立轴风力机变桨距规律控制研究
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摘要
水平轴风力机(HAWTs)和立轴风力机(VAWTs)是风力发电机的两种基本形式。水平轴风力机由于风能利用系数较高,是目前的主流风力机,已经得到了大规模的发展,但是由于水平轴风力机的一些固有特点,如桨叶受力情况复杂、机舱在塔架顶部不易维护等,使得风力发电的成本较高。与水平轴风力机相比,立轴风力机具有安装维护方便、噪声小、叶片受力稳定等优点。但是风能利用系数低和起动性能差的问题一直限制着立轴风力机的发展。
本文依据立轴风力机的国内外发展状况,针对立轴风力机的两个问题,主要对立轴风力机的变桨距规律控制进行研究,主要研究过程如下：
首先,根据叶素理论,建立了变桨距风轮的功率模型,并且分析了对称翼型作为变桨距立轴风力机叶片翼型的合理性；运用Fluent软件对NACA0015翼型进行二维数值模拟,并确定了该翼型的气动参数。由此为基础,运用Matlab软件设计最优变桨距规律程序,获得若干不同尖速比下的最优桨距角规律,并且确定了各变桨规律之间的实际控制切换点。
然后,根据不同的变桨距规律,提出两种变桨立轴风力机方案及结构参数,并基于工程上常用的双多流管理论模型,计算了两种风轮的瞬时力矩、平均力矩和风能利用系数等气动性能参数；为了确定变桨系统的能耗,运用Fluent软件分别对不同方位角时的叶片进行了三维数值模拟。
最后,主要对同步变桨VAWT的总体结构、电力变换单元,以及变桨控制系统等单元进行分析,由此制作了同步变桨VAWT和最优VAWT两台样机；主要基于同步变桨VAWT样机,搭建实验平台,对不同叶片组合的风轮进行气动力矩和发电功率的相关实验,同时对最优变桨VAWT进行初步测试。实验表明：自动变桨距规律可显著提高立轴风力机的起动性能和风能利用系数。
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are two main types of wind turbines. With higher efficiency, the former one has been treated as main trend in the present. But there are still some inherent drawbacks which have increased its cost. For example, stress changes on blades of HAWTs are complex, the engine room mounted on the top of the tower is not easy to be maintained, and so on. Compared with HAWT, VAWT has the advantages of easier maintain, lower noise, more stable stress, and so on. But the lower efficiency and no self-starting ability have restricted its development all the time.
In this paper, the present status at home and abroad has been summarized. After these, the variable pitch laws of VAWT have been investigated to solve the problems mentioned above. The main research steps are shown below.
Firstly, the model of variable pitch VAWT has been built based on Blade Element Theory. And it has been used to analyze the advantages of symmetric blade airfoils. The airfoil of NACA0015 has been simulated numerically in FLUENT to obtain its aerodynamic parameters. Based on this model, the optimum variable pith laws at different tip speed ratios have been calculated in Matlab. After this, the practical switch points between these laws have been determined manually.
Afterwards, two types of variable pitch VAWTs based on different pitch laws have been designed. And the instantaneous moments, average moments and efficiencies of both turbines have been calculated by the use of Double Disks Multiple Streamtubes Model. Besides of these, three-dimensional numerical simulation has been done in FLUENT to analyze the force conditions of blades at different azimuth angles.
Lastly, the synchronous and optimum variable-pitch VAWT prototypes, including the general structures, power conversion systems, pitch control systems and so on, are designed and manufactured. And the synchronous one has been made experiments to study the aerodynamic load and electrical performance. Just an initial test has been done on the optimum one. The experimental results indicate that the variable-pitch laws have improved the self-starting performance and the system efficiency significantly.
