高围压下磨料水射流切割的模糊建模和实验研究
摘要
在海洋开发和水下工程技术的迅速发展中，深水磨料水射流切割技术(高围压环境条件下磨料水射流切割技术)的应用在国外已比较成熟，而在国内尚处于实验研究阶段。
本文对围压环境条件下，磨料水射流的切割机理和模型进行了比较系统的分析研究；针对高围压环境条件，建立了磨料水射流切割的ANFIS模糊模型结构；同时利用自行设计的高围压环境条件模拟实验装置设备，系统分析研究了高围压环境条件下磨料水射流切割性能与各参数变量的关系和规律，以及不同围压对磨料水射流切割性能的影响。
通过理论分析和实验研究，得出如下主要结论：
① 对于液固两相流动，紊流扩散作用不但表现为其质点之间的动量交换，而且还表现为液相与固相介质之间的动量传递，是固相介质获得动能的主要机制。
围压环境条件下，由于衰减系数ξ的存在，使得射流在围压环境条件下的轴线速度呈指数衰减，而衰减系数ξ是由围压下环境介质对射流的阻力引起的。
在高围压环境条件下的射流轴心动压力明显要比在非围压下的衰减快得多；高围压环境条件下的靶距对动压损失是一个非常重要的因素。
② 磨料水射流切割是一种流态磨削切割过程，磨料水射流随切割深度增加而出现偏转和分离，靶体物料被切割断面上部为平滑切割区，下部为变形冲蚀磨削区。断面形貌受切割过程参数变量影响呈周期循环变化。
③ 基于ANFIS的模糊建模软件平台，在高围压环境条件磨料水射流模拟实验装置得出的已知数据基础上，根据选定的输入与输出主变参数变量和获取的样本数据，建立了高围压环境条件下磨料水射流切割模型结构。
通过验证模糊模型输出与实验值的对比，可以看到基于ANFIS的模糊模型结构输出能够较好地拟和表征实验数据的规律和趋势。本模糊模型结构是在高围压环境条件模拟实验装置的大量实验数据基础上，并根据比较实际的参数变量设定需求而建立的基于ANFIS切割模糊模型结构，与传统的回归经验模型相比，具有较高的准确性、可靠性和容错性。
④ 磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下，随着靶距喷嘴直径比S／d的增加，切割深度H呈分段减小趋势，即存在一个有效靶距喷嘴直径比Sv／d。而且，随着围压的增加，磨料水射流的总体切割能力也呈比较大的下降趋势。
重庆大学博士学位论文
⑤磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下重复切割时，开始的几次(4一8次)
切割起主要作用。但无论是磨料水射流或是纯水射流，围压下或是非围压下，
切割次数n对切割深度H的影响规律基本上都是相同的。
⑥磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下，兼顾切割效率和切割效果，最佳
的射流横移速度v应在4一7m耐s之间选取比较合适。
⑦磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下，随着磨料浓度m。的增加，磨料水
射流的冲击切割能力得到增强，切割深度H也随之增大。围压Pe越高，切割
深度H随着磨料浓度二。增加的幅度，相对来说就要小得多。这一点尤其对
海洋深水工程中磨料水射流切割技术的应用非常重要。
⑧在高围压环境条件下，磨料水射流的系统压力(即喷嘴喷射压力)直
接反映了磨料水射流的初始喷射速度。当磨料水射流的系统压力超过了该门
限压力后，切割深度H随着系统压力p的升高而呈明显的线性升高的关系。
⑨磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下，靶距喷嘴直径比s/d小于有效靶距
喷嘴直径比Sv/d时，随着围压的增加，切割深度衰减较快;而在靶距喷嘴直
径比￡心超过有效靶距喷嘴直径比Sv/d后，随着围压p。的增大，切割深度H
减小的幅度变缓，且切割深度H也普遍小得多。
本文研究的创新之处:一是系统分析研究了高围压环境条件下磨料水射
流切割性能与各参数的关系和规律，以及不同围压对磨料水射流切割性能的
影响;二是针对高围压环境条件，建立了磨料水射流切割的ANFIS模糊模型结
构，从而对于实际磨料水射流装置设备的工艺参数优化选择、材料加工规律
的数值计算机仿真模拟，以及在磨料水射流装置设备的智能化控制系统的研
究方面，提供了广阔的应用前景。
Though with the rapid development of Marine exploitation and underwater engineering technology, AWJ cutting technology under high confining pressure has been applied widely overseas, it is still in the stage of experiment research in domestic country.
This paper has systemically researched mechanism and model of AWJ under high confining pressure, and set up the ANFIS fussy system modeling structure of AWJ under high confining pressure, and analyzed the rule and relation of cutting performance and the parameters of AWJ under high confining pressure by using self-designed experimental devices to simulate high confining pressure, and the effect of different confining pressure on performance of AWJ. According to theory analysis and experiment research, we gamed the following main conclusions:
(1) For liquid-solid two-phase flow, its turbulence diffusion effect includes the exchange of particles' momentum and exchange liquid-phase and solid-phase mediums' momentum that is main way by which solid-phase medium gain kinetic energy.
