水电站引水渠道弯道式排冰数值模拟与优化
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摘要
在我国新疆等高寒地区,冬季严寒且漫长,引水渠道冰情严重,冰害问题是关系到引水式水电站能否正常运行及生态安全的关键问题。由于试验研究较费时费力,而且无法提供流场的详细信息。因此,有必要对引水渠道内的水流流态和浮冰浓度分布进行研究,从而比较精确的确定引水渠道输排冰布置的设计尺寸和排冰效果,以期为引水渠道输排冰布置的设计和运行管理提供参考依据。
在国内外已有的研究基础上,本文建立了三维Euler两相流模型。模型中将浮冰作为拟流体,采用改进的高雷诺数k -ε湍流模型,并在固相的湍流模拟中引入响应函数。该模型充分考虑了固液两相间相互作用的影响,即计入了相间曳力、横向升力、虚拟质量力和分散相体积分数以及分散相与连续相间密度差的影响。
采用有限体积法中的PISO算法对引水渠道内水流输运浮冰的三维流动过程进行了计算,并通过与Blanckaert的实验结果进行比较,验证了数值模拟求解的正确性。模拟结果表明:
(1)由于弯道横向环流的作用使得引水弯道内的表层水流流向凹岸,同时输运浮冰向凹岸聚集。在弯道设置取水口后,利用弯道水流的特性,获取表层含冰量较大的水流,使其进入取水口后的排冰闸,从而顺利实现输排冰。
(2)当弯道排冰闸轴线与引水渠道中心线平行布置时,排冰闸轴线与引水渠道中心线平行间距a=0.25B(B为引水渠道水面宽度,B=21.6m)为合理的平行间距,此时模拟得到的冰水比K=0.237。
(3)非平行布置时的排冰效果要优于平行布置,排冰闸轴线与弯道切线夹角α=10°为非平行布置的最佳排冰方向,此时排冰量Qi可达到5.32 m 3 /s ,冰水比K为0.292。
(4)通过对不同排冰闸布置形式的对比及结构的改造,得到了最优的排冰方案,排冰闸采用该方案布置后基本不需要设置导冰筏,并节省了工程造价,且能够顺利地实现输排冰,从而保证了引水式水电站冬季的安全运行及生态环境的保护。
In high altitude and cold regions such as XinJiang, the winter is cold and long, and diversion channel ice regime is serious. Ice damage goes against safe operation of diversion hydropower stations. Traditionally, the design of ice transmission layout is based on experiment, which will squander time and vigor, and cannot supply detailed information of the flow field. Therefore, it is necessary to study the flow field and the distribution of drift ice concentration in the diversion channel. Based on the simulation results, the size and ice-transmission efficiency could be determined more accurately. It provides useful information for the design and operation management of the ice-transmission arrangement.
A three-dimensional Euler two-phase flow model is built. The drift ice is treated as pseudo fluid in the model, which is coupled with particular high Reynolds number form of the k -εmodel, and the response function is introduced into the turbulence model of solid phase. The influence of interaction between liquid and solid, that is to say, the influence of interphase drag force, lifting force perpendicular to the relative velocity, virtual mass force, as well as the volume fraction of suspended solids and density difference effects between liquid and solid, has been considered.
The PISO algorithm of the finite volume method is used to compute the three-dimensional mathematics model. Good agreement is obtained between present Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) predictions and the published experimental data of Blanckaert. The simulated results are as follows:
(1) The surface flow in the bend channel tends to concave bank due to the transverse circulation. The drift ice moves towards concave bank along with the surface flow. Water intake is built at concave bank of the bend channel. According to characters of bend flow, the surface flow with high ice content is obtained. Then the water flows to ice gate behind the water intake, reaching the purpose of water diversion and ice removal.
(2) When the arrangement between the axis of ice gate and the centerline of diversion channel is parallel, the parallel distance a=0.25B(B is the width of the diversion channel ) is reasonable, and the ice-water ratio K=0.237.
(3) The non-parallel arrangement has a better ice removal efficiency than of parallel. The best angleαbetween an ice gate axis and a bend tangent is simulated as 10°. The ice removal efficiency is highest in this condition. The ice removal amount Qi reaches 5.32 m 3 /s , and the ice-water ratio K is 0.292.
(4) The optimum scheme is obtained by layout pattern comparison and structure reformations. The ice-diversion raft is not necessary, which will save construction cost. The simulation results provide valuable guidance for construction and management of diversion hydropower stations.
