泡桐修枝促接干技术及其效应的研究
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摘要
本论文以建立泡桐修枝促接干技术、揭示其动态生长效应和机理为目标,对2～4年生豫林一号泡桐采用不同修枝强度的修枝促接干处理,在连续八年测定其干、枝、叶各生长指标的基础上,开展了修枝促接干对泡桐干、枝、叶生长动态及其相对生长关系影响的研究,并在修枝当年研究了修枝促接干对泡桐光合、蒸腾和水分利用效率的影响,得出如下结论:
(1)泡桐修枝促接干技术的要点为,在造林后第3年的春季,对未自然接干泡桐修除顶部分杈枝和部分下层枝,修枝强度50～70%、保留下层2～3轮枝,在次年全部修除剩余下层枝;以修枝当年的抚育管理为重点,在4月中下旬～5月上中旬做好抹芽定芽定干工作,并加强该时期及此前1个月的水肥管理。
(2)该技术的生长效应体现在泡桐干、枝、叶各生长指标的生长和动态及其相对生长关系上。①具有不显著影响原主干生长、极显著促进接干生长和提高主干总材积(V_t),并在一定程度上降低原主干削度、保持接干形率和原主干形数在较高水平的持续效应。接干成功率达97.5%,接干高和主干高分别达5.73～5.75m、9.44～9.57m;由于各主干指标在修枝促接干当年分别有相对较高的平均连日生长量、最大连日生长量和(或)相对较长的速生期、生长期,并在修枝后的八年间分别有相对较高的平均连年生长量、最大连年生长量,因此使其原主干5项生长指标的年生长量虽在4a较CK的有小幅降低,但在5a时即进入恢复和提高时期、在6～7a大幅度提高,其生长总量和4a后的累积生长量在6a后即与CK的相近,其接干的径、断面积、材积的连年生长量和生长总量在各年均相对较高,使其11a时的V_t生长总量和4～11a的累积生长量分别提高77.61～79.12%、96.85～98.74%。②具有促进单枝生长,提高冠层和全株的枝基断面积(S_b)年生长量,使其S_b总量接近CK的明显效应。由于各枝指标在修枝促接干当年分别有相对较高的平均连日生长量、最大连日生长量和相对较长的速生期、生长期,因此使其上冠层接干枝基径(D_b)和S_b年生长量相对最大,而下冠层D_b年生长量不致过大、冠层S_b年生长量相对较高,使全株S_b年生长量提高55.32%～56.89%、其总量与CK的相近。同时可通过显著提高下层枝单位S_b的主干中下部径、断面积、原主干材积的生长量和上层枝单位S_b的主干上部径、断面积、主干总材积的生长量,以维持修枝当年的原主干生长,并显著提高主干总材积。③具有提高单叶干重(LDW)和面积(LA)、促进下层单枝叶片生长,以维持全冠叶片生长不致过分降低的明显效应。与CK相比,在修枝促接干当年的下冠层叶片数(LQ)仅降低16.45%,其LDW、LA却分别高12.22%、11.61%,使全冠的LQ、LDW和LA仅分别降低32.29%、22.88%和20.59%;并可通过提高上冠层叶片对冠层和全冠S_b年生长量的影响而维持其S_b总量在相对较高水平,通过提高下层叶片对原主干各部位径生长、下部断面积生长、原主干材积生长的影响和上层叶片对主干中上部断面积生长、总材积生长的影响,而维持其原主干径、断面积和材积生长在较高水平,并极显著提高总材积。
(3)该技术的生长效应,在相当程度上是由于修枝促接干能有效改善其光环境和通风条件,从而提高了泡桐叶片的光合潜力。①具有明显提高下冠层和植株总体叶片光合能力、减小上下冠层间差异性的效应。在修枝当年的5～8月,其平均的最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点和光合幅度与CK的相比,在下层分别高27.70%、36.74%、34.22%、36.80%,在上层分别高0.72%、1.75%、26.11%和1.11%,在全冠分别高9.27%、12.56%、16.36%、12.46%,使其全冠最大净光合速率总值和0～2000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)光量子通量密度(PPFD)范围内平均净光合速率总值仅分别降低13.22%、14.98%,明显低于其LA的降低幅度;②使PPFD为0时的蒸腾速率(Tr)及其随PPFD升高而升高的幅度有所提高,从而使单位LA的平均Tr在上、下冠层和全冠分别较CK的高11.65%、16.62%、14.15%;但由于修枝促接干对泡桐叶片生长的影响,使其冠层总体的平均Tr在上、下冠层和全冠分别较CK的低48.00%、高30.15%、低8.31%。③由于修枝促接干对泡桐叶片水分利用效率(WUE)与PPFD关系参数及相关主要指标的影响,使其平均WUE在上、下冠层和全冠分别较CK的低4.21%、高9.60%、高1.51%,表明对下层较上层的影响明显,有一定程度的提高效应,同时显著降低了上、下冠层间WUE的差异性。
The dissertation aims to develop technology of promoting trunk extension of Paulownia by pruning,reveal its dynamic effects and mechanism.The dynamic effects of pruning with different intensities and methods to 2 to 4 years old Paulownia fortunei 'Yulinensis 1' trees on the growing indicators of the trunks,branches and leaves and their relative growing relationship were studied based on continuous eight years' measurements.Futhermore,their effects on the characteristics of photosynthesis,transpiration and water use efficiency of Paulownia were also investigated in the first year of pruning.The research achievements are as follows:
(1) The key points of the technology of promoting trunk extension of Paulownia by pruning are to prune the top branches and part of under-layer branches from Paulownia trees without natural trunk extension in the spring of the third year after plantation with optimum pruning intensity of 50～70%, remain 2～3 rounds of the lower-layer branches which removed totally next year,pay much more attention to nurturing management measures such as bud picking,normal bud seleting,trunk extension developing from the middle ten days of April to the middle ten days of May in the pruning year,and enhance water and fertilizer management from the previous month.