本文依据立轴风力机的国内外发展状况,针对立轴风力机的两个问题,主要对立轴风力机的变桨距规律控制进行研究,主要研究过程如下：
首先,根据叶素理论,建立了变桨距风轮的功率模型,并且分析了对称翼型作为变桨距立轴风力机叶片翼型的合理性；运用Fluent软件对NACA0015翼型进行二维数值模拟,并确定了该翼型的气动参数。由此为基础,运用Matlab软件设计最优变桨距规律程序,获得若干不同尖速比下的最优桨距角规律,并且确定了各变桨规律之间的实际控制切换点。
然后,根据不同的变桨距规律,提出两种变桨立轴风力机方案及结构参数,并基于工程上常用的双多流管理论模型,计算了两种风轮的瞬时力矩、平均力矩和风能利用系数等气动性能参数；为了确定变桨系统的能耗,运用Fluent软件分别对不同方位角时的叶片进行了三维数值模拟。
最后,主要对同步变桨VAWT的总体结构、电力变换单元,以及变桨控制系统等单元进行分析,由此制作了同步变桨VAWT和最优VAWT两台样机；主要基于同步变桨VAWT样机,搭建实验平台,对不同叶片组合的风轮进行气动力矩和发电功率的相关实验,同时对最优变桨VAWT进行初步测试。实验表明：自动变桨距规律可显著提高立轴风力机的起动性能和风能利用系数。
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are two main types of wind turbines. With higher efficiency, the former one has been treated as main trend in the present. But there are still some inherent drawbacks which have increased its cost. For example, stress changes on blades of HAWTs are complex, the engine room mounted on the top of the tower is not easy to be maintained, and so on. Compared with HAWT, VAWT has the advantages of easier maintain, lower noise, more stable stress, and so on. But the lower efficiency and no self-starting ability have restricted its development all the time.
In this paper, the present status at home and abroad has been summarized. After these, the variable pitch laws of VAWT have been investigated to solve the problems mentioned above. The main research steps are shown below.
Firstly, the model of variable pitch VAWT has been built based on Blade Element Theory. And it has been used to analyze the advantages of symmetric blade airfoils. The airfoil of NACA0015 has been simulated numerically in FLUENT to obtain its aerodynamic parameters. Based on this model, the optimum variable pith laws at different tip speed ratios have been calculated in Matlab. After this, the practical switch points between these laws have been determined manually.
Afterwards, two types of variable pitch VAWTs based on different pitch laws have been designed. And the instantaneous moments, average moments and efficiencies of both turbines have been calculated by the use of Double Disks Multiple Streamtubes Model. Besides of these, three-dimensional numerical simulation has been done in FLUENT to analyze the force conditions of blades at different azimuth angles.
Lastly, the synchronous and optimum variable-pitch VAWT prototypes, including the general structures, power conversion systems, pitch control systems and so on, are designed and manufactured. And the synchronous one has been made experiments to study the aerodynamic load and electrical performance. Just an initial test has been done on the optimum one. The experimental results indicate that the variable-pitch laws have improved the self-starting performance and the system efficiency significantly.
引文
[1]刘万琨,张志英,李银凤等.风能与风力发电技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2007：1-32页
[2]张国铭.论建造兆瓦级垂直轴式风力发电机组的合理性[J].水利电力施工机械,1995,17(4)：32-36页
[3]蒋超奇,严强.水平轴与垂直轴风力发电机的比较研究[J].上海电力,2007,(2)：163-165页
[4]Mazharul Islam, David S.-K. Ting, Amir Fartaj. Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12(4):1087-1109P
[5]姚英学,汤志鹏.垂直轴风力机应用概况及其展望[J].现代制造工程,2010,(3)：136-139页
[6]杨光碧.风力发电机的屠杀[J].环境,2004,(12)
[7]张维智,李方洲.小型水平轴风力发电机风洞实验[J].风力发电,2004(1)：25-30页
[8]Gupta R, Das R, Sharma KK. Experimental study of a Savonius-Darrieus wind machine[A].Proceedings of the international conference on renewable energy for developing countries [C],2006
[9]D.A.Spera. Wind Turbine Technology[M].2nd Printing. ASMEPRESS,1995:2-25P
[10]M.H.Worstell. Aerodynamic Performance of the 17 Meter Diameter D-arrieus Wind Turbine[R]. SAND78-1737. Sandia Report,1978-.1-63P
[11]R.E.Sheldahl, P.C. Llimas and L.V. FelTz.. Aerodynamic Performance of a 5-Meter-Diameter Darrieus Wind Turbine With Extuded Alumin-um NACA0015 Blades[R]. SAND80-0179. SandiaRePort,1980:1-45P
[12]I.Paraschivoiu, O.Trifu, F. Saeed. H-Darrieus Wind T-urbine with Blade Pitch Control[J]. International Journal of Rotating Machinery,2009
[13]B. K. Kirke. Evaluation of self-starting vertical axis wind turbines for stand-alone applications[D]. Australi-a:Griffith University,1998
[14]李岩.垂直轴风力机技术讲座(一)[J].可再生能源,2009,27(1)：121-123页
[15]李岩.垂直轴风力机技术讲座(二)[J].可再生能源,2009,27(2)：119-121页
[16]Savonius SJ. The S-rotor and its application[J]. Mech Eng 53,1931
[17]孙云峰,田德,王海宽等.垂直轴风力发电机的发展概况及趋势[J].农村牧区机械 化,2008,(2)：42-44页
[18]G. Darrieus. Turbine Having its Rotating Shaft Transverse to Flow of Current[P]. U.S. Patent 1834018, December 1931
[19]田海姣,王铁龙,王颖.垂直轴风力发电机发展概述[J].应用能源技术,2006,(11)：22-27页
[20]Sandra Eriksson, Hans Bernhoff, Mats Leijon. Evaluation of different turbine concepts for wind power[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008, 12(5):1419-1434P
[21]R.B. Noll, N.D.Ham, H.M. Drees, etal.1 Kiliwatt high reliability wind system development[R]. Pinson Energy Corporation, MA 02648,1982:2-13.
