after mining, the ores are also very difficult to be lift up. This paper focuses on mineral ore lifting process, and tries to use air lifting method, a widely applied method in deep-sea mining and hydraulic-drilling, whose advantages include high lifting depth, simplicity, easy-to-maintenance, etc. To satisfy the purpose, several aspects have been studied as shown in following:
①. Using the method of modularization system, affecting factors of lifting efficiency of air lifting system has been discussed.
②. Based on the theory of minimum energy consumption and the multiphase flow pattern, it can be known that the annular flow pattern is in a relatively stable flow state. For annular flow, gas-liquid and gas-solid mathematical model of pressure drop has been used to derive gas-liquid-solid model of pressure drop.
③. The feature of air lift system has been researched based on experiments and theoretical analysis which involves the theory of multiphase and shear layer;
④. Based on the self-excited oscillation theory, the effective incentive conditions of double series self-excited oscillation chamber has been established, and the formation mechanism of jet has been analyzed;
⑤. The network model of double series self-excited oscillation chamber has been established by using the theory of fluid network, and the computational expressions of the natural frequencies of nozzle has been obtained, and the effect of several factors, such as the structural parameters of nozzle, fluid parameters (pressure, flow) and the pump pressure oscillation, has been studied, and the design criteria of double self-excited oscillation chamber has been put forward.
The theory and experimental study has led to the following important fruitful results, as listed in following, have been reached.
①. Air lifting system is comprised of an air compressor, a gas pipeline network, a pipe system and an air lifting device. Therefore, the efficiency of the air lifting system is the arithmetic product of each sub-device. The efficiency of gas pipeline network and pipe system is mainly influenced by pipe length and local resistance losses. The efficiency of air raiser is decided by friction loss, local resistance losses, heat loss, slipping loss and immersion rate. For the knapper, its efficiency is influenced by its structure parameters and fluid parameters.
②. The immersion rate has a significant effect on the characteristics of air lift. The higher the immersion rate, the higher the lift water quantity is, lift sand quantity and lift efficiency are. Except that, an optimum nozzle number exists. In this experiment, 3 nozzles have been used simultaneously. Air nozzle installation angle is also an important factor which affects the lift characteristics of air lift. When gas flow is less than 30m3 / h and air nozzle is tangent to the pipe wall, lift water quantity and lift sand quantity reach the maximum value. As gas flow is more than 37.5 m3 / h and air nozzle is not deflection, the maximum number has been gotten for lift water quantity and lift sand quantity. When gas flow is between 30m3 / h and 37.5 m3 / h, air nozzle angle has less influence on lift water quantity and lift sand quantity. Sometimes, whether installing knapper nozzle or not is a key factor affecting lift process. Though the installation of Knapper nozzle decreases the amount of lifting water, it increases the quantity of lift sand.
③. Device structure and fluid parameters have to be considered during the structure parameter design process of double series self-excited oscillation chamber. Thus, the frequency of flow can be close to the natural frequency of the oscillation chamber.
④. Experimental results have shown that, under the same conditions, double series self-excited oscillation chamber has stronger erosion effects than single chamber. The erosion depth impacted by double series self-excited oscillation chamber increased 47.53% and the eroding volume increased 65.43% comparing to single chamber.
⑤. The frequency of double self-excited oscillation chamber is relatively low. The frequency of self-excited oscillation peak pressure decreases with the increasing of cavity length and the lumen diameter, and it increases with the increasing of pressure and velocity. There is an optimum cavity length ratio and lumen diameter ratio. Comparing with regular jet, the peak pressure of double series self-excited oscillation chamber increased about (25- 46)%, and the peak pressure of single self-excited oscillation chamber increased (15-35)%.
The above results have prepared the theory and practice for air lifting application, and this paper has led to farther study for deep-sea mining and borehole hydraulic mining.
引文
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