(2) The growth effects of this technology were reflected in the growth and dynamic changes from each growing indicator of Poulownia's trunks,branches and leaves,together with their relative growing relationship.①It had no significant effects on the original trunk growth,but very significantly promoted the growing of the extended trunk and the total volume of the trunk(V_t).Meanwhile,it reduced the taper of the original trunk to a certain degree and kept the form quotient of the extended trunk and the breast height form factor of the original trunk in a rather high level continuously.The successful rate of Paulownia trunk extension was about 97.5%,with the extending height of 5.73 m～ 5.75 m and the main trunk of 9.44 m～9.57 m.Because each trunk indicator had comparatively higher average day increment(A_m),maximum day increment(AGR_(max)) and/or comparatively longer fast-growing period(T) and growing period(D_g) in the pruning year and higher average annual increment,maximum annual increment in the eight years after pruning,the annual increment of the 5 growing indicators of the original main trunk decreased slightly in 4a,but began to revive and increase in 5a,and advanced rapidly in 6a and 7a,their total increment and the cumulated increment after pruning were near to those of CK respectively from 6a,meanwhile,the annual increment and total increment of the diameter,sectional area and volume of the extending trunk were comparatively higher in every year.Thus the total V_t increment in 11a and the accumulated V_t increment from 4a to 11a were 77.61%～79.12%and 96.85%～98.74%higher than those of CK respectively.②It had the effect of promoting the growth of the upper crown of trunk extension and the lower branches,enhancing the annual increment of base cross section area(S_b) of the crown layer and the whole tree branches to make the total S_b close to that of CK obviously.Because each indicator had comparatively higher A_m,AGR_(max) and/or longer T and D_g,the annual increment of the base diameter(D_b) of the extension branch from the upper crown and S_b were relatively the highest while that of D_b of the lower crown didn't grow so fast with the relatively higher annual increment of the crown layer S_b.The annual S_b increment of the whole tree was significantly 55.32%～56.89%higher than that of CK,therefore the total S_b was close to CK.It also improved the increment of the unit area of lower branches for S_b in the middle and the lower stem, cross section area and the original trunk volume and that of the upper branches to keep the growth of the original trunk,thus significantly improved the total volume of the main trunk.③It obviously increased the single leaf dry weight(LDW) and the leaf area(LA),improved the growth of leaves on the under-layer of a single branch and avoid leaves' growth of the whole crown severely falling.In the pruning year,the number of lateral branches decreased 51.53%,but the number of leaves in the lower crown decreased only 16.45%,and the LDW and LA of the lower crown increased 12.22%and 11.61% respectively,thereby the total LQ,LDW and LA of the whole tree decreased only by 32.29%,22.88% and 20.59%.As a result,the growth and development of the lateral branch were kept on high level by improving the increment of the lateral branch of unit volume leaf blade,thereby the volume of the trunk and V_t of unit volume leaf blade could be enhanced significantly without obviously reducing the growth of the diameter of the total trunk.