Under the confining pressure, axial velocity of water jet velocity decreases exponentially with time because of the existence of attenuation coefficient ' , and attenuation coefficient is caused by the resistance of environmental medium between nozzle and material under confining pressure.
Axial dynamic pressure of water jet under high confining pressure decreases faster than that does under no confining pressure; the stand-off distance under high confining pressure is a key factor to the loss of fluctuating pressure.
(2)AWJ is a type of fluid-grinding cutting process, AWJ deflects and fractures when kerfs depth increasing, upside of the stand-off object's cutting surface is the section of smooth cutting grinding, downside is the section of grind by eroding formation. The appearance of cutting surface is affected by parameters of cutting process periodically.
(3)) Based on the ANFIS fussy modeling platform and experiment data simulating AWJ under high confining pressure, according to the selected input and output properties, modeling structure of AWJ under high confining pressure is established.
Comparing the fussy output and the data of experiment, it is found out that the fussy output based on ANFIS can reflect the rule and trend of experiment data. The fussy model based on ANFIS is based on lots of data experiment simulating AWJ under high confining pressure, and is established according to factual parameter's enactment, the
strategy has more veracity, reliability and fault-tolerance than the traditional experiential and regressive model.
(4) Under high confining pressure, kerfs depth H decreases by segment with the increase of ratio of stand-off distance to diameter of nozzle (Sv/d), which shows the existence of a valid ratio of stand-off distance to diameter of nozzle (Sv/d). And with increase of confining pressure, the performance of AWJ deceases obviously.
(5) AWJ's initial several (4-8) cutting processes predominately, when cutting repeatedly under high confining pressure.
(6) AWJ's most optimal transversal velocity (v) is between 4 and 7 mm/s, considering both efficiency and effect of cutting, under high confining pressure.
(7) AWJ's impact cutting performance and kerfs depth (H) increase along with increase of density of abrasive (ma) under high confining pressure. Amplitude of kerfs depth (H) along with increase of density of abrasive (ma) is much more less correspondingly than when confining pressure (pe) is very high. It is very important to the application of AWJ in Marine deepwater engineering.
(8) Under high confining pressure, AWJ's systemic pressure (nozzle's jet pressure) reflects the initial jet velocity of AWJ directly. When AWJ's systemic pressure excesses threshold pressure, kerfs depth increases along with increase of AWJ's systemic pressure linearly.
(9) When ratio of stand-off distance to diameter of nozzle (Sv/d) is less than valid ratio of stand-off distance to diameter of nozzle, AWJ's kerfs depth attenuates along with increase of confining pressure ra
本文对围压环境条件下，磨料水射流的切割机理和模型进行了比较系统的分析研究；针对高围压环境条件，建立了磨料水射流切割的ANFIS模糊模型结构；同时利用自行设计的高围压环境条件模拟实验装置设备，系统分析研究了高围压环境条件下磨料水射流切割性能与各参数变量的关系和规律，以及不同围压对磨料水射流切割性能的影响。
通过理论分析和实验研究，得出如下主要结论：
① 对于液固两相流动，紊流扩散作用不但表现为其质点之间的动量交换，而且还表现为液相与固相介质之间的动量传递，是固相介质获得动能的主要机制。
围压环境条件下，由于衰减系数ξ的存在，使得射流在围压环境条件下的轴线速度呈指数衰减，而衰减系数ξ是由围压下环境介质对射流的阻力引起的。
在高围压环境条件下的射流轴心动压力明显要比在非围压下的衰减快得多；高围压环境条件下的靶距对动压损失是一个非常重要的因素。
② 磨料水射流切割是一种流态磨削切割过程，磨料水射流随切割深度增加而出现偏转和分离，靶体物料被切割断面上部为平滑切割区，下部为变形冲蚀磨削区。断面形貌受切割过程参数变量影响呈周期循环变化。
③ 基于ANFIS的模糊建模软件平台，在高围压环境条件磨料水射流模拟实验装置得出的已知数据基础上，根据选定的输入与输出主变参数变量和获取的样本数据，建立了高围压环境条件下磨料水射流切割模型结构。
通过验证模糊模型输出与实验值的对比，可以看到基于ANFIS的模糊模型结构输出能够较好地拟和表征实验数据的规律和趋势。本模糊模型结构是在高围压环境条件模拟实验装置的大量实验数据基础上，并根据比较实际的参数变量设定需求而建立的基于ANFIS切割模糊模型结构，与传统的回归经验模型相比，具有较高的准确性、可靠性和容错性。
④ 磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下，随着靶距喷嘴直径比S／d的增加，切割深度H呈分段减小趋势，即存在一个有效靶距喷嘴直径比Sv／d。而且，随着围压的增加，磨料水射流的总体切割能力也呈比较大的下降趋势。
重庆大学博士学位论文
⑤磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下重复切割时，开始的几次(4一8次)
切割起主要作用。但无论是磨料水射流或是纯水射流，围压下或是非围压下，
切割次数n对切割深度H的影响规律基本上都是相同的。
⑥磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下，兼顾切割效率和切割效果，最佳
的射流横移速度v应在4一7m耐s之间选取比较合适。
⑦磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下，随着磨料浓度m。的增加，磨料水
射流的冲击切割能力得到增强，切割深度H也随之增大。围压Pe越高，切割
深度H随着磨料浓度二。增加的幅度，相对来说就要小得多。这一点尤其对
海洋深水工程中磨料水射流切割技术的应用非常重要。
⑧在高围压环境条件下，磨料水射流的系统压力(即喷嘴喷射压力)直
接反映了磨料水射流的初始喷射速度。当磨料水射流的系统压力超过了该门
限压力后，切割深度H随着系统压力p的升高而呈明显的线性升高的关系。
⑨磨料水射流在高围压环境条件下，靶距喷嘴直径比s/d小于有效靶距
