冰盖流水流结构的试验研究
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摘要
冰情是寒冷地区进行水资源开发利用时需要重点考虑的因素。寒冷地区冬季常形成冰盖,冰盖是在特定气象条件、地形河势和水力作用下产生的自然现象,冰盖的形成使水流从明流变为暗流,改变了水流的水力条件、热力条件和几何边界条件,严重时会导致凌汛灾害。冰盖水流由于受渠道边壁阻力和冰盖阻力的双重影响,其水流结构与明流是不同的。冰盖流的水流结构问题是寒区水利枢纽中电站等水工建筑物经常遇到和必需研究解决的问题,也是研究水内冰花形成及演变的基础。因为河道中的冰情演变与河渠中的水流条件密切相关,冰盖下水流结构的研究对渠道长距离安全输水也弥足重要。冰盖下的水流结构的研究,在避免灾害的发生、减轻凌汛威胁方面,有着重要的现实意义。
在原型调研、室内模型试验和理论分析的基础上,本论文对冰盖流水流结构进行了分析研究。论文主要包括以下三个方面的内容:
首先,本文在阐述河冰演变过程和冰害种类的基础上,对国内外的冰情研究现状进行了较系统地总结和分析。其次,根据前人研究成果,结合试验数据,全面分析了连续冰盖流、不连续冰盖流和岸冰冰盖流的流速分布规律,比较了同水深情况下冰盖流和明流的输水能力,讨论了冰盖宽度对垂线流速分布的影响,并拟合得到了冰期输水能力方程。第三,总结冰盖糙率、综合糙率的研究,汇总各家冰期综合糙率公式,与原型观测和试验结果进行比较,结果表明Sabaneev公式更为一般和准确,推荐在综合糙率研究中采用该公式,证明了对数假定法在冰盖糙率研究中的可行性;本文还以二维紊流为例,从理论上对冰盖流研究中应用Einstein假定进行分析,结果表明该假定并非适应所有的冰盖水流,并建议了其在工程应用和数学模型中的适用条件。
The presence of ice in river is an important phenomenon to be considered in the development of water resources in cold regions. Rivers in cold areas usually form ice cover during winters, which involve many processes which are affected by the ambient meteorological and hydrological conditions and interact in a complex manner with the river flow. The traditional open channel has turned into covered one by the forming of the ice cover, which always changes the conditions of flowing, heat and geometry profiles of the river. When it becomes serious , it will lead to ice flood disasters. The structure of ice cover river flow is different from open channel flow's, because the ice cover river flow suffer the wall resistance and the ice cover resistance's dual influences. The current structure problem is often encountered and necessary to study and solve such as hydropower plant in water conservancy project in cold regions, but also the foundation of studying in underwater ice's formation and evolution. Because of the ice evolution closely related to the flow condition in the channels, the study on its current structure is also extremely important to the long-distance water supplying safety. And this has an important practical significance on avoiding the occurrence of disasters, reducing the threat of ice flood.
The structure of ice cover river flow has been analytical studied, which based on prototype observation, interior model experiment and theoretical analysis. This paper consists of three aspects:
Firstly, in the paper, the author analyzed and systematically summarized the study current situation of ice at home and abroad on the basis of the evolution of river ice and the type of ice harm. Secondly, according to the previous research results with experimental data, the author made a comprehensive analysis of the velocity distribution of continuous, discontinuous and shore ice cover flow, compared with the water distribution ability of the ice cover flow and open channel with the same depth, and fitted the water capacity equation of ice cover flow. Thirdly, the writer summarized the research on ice-cover roughness and comprehensive roughness and got together various roughness formulas. Compared with test results, the results show that Sabaneev formula more general and accurate, and prove feasibility that logarithm assumption in the study roughness of ice cover. In this paper, take two-dimensional turbulent flow for example, Einstein assumption applied on ice-cover flow was theoretically analyzed while it using in the ice-cover river study. The result shows that the assumption is not fit to all ice-cover flows, and the author give the applicable conditions in engineering application and mathematical model.
在原型调研、室内模型试验和理论分析的基础上,本论文对冰盖流水流结构进行了分析研究。论文主要包括以下三个方面的内容:
首先,本文在阐述河冰演变过程和冰害种类的基础上,对国内外的冰情研究现状进行了较系统地总结和分析。其次,根据前人研究成果,结合试验数据,全面分析了连续冰盖流、不连续冰盖流和岸冰冰盖流的流速分布规律,比较了同水深情况下冰盖流和明流的输水能力,讨论了冰盖宽度对垂线流速分布的影响,并拟合得到了冰期输水能力方程。第三,总结冰盖糙率、综合糙率的研究,汇总各家冰期综合糙率公式,与原型观测和试验结果进行比较,结果表明Sabaneev公式更为一般和准确,推荐在综合糙率研究中采用该公式,证明了对数假定法在冰盖糙率研究中的可行性;本文还以二维紊流为例,从理论上对冰盖流研究中应用Einstein假定进行分析,结果表明该假定并非适应所有的冰盖水流,并建议了其在工程应用和数学模型中的适用条件。
The presence of ice in river is an important phenomenon to be considered in the development of water resources in cold regions. Rivers in cold areas usually form ice cover during winters, which involve many processes which are affected by the ambient meteorological and hydrological conditions and interact in a complex manner with the river flow. The traditional open channel has turned into covered one by the forming of the ice cover, which always changes the conditions of flowing, heat and geometry profiles of the river. When it becomes serious , it will lead to ice flood disasters. The structure of ice cover river flow is different from open channel flow's, because the ice cover river flow suffer the wall resistance and the ice cover resistance's dual influences. The current structure problem is often encountered and necessary to study and solve such as hydropower plant in water conservancy project in cold regions, but also the foundation of studying in underwater ice's formation and evolution. Because of the ice evolution closely related to the flow condition in the channels, the study on its current structure is also extremely important to the long-distance water supplying safety. And this has an important practical significance on avoiding the occurrence of disasters, reducing the threat of ice flood.
The structure of ice cover river flow has been analytical studied, which based on prototype observation, interior model experiment and theoretical analysis. This paper consists of three aspects:
Firstly, in the paper, the author analyzed and systematically summarized the study current situation of ice at home and abroad on the basis of the evolution of river ice and the type of ice harm. Secondly, according to the previous research results with experimental data, the author made a comprehensive analysis of the velocity distribution of continuous, discontinuous and shore ice cover flow, compared with the water distribution ability of the ice cover flow and open channel with the same depth, and fitted the water capacity equation of ice cover flow. Thirdly, the writer summarized the research on ice-cover roughness and comprehensive roughness and got together various roughness formulas. Compared with test results, the results show that Sabaneev formula more general and accurate, and prove feasibility that logarithm assumption in the study roughness of ice cover. In this paper, take two-dimensional turbulent flow for example, Einstein assumption applied on ice-cover flow was theoretically analyzed while it using in the ice-cover river study. The result shows that the assumption is not fit to all ice-cover flows, and the author give the applicable conditions in engineering application and mathematical model.
引文
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