河套平原临河区高砷地下水分布及水化学特征
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摘要
本文通过野外综合调查,遥感图像分析,地球物理探测,地质打钻等综合调查手段,较为系统的分析了河套平原砷元素的空间分布规律与地下水的动态特征,地质环境要素,气候环境,人类活动等因素之间的联系。对地下水样、土样、同位素等进行了实验室分析,获得了全面而准确的一手数据。
研究表明,该区高砷地下水主要分布在调查区的西北部,在区域上属于河套平原的沉积中心地带,局部呈小片状分布,短距离内地下水中的砷含量变化较大;调查区地下水的水温为11-16.3℃;pH为7.4-8.9,砷含量大于0.1mg/l点,其ph几乎在8-9之间,土层酸碱性对砷的吸附起主要作用,随着pH值的增高,土壤胶体上正电荷减少,对砷的吸附量降低,相应地可溶性含量增高,致使地下水中砷的含量也增高;水氧化还原电位(ORP)为-163-+67mV,砷含量大于0.05mg/l的,ORP均为负值,其值在-60—150之间。
地下水的化学特征表现为碱性土类碳酸盐(Carbonate with alkaline soll)和碱性非碳酸盐(Alkaline non-carbonate)型水为主。调查区内超标较严重的组分有总硬度(超标率43.6%)、SO_4~2(超标率41%)、Cl~-(超标率42.3%)、Fe(超标率67.9%)、NO_2~-(超标率5.1%)、F~-(超标率16.7%)、As(超标率28.2%)。
从各组分之间的相关性分析得知,在污染区地下水的砷含量与总铁、总磷和氧化还原电位的关系较为明显,特别是得知了地下水的砷污染区同时也是铁的超标分布区。从土壤化验结果分析看,砷与土壤粒度之间存在非常大的相关性,即土壤粒度愈细,砷含量愈高,这与土壤中的砷主要以吸附态存在有关。因为,土壤粒度小,表面积就大,对砷的吸附能力也就越大。然而,粒度是土壤砷含量的主要控制因素,而表层土壤由于直接与大气圈和生物圈接触,控制砷在土壤中的存在因素更为复杂,粒度仅仅是诸多影响因素中的一个。
In this paper through the outdoor synthesis investigation, the remote sensing image analysis, geophysical survey, drills and so on synthesis investigation methods, more systematic analysis been done between He Tao plain arsenic element spatial distribution rule and ground water dynamic characteristic, geological environment essential factor, climatic environment, and human activity relations. Laboratory analysis also has carried on the underground water sample, the soil sample, the isotope to obtain comprehensive and an accurate data.
The research indicated that this area high arsenic ground water mainly distributes in northeast part of investigation area, belongs to the He Tao plain deposition center in the region, assumes the small laminated distribution partially, in the short distance inland sewer arsenic content change is Obviously; ground water in investigation area temperature is 11-16.3℃; pH is 7.4-8.9, the arsenic content is bigger than the 0.1mg/1, its ph between 8-9, the soil layer acidity and alkalinity to the arsenic adsorption leading role, along with the pH value's markup, on the soil colloid the positive charge reduces nearly, reduces to the arsenic adsorptive capacity, the soluble content advances correspondingly, causes in the ground water the arsenic content also to grow; The Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP)of the water is - 163-+67mV, the arsenic content is bigger than 0.05mg/l, ORP is a negative value, its value between - 60-150.
Ground water chemistry characteristic performance for Carbonate with alkaline soil and alkalinity non-carbonate water primarily. Investigates in the area to exceed the allowed figure the serious component to have total hardness (exceeding rate 43.6%), SO_4~(2-) (exceeding rate 41%), Cl~- (exceeding rate 42.3%), Fe (exceeding rate 67.9%), NO_2~- (exceeding rate 5.1%), F~-(exceeding rate 16.7%), As (exceeding rate 28.2%).