喷嘴直径比Sv/d时，随着围压的增加，切割深度衰减较快;而在靶距喷嘴直
径比￡心超过有效靶距喷嘴直径比Sv/d后，随着围压p。的增大，切割深度H
减小的幅度变缓，且切割深度H也普遍小得多。
本文研究的创新之处:一是系统分析研究了高围压环境条件下磨料水射
流切割性能与各参数的关系和规律，以及不同围压对磨料水射流切割性能的
影响;二是针对高围压环境条件，建立了磨料水射流切割的ANFIS模糊模型结
构，从而对于实际磨料水射流装置设备的工艺参数优化选择、材料加工规律
的数值计算机仿真模拟，以及在磨料水射流装置设备的智能化控制系统的研
究方面，提供了广阔的应用前景。
Though with the rapid development of Marine exploitation and underwater engineering technology, AWJ cutting technology under high confining pressure has been applied widely overseas, it is still in the stage of experiment research in domestic country.
This paper has systemically researched mechanism and model of AWJ under high confining pressure, and set up the ANFIS fussy system modeling structure of AWJ under high confining pressure, and analyzed the rule and relation of cutting performance and the parameters of AWJ under high confining pressure by using self-designed experimental devices to simulate high confining pressure, and the effect of different confining pressure on performance of AWJ. According to theory analysis and experiment research, we gamed the following main conclusions:
(1) For liquid-solid two-phase flow, its turbulence diffusion effect includes the exchange of particles' momentum and exchange liquid-phase and solid-phase mediums' momentum that is main way by which solid-phase medium gain kinetic energy.
Under the confining pressure, axial velocity of water jet velocity decreases exponentially with time because of the existence of attenuation coefficient ' , and attenuation coefficient is caused by the resistance of environmental medium between nozzle and material under confining pressure.
Axial dynamic pressure of water jet under high confining pressure decreases faster than that does under no confining pressure; the stand-off distance under high confining pressure is a key factor to the loss of fluctuating pressure.
(2)AWJ is a type of fluid-grinding cutting process, AWJ deflects and fractures when kerfs depth increasing, upside of the stand-off object's cutting surface is the section of smooth cutting grinding, downside is the section of grind by eroding formation. The appearance of cutting surface is affected by parameters of cutting process periodically.
(3)) Based on the ANFIS fussy modeling platform and experiment data simulating AWJ under high confining pressure, according to the selected input and output properties, modeling structure of AWJ under high confining pressure is established.
Comparing the fussy output and the data of experiment, it is found out that the fussy output based on ANFIS can reflect the rule and trend of experiment data. The fussy model based on ANFIS is based on lots of data experiment simulating AWJ under high confining pressure, and is established according to factual parameter's enactment, the
strategy has more veracity, reliability and fault-tolerance than the traditional experiential and regressive model.
(4) Under high confining pressure, kerfs depth H decreases by segment with the increase of ratio of stand-off distance to diameter of nozzle (Sv/d), which shows the existence of a valid ratio of stand-off distance to diameter of nozzle (Sv/d). And with increase of confining pressure, the performance of AWJ deceases obviously.
(5) AWJ's initial several (4-8) cutting processes predominately, when cutting repeatedly under high confining pressure.
(6) AWJ's most optimal transversal velocity (v) is between 4 and 7 mm/s, considering both efficiency and effect of cutting, under high confining pressure.
(7) AWJ's impact cutting performance and kerfs depth (H) increase along with increase of density of abrasive (ma) under high confining pressure. Amplitude of kerfs depth (H) along with increase of density of abrasive (ma) is much more less correspondingly than when confining pressure (pe) is very high. It is very important to the application of AWJ in Marine deepwater engineering.
(8) Under high confining pressure, AWJ's systemic pressure (nozzle's jet pressure) reflects the initial jet velocity of AWJ directly. When AWJ's systemic pressure excesses threshold pressure, kerfs depth increases along with increase of AWJ's systemic pressure linearly.
(9) When ratio of stand-off distance to diameter of nozzle (Sv/d) is less than valid ratio of stand-off distance to diameter of nozzle, AWJ's kerfs depth attenuates along with increase of confining pressure ra
引文
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