在国内外已有的研究基础上,本文建立了三维Euler两相流模型。模型中将浮冰作为拟流体,采用改进的高雷诺数k -ε湍流模型,并在固相的湍流模拟中引入响应函数。该模型充分考虑了固液两相间相互作用的影响,即计入了相间曳力、横向升力、虚拟质量力和分散相体积分数以及分散相与连续相间密度差的影响。
采用有限体积法中的PISO算法对引水渠道内水流输运浮冰的三维流动过程进行了计算,并通过与Blanckaert的实验结果进行比较,验证了数值模拟求解的正确性。模拟结果表明:
(1)由于弯道横向环流的作用使得引水弯道内的表层水流流向凹岸,同时输运浮冰向凹岸聚集。在弯道设置取水口后,利用弯道水流的特性,获取表层含冰量较大的水流,使其进入取水口后的排冰闸,从而顺利实现输排冰。
(2)当弯道排冰闸轴线与引水渠道中心线平行布置时,排冰闸轴线与引水渠道中心线平行间距a=0.25B(B为引水渠道水面宽度,B=21.6m)为合理的平行间距,此时模拟得到的冰水比K=0.237。
(3)非平行布置时的排冰效果要优于平行布置,排冰闸轴线与弯道切线夹角α=10°为非平行布置的最佳排冰方向,此时排冰量Qi可达到5.32 m 3 /s ,冰水比K为0.292。
(4)通过对不同排冰闸布置形式的对比及结构的改造,得到了最优的排冰方案,排冰闸采用该方案布置后基本不需要设置导冰筏,并节省了工程造价,且能够顺利地实现输排冰,从而保证了引水式水电站冬季的安全运行及生态环境的保护。
In high altitude and cold regions such as XinJiang, the winter is cold and long, and diversion channel ice regime is serious. Ice damage goes against safe operation of diversion hydropower stations. Traditionally, the design of ice transmission layout is based on experiment, which will squander time and vigor, and cannot supply detailed information of the flow field. Therefore, it is necessary to study the flow field and the distribution of drift ice concentration in the diversion channel. Based on the simulation results, the size and ice-transmission efficiency could be determined more accurately. It provides useful information for the design and operation management of the ice-transmission arrangement.
A three-dimensional Euler two-phase flow model is built. The drift ice is treated as pseudo fluid in the model, which is coupled with particular high Reynolds number form of the k -εmodel, and the response function is introduced into the turbulence model of solid phase. The influence of interaction between liquid and solid, that is to say, the influence of interphase drag force, lifting force perpendicular to the relative velocity, virtual mass force, as well as the volume fraction of suspended solids and density difference effects between liquid and solid, has been considered.
The PISO algorithm of the finite volume method is used to compute the three-dimensional mathematics model. Good agreement is obtained between present Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) predictions and the published experimental data of Blanckaert. The simulated results are as follows:
(1) The surface flow in the bend channel tends to concave bank due to the transverse circulation. The drift ice moves towards concave bank along with the surface flow. Water intake is built at concave bank of the bend channel. According to characters of bend flow, the surface flow with high ice content is obtained. Then the water flows to ice gate behind the water intake, reaching the purpose of water diversion and ice removal.
(2) When the arrangement between the axis of ice gate and the centerline of diversion channel is parallel, the parallel distance a=0.25B(B is the width of the diversion channel ) is reasonable, and the ice-water ratio K=0.237.
(3) The non-parallel arrangement has a better ice removal efficiency than of parallel. The best angleαbetween an ice gate axis and a bend tangent is simulated as 10°. The ice removal efficiency is highest in this condition. The ice removal amount Qi reaches 5.32 m 3 /s , and the ice-water ratio K is 0.292.
(4) The optimum scheme is obtained by layout pattern comparison and structure reformations. The ice-diversion raft is not necessary, which will save construction cost. The simulation results provide valuable guidance for construction and management of diversion hydropower stations.
引文
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[3]武锦涛.利用CFD可以获得更多的益处[J].化学反应工程与工艺,2003,19(2):140-141.
[4] Vriend De. A mathematical model of steady flow in curved shallow channels[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 1977, 15(1): 7-53.
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[8]王少平,蒋莉.用RNGk ?ε模式数值模拟180°弯道内的湍流分离流动[J].力学学报,1996,10(5):257-263.
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