栽培管理措施和环境胁迫对柳枝稷生长特性和生物质品质的影响
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摘要
生物质能源被认为是一种理想的可再生替代能源,而草本能源植物作为重要的生物质资源,成为了世界各国研究的热点。目前国外的研究认为栽培管理措施对草本能源植物生物质生产和生物质品质有很大影响,而国内尚未有系统的研究。本文主要研究了灌溉、施肥、种植密度、收获时间等栽培管理措施和不同环境胁迫对草本能源植物柳枝稷生物质生产和生物质品质的影响,主要结论如下:
1.不同栽培管理措施下,第三生长季柳枝稷的生物质产量达到了最大生产潜力。同一生长季,随着生育期的推迟,生物质产量表现为先增长到最大值然后逐渐降低的趋势;生物质品质则得到了逐渐的改善,显著降低了生物质含水量、灰分含量、钾、氯等不利于燃烧的矿质元素含量,提高了木质纤维素含量;同时随着氮、磷、钾含量的降低,节约了肥料的投入,降低了生物质原料成本。
2.本文对柳枝稷生物质品质进行了系统研究,通过层次分析法,对不同栽培管理措施下影响生物质高产和品质的指标进行综合评价,得出11月底收获时柳枝稷高产且优质的栽培管理组合为不灌溉(自然降水)、不施肥、种植密度为0.8m×0.8m;最优品质的栽培管理组合为不灌溉、施氮量为112.8kg·ha~(-1)、种植密度为0.8m×0.6m。
3.营养生长期柳枝稷有较强的抗旱性和抗盐性。土壤相对含水量低于40%时仍能保证生长。不同盐分类型对其生长的抑制程度从大到小为:NaCl>Na_2SO_4>NaHCO_3,而NaCl、Na_2SO_4和NaHCO_3可适宜浓度分别为0.40%、0.80%和0.80%。
4.不同的土壤水分垂直分布对柳枝稷的水分利用效率有显著差异,且形成了相应的根系分布特征。以0～180cm土层均水分条件较好为对照,第一和第二生长季,在0-180cm土层缺水条件下,通过一定的表层灌水,柳枝稷的水分利用效率最高,有效的促进了根系的向下生长;在0～120cm土层缺水,而120～180cm土层水分条件较好时,柳枝稷的水分利用效率次之,促进了根系的向下生长,而根系生物量显著的降低。但是第二生长季的根冠比与对照没有显著差异。
5.柳枝稷的根系分布和生物质品质对不同的盐分类型的响应特征有明显差异。不同盐分类型根系生物量的大小顺序为:NaCl>Na_2SO_4>NaHCO_3,根系的生物量重心分别为23cm、38cm、18cm,而对照为50cm。在NaCl条件下,生物质中灰分含量显著提高;在Na_2SO_4条件下,生物质中硫含量显著提高,纤维素含量显著降低,生物质品质均有所降低;在NaHCO_3条件下,生物质中钾含量显著降低,这有利于生物质品质的提高。
Biomass energy is considered to be an ideal renewable alternative energy, and herbaceous energy crops as an important biomass resources, became research hot spot all over the world. According to foreign researchers reports, agronomic practices had significant influences on biomass production and biomass quality of herbaceous crops, however, these had not been systematically discussed. Experiments were carried out by this study on the effect of agronomic practices such as irrigation, fertilization, planting density, harvest time, and environmental stress on biomass production and biomass quality of switchgrass. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. Under different agronomic practices, biomass production of switchgrass reached the maximum production potential in the third growing season. In the second growing season, with the proceeding of the growth period, biomass yield showed a gradually reducing trend after the maximum and biomass quality was improved as significantly reduced ash, water and undesirable components such as K and Cl in biomass, increased lignocelluloses contents; the nutrient element content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were also declined which could save fertilizer inputs and lower the biomass production costs.
2. The biomass quality of switchgrass were studied systematically by using analytic hierarchy process and the indices of biomass high yield and quality were synthetically evaluated. It is concluded that the best agronomic practice combination for high yield and high quality was harvesting by the end of November, no irrigation (rainfed), no extra fertilization, and planting density of 0.8m x 0.8m; the best agronomic practice combination for optimal quality was no irrigation, nitrogen application rate of 112.8kg·ha~(-1), and planting density of 0.8m x 0.6m.
3. Switchgrass in vegetative period had relatively strong drought resistance and salt resistance. When soil relative water content was under 40%, it still could grow normally. The impact of different saline types on the growth of switchgrass in sequence from serious to light was as NaCl>Na_2SO_4>NaHCO_3; the appropriate concentrations of soil NaCl, Na2SO4 and NaHCO3 for normal switchgrass growth were 0.40%,0.60%, 0.80%, respectively.
4. There were significant differences between the water using efficiency of switchgrass under different soil water spatial distribution pattern and the corresponding root distribution characteristics showed up. Taking good soil water conditions in 0-180cm soil layers as CK, during the first and second growing seasons, when less available soil water occurred in soil layers of 0-180cm, the surface irrigation condition resulted in the highest water using efficiency of switchgrass and effectively promoted the root growth downwards; when less available soil water occurred in soil layers of 0-120cm and good water condition in 120-180cm soil layer, the water using efficiency of switchgrass were second and root growth downwards was promoted but the root biomass was significantly reduced. However, the root-shoot ratio of switchgrass was not significantly different among different water spatial distribution pattern in comparison with CK in the second growing season.
5. The responses of switchgrass root distribution characteristics and biomass quality to saline types were significantly different. The impact of saline type on root biomass in sequence from serious to light was as NaCl>Na_2SO_4 >NaHCO_3, the corresponding gravity center of root biomass were 38cm, 23cm, and 18cm respectively while 50cm for CK. Under NaCl condition, the ash content in biomass was increased significantly; under Na2SO4 conditione, the biomass sulfur content was increased and fiber content significantly decreased, i.e. the biomass quality was reduced; under NaHCO_3 condition, the biomass potassium content was significantly decreased indicating a significant improvement of biomass quality.