(3) The pruning technique improved the light environment and ventilation condition greatly, hence promoted the photosynthetic potential of Paulownia leaves.①It improved the photosynthetic ability of leave blades both on lower crown and on the total plant,further reduced the difference between the upper and the lower crown.Compared with CK from May to August in the pruning year, the maximum photosynthetic rate,light saturation point,light compensation point and photosynthetic range of lower crown were increased by 27.70%,36.74%,34.22%and 36.80%,respectively,while those of upper crown were raised by 0.72%,1.75%,26.11%and 1.11%,thus those of the total tree were increased by 9.27%,12.56%,16.36%and 12.46%,the total amounts of the maximum and average photosynthetic yield were only decreased by 13.22%,14.98%.②The transpiration rate (Tr) which increased with increasing photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD) and its increasing amplitude were enhanced when the PPFD was zero.The average Tr per unit LA of the upper,lower and whole crown were 11.65%,16.62%and 14.15%higher than those of CK respectively.Compared with CK,the total amount of average Tr were decreased by 48.00%in the upper crown,increased by 30.15% in the lower crown and decreased by 8.31%for the whole crown due to the effect of the pruning measures on the leaves.③Compared with that of CK,the average efficiency of water use(WUE) of Paulownia leaves was decreased by 4.21%in the upper crown,increased by 9.60%and 1.51%in the lower and the whole crown respectively because of the effects of the pruning measures on the correlation parameters of WUE to PPFD and the related main indicators.The results showed that the pruning technique could enhance the WUE to a certain degree and it had more obvious effects on the lower crown than on the upper,meanwhile,it significantly reduced WUE differences between the upper and the lower crown.
(1)泡桐修枝促接干技术的要点为,在造林后第3年的春季,对未自然接干泡桐修除顶部分杈枝和部分下层枝,修枝强度50～70%、保留下层2～3轮枝,在次年全部修除剩余下层枝;以修枝当年的抚育管理为重点,在4月中下旬～5月上中旬做好抹芽定芽定干工作,并加强该时期及此前1个月的水肥管理。
(2)该技术的生长效应体现在泡桐干、枝、叶各生长指标的生长和动态及其相对生长关系上。①具有不显著影响原主干生长、极显著促进接干生长和提高主干总材积(V_t),并在一定程度上降低原主干削度、保持接干形率和原主干形数在较高水平的持续效应。接干成功率达97.5%,接干高和主干高分别达5.73～5.75m、9.44～9.57m;由于各主干指标在修枝促接干当年分别有相对较高的平均连日生长量、最大连日生长量和(或)相对较长的速生期、生长期,并在修枝后的八年间分别有相对较高的平均连年生长量、最大连年生长量,因此使其原主干5项生长指标的年生长量虽在4a较CK的有小幅降低,但在5a时即进入恢复和提高时期、在6～7a大幅度提高,其生长总量和4a后的累积生长量在6a后即与CK的相近,其接干的径、断面积、材积的连年生长量和生长总量在各年均相对较高,使其11a时的V_t生长总量和4～11a的累积生长量分别提高77.61～79.12%、96.85～98.74%。②具有促进单枝生长,提高冠层和全株的枝基断面积(S_b)年生长量,使其S_b总量接近CK的明显效应。