[22]N.C.K. Pawsey. Development and evaluation of passive variable-pitch vertical axis wind turbines[D]. Australia:University of New South Wales,2002
[23]严强.垂直轴风力发电机叶片攻角调节装置[P].中国：200610023892,2008
[24]In Seong Hwang, Seung Yong Min, In Oh Jeong, etal.Efficiency Improvement of a New Vertical Axis WindTurbine by Individual Active Control of Blade Motion[A]. Smart Structures and Materials 2006-Smart Structures and Integrated Systems[C], USA:SPIE, 2006,316-323P
[25]In Seong Hwang, Yun Han Lee, Seung Jo Kim. Effectiveness enhancement of a cycloidal wind turbine by individual active control of blade motion[A]. Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems 2007[C], USA:SPIE,2007, 65251F-1-65251F-8
[26]D.勒古里雷斯.风力机的理论与设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1987,123-151页
[27]G. H. Windmill and fans. Berlin[M], Germany:Julius Springer,1935
[28]许凌峰.变桨距风力发电机组智能控制研究[D].北京：华北电力大学,2009
[29]David A S. Wind turbine technology[M]. ASME Press, New York,1994
[30]黄继雄.风力机专用翼型及其气动特性研究[D].汕头：汕头大学,2001.
[31]李宏利.水平轴风力机专用翼型族的设计及其气动性能研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(工程热物理研究所),2009
[32]Ira. H. Abbott, Albert E. von Doenhoff. Theory of Wing Sections[M].NewYOrk:Dover Publications. Ing.1959.
[33]Healy, J.V., The Influence of Blade Camber on the Output of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines[J]. Wind Engineering,1978,2(3),146-155P
[34]Mazharul Islam, David S-K. Ting, Amir Fartaj. Desirable Airfoil Features for Smaller-Capacity Straight-Bladed VAWT[J]. Wind Engineering,2007,31(3),165-196P
[35]Mazharul Islam, David S-K. Ting, Amir Fartaj. Design of a Special purpose Airfoil for Smaller-Capacity Straight-Bladed VAWT[J]. Wind Engineering,2007,31(6),401-424P
[36]Paraschivoiu I. Wind Turbine Design Emphasis on Darrieus Concept[M].Canada: Polytechnic International Press,2002,66-98P
[37]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.Fluent流体工程仿真计算实例与应用[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2004,27-65页
[38]贺德馨等.风工程与工业空气动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2006
[39]Templin R J. Aerodynamic performance theory for the NRC vertical axis wind turbine[R]. NRC of Canada TR LTR-LA-160,1974
[40]廖康平,盛其虎,张亮.立轴风力机空气动力学性能流管模型研究[J].太阳能学报,2009,30(9)：1292-1296页
[41]Sharpe D J. Wind turbine aerodynamics [A]. Wind Energy Conversion System[C], London:London Freris(Ed.) Prentice Hall,1990,54-118P
[42]阳志钦.立轴风力机气动性能与数值模拟研究[D].湘潭：湘潭大学,2009.