From various components' relevant analysis knowing that in the contaminated zone relations between ground water's arsenic content and the total iron, total phosphorus and Oxidation-Reduction Potential are more obvious, had specially known the ground water arsenic contaminated zone simultaneously is also the iron exceeding the allowed figure distribution area. Looking from the soil lab results analysis, between the arsenic and the soil granularity has the very big relevance, namely the soil granularity is thinner, the arsenic content is higher, this concerns with the soil in arsenic main adsorption condition existence. Because, the soil granularity is small, the surface area is big, is also bigger to the arsenic adsorptive capacity. However, the granularity is the soil arsenic content primary control factor, but surface layer soil, because direct and aerosphere and biosphere contact, the control arsenic's is more complex in soil existence factor, the granularity is in many influencing factor one merely.
研究表明,该区高砷地下水主要分布在调查区的西北部,在区域上属于河套平原的沉积中心地带,局部呈小片状分布,短距离内地下水中的砷含量变化较大;调查区地下水的水温为11-16.3℃;pH为7.4-8.9,砷含量大于0.1mg/l点,其ph几乎在8-9之间,土层酸碱性对砷的吸附起主要作用,随着pH值的增高,土壤胶体上正电荷减少,对砷的吸附量降低,相应地可溶性含量增高,致使地下水中砷的含量也增高;水氧化还原电位(ORP)为-163-+67mV,砷含量大于0.05mg/l的,ORP均为负值,其值在-60—150之间。
地下水的化学特征表现为碱性土类碳酸盐(Carbonate with alkaline soll)和碱性非碳酸盐(Alkaline non-carbonate)型水为主。调查区内超标较严重的组分有总硬度(超标率43.6%)、SO_4~2(超标率41%)、Cl~-(超标率42.3%)、Fe(超标率67.9%)、NO_2~-(超标率5.1%)、F~-(超标率16.7%)、As(超标率28.2%)。
从各组分之间的相关性分析得知,在污染区地下水的砷含量与总铁、总磷和氧化还原电位的关系较为明显,特别是得知了地下水的砷污染区同时也是铁的超标分布区。从土壤化验结果分析看,砷与土壤粒度之间存在非常大的相关性,即土壤粒度愈细,砷含量愈高,这与土壤中的砷主要以吸附态存在有关。因为,土壤粒度小,表面积就大,对砷的吸附能力也就越大。然而,粒度是土壤砷含量的主要控制因素,而表层土壤由于直接与大气圈和生物圈接触,控制砷在土壤中的存在因素更为复杂,粒度仅仅是诸多影响因素中的一个。
In this paper through the outdoor synthesis investigation, the remote sensing image analysis, geophysical survey, drills and so on synthesis investigation methods, more systematic analysis been done between He Tao plain arsenic element spatial distribution rule and ground water dynamic characteristic, geological environment essential factor, climatic environment, and human activity relations. Laboratory analysis also has carried on the underground water sample, the soil sample, the isotope to obtain comprehensive and an accurate data.
The research indicated that this area high arsenic ground water mainly distributes in northeast part of investigation area, belongs to the He Tao plain deposition center in the region, assumes the small laminated distribution partially, in the short distance inland sewer arsenic content change is Obviously; ground water in investigation area temperature is 11-16.3℃; pH is 7.4-8.9, the arsenic content is bigger than the 0.1mg/1, its ph between 8-9, the soil layer acidity and alkalinity to the arsenic adsorption leading role, along with the pH value's markup, on the soil colloid the positive charge reduces nearly, reduces to the arsenic adsorptive capacity, the soluble content advances correspondingly, causes in the ground water the arsenic content also to grow; The Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP)of the water is - 163-+67mV, the arsenic content is bigger than 0.05mg/l, ORP is a negative value, its value between - 60-150.