1.不同栽培管理措施下,第三生长季柳枝稷的生物质产量达到了最大生产潜力。同一生长季,随着生育期的推迟,生物质产量表现为先增长到最大值然后逐渐降低的趋势;生物质品质则得到了逐渐的改善,显著降低了生物质含水量、灰分含量、钾、氯等不利于燃烧的矿质元素含量,提高了木质纤维素含量;同时随着氮、磷、钾含量的降低,节约了肥料的投入,降低了生物质原料成本。
2.本文对柳枝稷生物质品质进行了系统研究,通过层次分析法,对不同栽培管理措施下影响生物质高产和品质的指标进行综合评价,得出11月底收获时柳枝稷高产且优质的栽培管理组合为不灌溉(自然降水)、不施肥、种植密度为0.8m×0.8m;最优品质的栽培管理组合为不灌溉、施氮量为112.8kg·ha~(-1)、种植密度为0.8m×0.6m。
3.营养生长期柳枝稷有较强的抗旱性和抗盐性。土壤相对含水量低于40%时仍能保证生长。不同盐分类型对其生长的抑制程度从大到小为:NaCl>Na_2SO_4>NaHCO_3,而NaCl、Na_2SO_4和NaHCO_3可适宜浓度分别为0.40%、0.80%和0.80%。
4.不同的土壤水分垂直分布对柳枝稷的水分利用效率有显著差异,且形成了相应的根系分布特征。以0～180cm土层均水分条件较好为对照,第一和第二生长季,在0-180cm土层缺水条件下,通过一定的表层灌水,柳枝稷的水分利用效率最高,有效的促进了根系的向下生长;在0～120cm土层缺水,而120～180cm土层水分条件较好时,柳枝稷的水分利用效率次之,促进了根系的向下生长,而根系生物量显著的降低。但是第二生长季的根冠比与对照没有显著差异。
5.柳枝稷的根系分布和生物质品质对不同的盐分类型的响应特征有明显差异。不同盐分类型根系生物量的大小顺序为:NaCl>Na_2SO_4>NaHCO_3,根系的生物量重心分别为23cm、38cm、18cm,而对照为50cm。在NaCl条件下,生物质中灰分含量显著提高;在Na_2SO_4条件下,生物质中硫含量显著提高,纤维素含量显著降低,生物质品质均有所降低;在NaHCO_3条件下,生物质中钾含量显著降低,这有利于生物质品质的提高。
Biomass energy is considered to be an ideal renewable alternative energy, and herbaceous energy crops as an important biomass resources, became research hot spot all over the world. According to foreign researchers reports, agronomic practices had significant influences on biomass production and biomass quality of herbaceous crops, however, these had not been systematically discussed. Experiments were carried out by this study on the effect of agronomic practices such as irrigation, fertilization, planting density, harvest time, and environmental stress on biomass production and biomass quality of switchgrass. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. Under different agronomic practices, biomass production of switchgrass reached the maximum production potential in the third growing season. In the second growing season, with the proceeding of the growth period, biomass yield showed a gradually reducing trend after the maximum and biomass quality was improved as significantly reduced ash, water and undesirable components such as K and Cl in biomass, increased lignocelluloses contents; the nutrient element content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were also declined which could save fertilizer inputs and lower the biomass production costs.
2. The biomass quality of switchgrass were studied systematically by using analytic hierarchy process and the indices of biomass high yield and quality were synthetically evaluated. It is concluded that the best agronomic practice combination for high yield and high quality was harvesting by the end of November, no irrigation (rainfed), no extra fertilization, and planting density of 0.8m x 0.8m; the best agronomic practice combination for optimal quality was no irrigation, nitrogen application rate of 112.8kg·ha~(-1), and planting density of 0.8m x 0.6m.
3. Switchgrass in vegetative period had relatively strong drought resistance and salt resistance. When soil relative water content was under 40%, it still could grow normally. The impact of different saline types on the growth of switchgrass in sequence from serious to light was as NaCl>Na_2SO_4>NaHCO_3; the appropriate concentrations of soil NaCl, Na2SO4 and NaHCO3 for normal switchgrass growth were 0.40%,0.60%, 0.80%, respectively.
4. There were significant differences between the water using efficiency of switchgrass under different soil water spatial distribution pattern and the corresponding root distribution characteristics showed up. Taking good soil water conditions in 0-180cm soil layers as CK, during the first and second growing seasons, when less available soil water occurred in soil layers of 0-180cm, the surface irrigation condition resulted in the highest water using efficiency of switchgrass and effectively promoted the root growth downwards; when less available soil water occurred in soil layers of 0-120cm and good water condition in 120-180cm soil layer, the water using efficiency of switchgrass were second and root growth downwards was promoted but the root biomass was significantly reduced. However, the root-shoot ratio of switchgrass was not significantly different among different water spatial distribution pattern in comparison with CK in the second growing season.
5. The responses of switchgrass root distribution characteristics and biomass quality to saline types were significantly different. The impact of saline type on root biomass in sequence from serious to light was as NaCl>Na_2SO_4 >NaHCO_3, the corresponding gravity center of root biomass were 38cm, 23cm, and 18cm respectively while 50cm for CK. Under NaCl condition, the ash content in biomass was increased significantly; under Na2SO4 conditione, the biomass sulfur content was increased and fiber content significantly decreased, i.e. the biomass quality was reduced; under NaHCO_3 condition, the biomass potassium content was significantly decreased indicating a significant improvement of biomass quality.
引文
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