由于各枝指标在修枝促接干当年分别有相对较高的平均连日生长量、最大连日生长量和相对较长的速生期、生长期,因此使其上冠层接干枝基径(D_b)和S_b年生长量相对最大,而下冠层D_b年生长量不致过大、冠层S_b年生长量相对较高,使全株S_b年生长量提高55.32%～56.89%、其总量与CK的相近。同时可通过显著提高下层枝单位S_b的主干中下部径、断面积、原主干材积的生长量和上层枝单位S_b的主干上部径、断面积、主干总材积的生长量,以维持修枝当年的原主干生长,并显著提高主干总材积。③具有提高单叶干重(LDW)和面积(LA)、促进下层单枝叶片生长,以维持全冠叶片生长不致过分降低的明显效应。与CK相比,在修枝促接干当年的下冠层叶片数(LQ)仅降低16.45%,其LDW、LA却分别高12.22%、11.61%,使全冠的LQ、LDW和LA仅分别降低32.29%、22.88%和20.59%;并可通过提高上冠层叶片对冠层和全冠S_b年生长量的影响而维持其S_b总量在相对较高水平,通过提高下层叶片对原主干各部位径生长、下部断面积生长、原主干材积生长的影响和上层叶片对主干中上部断面积生长、总材积生长的影响,而维持其原主干径、断面积和材积生长在较高水平,并极显著提高总材积。
(3)该技术的生长效应,在相当程度上是由于修枝促接干能有效改善其光环境和通风条件,从而提高了泡桐叶片的光合潜力。①具有明显提高下冠层和植株总体叶片光合能力、减小上下冠层间差异性的效应。在修枝当年的5～8月,其平均的最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点和光合幅度与CK的相比,在下层分别高27.70%、36.74%、34.22%、36.80%,在上层分别高0.72%、1.75%、26.11%和1.11%,在全冠分别高9.27%、12.56%、16.36%、12.46%,使其全冠最大净光合速率总值和0～2000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)光量子通量密度(PPFD)范围内平均净光合速率总值仅分别降低13.22%、14.98%,明显低于其LA的降低幅度;②使PPFD为0时的蒸腾速率(Tr)及其随PPFD升高而升高的幅度有所提高,从而使单位LA的平均Tr在上、下冠层和全冠分别较CK的高11.65%、16.62%、14.15%;但由于修枝促接干对泡桐叶片生长的影响,使其冠层总体的平均Tr在上、下冠层和全冠分别较CK的低48.00%、高30.15%、低8.31%。③由于修枝促接干对泡桐叶片水分利用效率(WUE)与PPFD关系参数及相关主要指标的影响,使其平均WUE在上、下冠层和全冠分别较CK的低4.21%、高9.60%、高1.51%,表明对下层较上层的影响明显,有一定程度的提高效应,同时显著降低了上、下冠层间WUE的差异性。
The dissertation aims to develop technology of promoting trunk extension of Paulownia by pruning,reveal its dynamic effects and mechanism.The dynamic effects of pruning with different intensities and methods to 2 to 4 years old Paulownia fortunei 'Yulinensis 1' trees on the growing indicators of the trunks,branches and leaves and their relative growing relationship were studied based on continuous eight years' measurements.Futhermore,their effects on the characteristics of photosynthesis,transpiration and water use efficiency of Paulownia were also investigated in the first year of pruning.The research achievements are as follows:
(1) The key points of the technology of promoting trunk extension of Paulownia by pruning are to prune the top branches and part of under-layer branches from Paulownia trees without natural trunk extension in the spring of the third year after plantation with optimum pruning intensity of 50～70%, remain 2～3 rounds of the lower-layer branches which removed totally next year,pay much more attention to nurturing management measures such as bud picking,normal bud seleting,trunk extension developing from the middle ten days of April to the middle ten days of May in the pruning year,and enhance water and fertilizer management from the previous month.