Ground water chemistry characteristic performance for Carbonate with alkaline soil and alkalinity non-carbonate water primarily. Investigates in the area to exceed the allowed figure the serious component to have total hardness (exceeding rate 43.6%), SO_4~(2-) (exceeding rate 41%), Cl~- (exceeding rate 42.3%), Fe (exceeding rate 67.9%), NO_2~- (exceeding rate 5.1%), F~-(exceeding rate 16.7%), As (exceeding rate 28.2%).
From various components' relevant analysis knowing that in the contaminated zone relations between ground water's arsenic content and the total iron, total phosphorus and Oxidation-Reduction Potential are more obvious, had specially known the ground water arsenic contaminated zone simultaneously is also the iron exceeding the allowed figure distribution area. Looking from the soil lab results analysis, between the arsenic and the soil granularity has the very big relevance, namely the soil granularity is thinner, the arsenic content is higher, this concerns with the soil in arsenic main adsorption condition existence. Because, the soil granularity is small, the surface area is big, is also bigger to the arsenic adsorptive capacity. However, the granularity is the soil arsenic content primary control factor, but surface layer soil, because direct and aerosphere and biosphere contact, the control arsenic's is more complex in soil existence factor, the granularity is in many influencing factor one merely.
引文
[1]陈云嫩,砷在地下水环境中的迁移转化,有色金属[J],2008年01期
[2]杨素珍,郭华明.内蒙古河套平原地下水砷异常分布规律研究[J].地学前沿,2008年01期
[3]罗艳丽,蒋平安.土壤及地下水砷污染现状调查与评价[J].干旱区地理,2006年05期
[4]姚华,王国荃.砷和氟急慢性联合作用的实验研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,2000,22(5):218-222.
[5]钱戌春,黄月珍,周蕴石,等.地方性慢性砷中毒合并氟中毒56例初步报告[J].新疆医学院学报,2001,8(2):163-166.
[6]郭志友,袁祥民,尹玉兰,等.砷氟联合中毒和单纯氟中毒患者口腔疾病情况[J].新疆医学院学报,1995,8(2):167-168.
[7]楼屹,王国荃,黄燕,等.重组人神经营养因了-4/5蛋白抗三氧化二砷神经毒作用的研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,1999,33(5):295-297.
[8]姚华,王国荃,朱滨,等.砷对20个基因表达水平影响的研究[J].新疆医科大学学报,2001,24(1):48-51.
[9]杨磊,王国荃,应康,等.人类抗砷相关基因(hARRG)的克隆和表达[J].新疆医科大学学报,2002,23(2):95-98.
[10]邵慈慧,孙云翔,冈竞民,等.新疆地方性氟砷联合中毒和单纯氟中毒患者的神经肌电图检查[J].新疆医学院学报,2004,17(2):89-91.
[11]胡宇,王国荃,袁立懋,等.新疆地方性氟砷联合中毒和单纯氟中毒区居民末稍微循环障碍[J].地方病通报,1999,6(4):35-40.
[12]安东,何光煌,胡小强等.煤烟污染型砷氟联合中毒[J].贵州医药,1992,16(1):1-6.
Cherry J A,Shaikh A U,Tallman D E,et al.Arsenic speciesas an indicator of redox conditions in groundwater[J].Journal Hydrology,1979,43:373-392
[13]卢光明,赵霖,戚其平等.内蒙古地砷病病区人群的砷形态暴露研究[J].中国地方病学杂志,1997,15(4):193-196.
[14]王连方,孙幸元,艾海提等.内蒙古准葛尔西部地方性砷中毒调查研究[J].内蒙古地方病防治杂志,1994,19(增刊):37-40.
[15]周代兴,刘定南.贵州高砷所致地方性砷中毒[J].内蒙古地方病防治杂志,1994,19(增刊):41-43.
[16]王连方主编.地方性砷中毒与乌脚病[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1997.93-103.
[17]侯少范,杨林生,王五一等.硒维康治疗地方性砷中毒临床效果观察[J].中国地方病学杂志,1999,18(5):369-372.
[18]杨瑞瑛!叶军!武克恭!等.巴音毛道地方性砷中毒病区井水中微量元素的特征.中国地方病学杂志.2000.19:447
[19]孙贵范.我国地方性砷中毒面临的问题和防治策略探讨[J].中国地方病学杂志,2001,19(1-1):3-44 Salomons W.Environmental impact of metals derived from mi-ning activities:processes,predictions,prevention[J].Journalof Geochemical Exploration,1995,52:5-23
[20]Davis B E.Heavy metal contamination from base metal miningand smelting:implications for man and his environment In:Thornton I.Applied Environmental Geochemistry[C].Lon-don:Academic Press,1987.425-462
[21]Tseng W P,Chu M M,How S W,et al.Prevalence of skin can-cer in an endemic area of chromic arsenicism in Taiwan[J].Journal of National Cancer Institute,1968,40:453-46
[22]Percival J B,Dumaresq C G,Kwong Y T J,et al.Arsenic insurface waters,Colbat,Ontario Canadian Shield/Bouclier cana-dien;Geological Survey of Canaclia,Current ResearchNo.1996-C[J/OL].
[23]Xiao T,Boyle D,Guha J,et aI.Hydrogeochemistry of toxicmetals in a Au-As-Hg-Tl mineralized area in SouthwestGuizhou Province,China[J].Chinese Bulletin,1999,44(Sup-p1.2):171-172
[24]Bottomley D J.Origins of some arseniferous groundwater in Nora Scotia and New Brunswick,Canada[J].Journal of Hy-drology,1984,69:223-257
[25]Cullen W R,Reimer K J.Arsenic speciation in the environment[J].Chemical Reviews,1989,89:713-764
[26]翁焕新,张霄宇等,中国土壤中砷的自然存在状况及其成因分析,浙江:浙江大学学报,2001年,第34卷第1期
[27]袭书椿,陈应新,韩玉莲,张静负等编著.环境化学.上海:华东师范大学出版社,1991
[28]曾昭华.长江中下游地区地下水环境背景形成的控制因素.江西地质,1993(3):211-222
[29]李树范,李浩基.内蒙古河套地方性砷中毒区地质环境特征与成因探讨.内蒙古地质,1995,1-2
[30]Smith AH,Lingas EO,Mahfuzar Rahman.Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh:a
[31]public health emer-gency[J].Bulletin of WHO,2000,78(9):1093-1103.Nickson R.McArthur J,Burgess W,et al.Arsenic poisoningof Bangladesh groundwater[J].Nature,1998,385:338
[2]杨素珍,郭华明.内蒙古河套平原地下水砷异常分布规律研究[J].地学前沿,2008年01期
[3]罗艳丽,蒋平安.土壤及地下水砷污染现状调查与评价[J].干旱区地理,2006年05期
[4]姚华,王国荃.砷和氟急慢性联合作用的实验研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,2000,22(5):218-222.
[5]钱戌春,黄月珍,周蕴石,等.地方性慢性砷中毒合并氟中毒56例初步报告[J].新疆医学院学报,2001,8(2):163-166.
[6]郭志友,袁祥民,尹玉兰,等.砷氟联合中毒和单纯氟中毒患者口腔疾病情况[J].新疆医学院学报,1995,8(2):167-168.
[7]楼屹,王国荃,黄燕,等.重组人神经营养因了-4/5蛋白抗三氧化二砷神经毒作用的研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,1999,33(5):295-297.
[8]姚华,王国荃,朱滨,等.砷对20个基因表达水平影响的研究[J].新疆医科大学学报,2001,24(1):48-51.
[9]杨磊,王国荃,应康,等.人类抗砷相关基因(hARRG)的克隆和表达[J].新疆医科大学学报,2002,23(2):95-98.
[10]邵慈慧,孙云翔,冈竞民,等.新疆地方性氟砷联合中毒和单纯氟中毒患者的神经肌电图检查[J].新疆医学院学报,2004,17(2):89-91.