(2) The growth effects of this technology were reflected in the growth and dynamic changes from each growing indicator of Poulownia's trunks,branches and leaves,together with their relative growing relationship.①It had no significant effects on the original trunk growth,but very significantly promoted the growing of the extended trunk and the total volume of the trunk(V_t).Meanwhile,it reduced the taper of the original trunk to a certain degree and kept the form quotient of the extended trunk and the breast height form factor of the original trunk in a rather high level continuously.The successful rate of Paulownia trunk extension was about 97.5%,with the extending height of 5.73 m～ 5.75 m and the main trunk of 9.44 m～9.57 m.Because each trunk indicator had comparatively higher average day increment(A_m),maximum day increment(AGR_(max)) and/or comparatively longer fast-growing period(T) and growing period(D_g) in the pruning year and higher average annual increment,maximum annual increment in the eight years after pruning,the annual increment of the 5 growing indicators of the original main trunk decreased slightly in 4a,but began to revive and increase in 5a,and advanced rapidly in 6a and 7a,their total increment and the cumulated increment after pruning were near to those of CK respectively from 6a,meanwhile,the annual increment and total increment of the diameter,sectional area and volume of the extending trunk were comparatively higher in every year.Thus the total V_t increment in 11a and the accumulated V_t increment from 4a to 11a were 77.61%～79.12%and 96.85%～98.74%higher than those of CK respectively.②It had the effect of promoting the growth of the upper crown of trunk extension and the lower branches,enhancing the annual increment of base cross section area(S_b) of the crown layer and the whole tree branches to make the total S_b close to that of CK obviously.Because each indicator had comparatively higher A_m,AGR_(max) and/or longer T and D_g,the annual increment of the base diameter(D_b) of the extension branch from the upper crown and S_b were relatively the highest while that of D_b of the lower crown didn't grow so fast with the relatively higher annual increment of the crown layer S_b.The annual S_b increment of the whole tree was significantly 55.32%～56.89%higher than that of CK,therefore the total S_b was close to CK.It also improved the increment of the unit area of lower branches for S_b in the middle and the lower stem, cross section area and the original trunk volume and that of the upper branches to keep the growth of the original trunk,thus significantly improved the total volume of the main trunk.③It obviously increased the single leaf dry weight(LDW) and the leaf area(LA),improved the growth of leaves on the under-layer of a single branch and avoid leaves' growth of the whole crown severely falling.In the pruning year,the number of lateral branches decreased 51.53%,but the number of leaves in the lower crown decreased only 16.45%,and the LDW and LA of the lower crown increased 12.22%and 11.61% respectively,thereby the total LQ,LDW and LA of the whole tree decreased only by 32.29%,22.88% and 20.59%.As a result,the growth and development of the lateral branch were kept on high level by improving the increment of the lateral branch of unit volume leaf blade,thereby the volume of the trunk and V_t of unit volume leaf blade could be enhanced significantly without obviously reducing the growth of the diameter of the total trunk.
(3) The pruning technique improved the light environment and ventilation condition greatly, hence promoted the photosynthetic potential of Paulownia leaves.①It improved the photosynthetic ability of leave blades both on lower crown and on the total plant,further reduced the difference between the upper and the lower crown.Compared with CK from May to August in the pruning year, the maximum photosynthetic rate,light saturation point,light compensation point and photosynthetic range of lower crown were increased by 27.70%,36.74%,34.22%and 36.80%,respectively,while those of upper crown were raised by 0.72%,1.75%,26.11%and 1.11%,thus those of the total tree were increased by 9.27%,12.56%,16.36%and 12.46%,the total amounts of the maximum and average photosynthetic yield were only decreased by 13.22%,14.98%.②The transpiration rate (Tr) which increased with increasing photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD) and its increasing amplitude were enhanced when the PPFD was zero.The average Tr per unit LA of the upper,lower and whole crown were 11.65%,16.62%and 14.15%higher than those of CK respectively.Compared with CK,the total amount of average Tr were decreased by 48.00%in the upper crown,increased by 30.15% in the lower crown and decreased by 8.31%for the whole crown due to the effect of the pruning measures on the leaves.③Compared with that of CK,the average efficiency of water use(WUE) of Paulownia leaves was decreased by 4.21%in the upper crown,increased by 9.60%and 1.51%in the lower and the whole crown respectively because of the effects of the pruning measures on the correlation parameters of WUE to PPFD and the related main indicators.The results showed that the pruning technique could enhance the WUE to a certain degree and it had more obvious effects on the lower crown than on the upper,meanwhile,it significantly reduced WUE differences between the upper and the lower crown.
引文
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