[11]胡宇,王国荃,袁立懋,等.新疆地方性氟砷联合中毒和单纯氟中毒区居民末稍微循环障碍[J].地方病通报,1999,6(4):35-40.
[12]安东,何光煌,胡小强等.煤烟污染型砷氟联合中毒[J].贵州医药,1992,16(1):1-6.
Cherry J A,Shaikh A U,Tallman D E,et al.Arsenic speciesas an indicator of redox conditions in groundwater[J].Journal Hydrology,1979,43:373-392
[13]卢光明,赵霖,戚其平等.内蒙古地砷病病区人群的砷形态暴露研究[J].中国地方病学杂志,1997,15(4):193-196.
[14]王连方,孙幸元,艾海提等.内蒙古准葛尔西部地方性砷中毒调查研究[J].内蒙古地方病防治杂志,1994,19(增刊):37-40.
[15]周代兴,刘定南.贵州高砷所致地方性砷中毒[J].内蒙古地方病防治杂志,1994,19(增刊):41-43.
[16]王连方主编.地方性砷中毒与乌脚病[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1997.93-103.
[17]侯少范,杨林生,王五一等.硒维康治疗地方性砷中毒临床效果观察[J].中国地方病学杂志,1999,18(5):369-372.
[18]杨瑞瑛!叶军!武克恭!等.巴音毛道地方性砷中毒病区井水中微量元素的特征.中国地方病学杂志.2000.19:447
[19]孙贵范.我国地方性砷中毒面临的问题和防治策略探讨[J].中国地方病学杂志,2001,19(1-1):3-44 Salomons W.Environmental impact of metals derived from mi-ning activities:processes,predictions,prevention[J].Journalof Geochemical Exploration,1995,52:5-23
[20]Davis B E.Heavy metal contamination from base metal miningand smelting:implications for man and his environment In:Thornton I.Applied Environmental Geochemistry[C].Lon-don:Academic Press,1987.425-462
[21]Tseng W P,Chu M M,How S W,et al.Prevalence of skin can-cer in an endemic area of chromic arsenicism in Taiwan[J].Journal of National Cancer Institute,1968,40:453-46
[22]Percival J B,Dumaresq C G,Kwong Y T J,et al.Arsenic insurface waters,Colbat,Ontario Canadian Shield/Bouclier cana-dien;Geological Survey of Canaclia,Current ResearchNo.1996-C[J/OL].
[23]Xiao T,Boyle D,Guha J,et aI.Hydrogeochemistry of toxicmetals in a Au-As-Hg-Tl mineralized area in SouthwestGuizhou Province,China[J].Chinese Bulletin,1999,44(Sup-p1.2):171-172
[24]Bottomley D J.Origins of some arseniferous groundwater in Nora Scotia and New Brunswick,Canada[J].Journal of Hy-drology,1984,69:223-257
[25]Cullen W R,Reimer K J.Arsenic speciation in the environment[J].Chemical Reviews,1989,89:713-764
[26]翁焕新,张霄宇等,中国土壤中砷的自然存在状况及其成因分析,浙江:浙江大学学报,2001年,第34卷第1期
[27]袭书椿,陈应新,韩玉莲,张静负等编著.环境化学.上海:华东师范大学出版社,1991
[28]曾昭华.长江中下游地区地下水环境背景形成的控制因素.江西地质,1993(3):211-222
[29]李树范,李浩基.内蒙古河套地方性砷中毒区地质环境特征与成因探讨.内蒙古地质,1995,1-2
[30]Smith AH,Lingas EO,Mahfuzar Rahman.Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh:a
[31]public health emer-gency[J].Bulletin of WHO,2000,78(9):1093-1103.Nickson R.McArthur J,Burgess W,et al.Arsenic poisoningof Bangladesh groundwater[J].Nature,1998,385:338