[43]Strickland JH. The Darrieus turbine:a performance prediction model using multiple streamtubes[R]. SAND75-0431. Sandia Report,1945:1-31P
[44]I.Paraschivoiu.Aerodynamic loads and performance of the darrieus roter[J]. J Energy, 1981,6(6):406-412P
[45]S.Y.Yang, X.Zhang, C.W.Zhang, R.X.Cao. Test-bed of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Variable-Speed Constant-Frequeney Wind Power Generation [A]. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference[C]. Shanghai:IPEMC 2006,2009,1-5P
[46]郑康,潘再平.变速恒频风力发电系统中的风力机模拟[J]. Mechanical&Electrical Engineering Magazine.2003,20(6):40-43页
[47]P. Cooper and O. Kennedy. Development and Analysis of a Novel Vertical Axis Wind Turbine[A].42nd Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Solar Energy Society [C]. Perth Australia:2004
[48]张立勋,王立权,杨勇.机械电子学[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2005,4-17页
[49]王岚,赵丹,隋立明.机电系统计算机控制[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社, 2006：125-139页
[50]王承煦,张源.风力发电[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2006：58-65页
[51]宋海辉.风力发电技术及工程[M].北京：中国水力水电出版社,2009：97-99页
[52]郭新生.风能利用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2007：96-99页
[2]张国铭.论建造兆瓦级垂直轴式风力发电机组的合理性[J].水利电力施工机械,1995,17(4)：32-36页
[3]蒋超奇,严强.水平轴与垂直轴风力发电机的比较研究[J].上海电力,2007,(2)：163-165页
[4]Mazharul Islam, David S.-K. Ting, Amir Fartaj. Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12(4):1087-1109P
[5]姚英学,汤志鹏.垂直轴风力机应用概况及其展望[J].现代制造工程,2010,(3)：136-139页
[6]杨光碧.风力发电机的屠杀[J].环境,2004,(12)
[7]张维智,李方洲.小型水平轴风力发电机风洞实验[J].风力发电,2004(1)：25-30页
[8]Gupta R, Das R, Sharma KK. Experimental study of a Savonius-Darrieus wind machine[A].Proceedings of the international conference on renewable energy for developing countries [C],2006
[9]D.A.Spera. Wind Turbine Technology[M].2nd Printing. ASMEPRESS,1995:2-25P
[10]M.H.Worstell. Aerodynamic Performance of the 17 Meter Diameter D-arrieus Wind Turbine[R]. SAND78-1737. Sandia Report,1978-.1-63P
[11]R.E.Sheldahl, P.C. Llimas and L.V. FelTz.. Aerodynamic Performance of a 5-Meter-Diameter Darrieus Wind Turbine With Extuded Alumin-um NACA0015 Blades[R]. SAND80-0179. SandiaRePort,1980:1-45P
[12]I.Paraschivoiu, O.Trifu, F. Saeed. H-Darrieus Wind T-urbine with Blade Pitch Control[J]. International Journal of Rotating Machinery,2009
[13]B. K. Kirke. Evaluation of self-starting vertical axis wind turbines for stand-alone applications[D]. Australi-a:Griffith University,1998
[14]李岩.垂直轴风力机技术讲座(一)[J].可再生能源,2009,27(1)：121-123页
[15]李岩.垂直轴风力机技术讲座(二)[J].可再生能源,2009,27(2)：119-121页
[16]Savonius SJ. The S-rotor and its application[J]. Mech Eng 53,1931
[17]孙云峰,田德,王海宽等.垂直轴风力发电机的发展概况及趋势[J].农村牧区机械 化,2008,(2)：42-44页
[18]G. Darrieus. Turbine Having its Rotating Shaft Transverse to Flow of Current[P]. U.S. Patent 1834018, December 1931
[19]田海姣,王铁龙,王颖.垂直轴风力发电机发展概述[J].应用能源技术,2006,(11)：22-27页
[20]Sandra Eriksson, Hans Bernhoff, Mats Leijon. Evaluation of different turbine concepts for wind power[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008, 12(5):1419-1434P
[21]R.B. Noll, N.D.Ham, H.M. Drees, etal.1 Kiliwatt high reliability wind system development[R]. Pinson Energy Corporation, MA 02648,1982:2-13.
[22]N.C.K. Pawsey. Development and evaluation of passive variable-pitch vertical axis wind turbines[D]. Australia:University of New South Wales,2002
[23]严强.垂直轴风力发电机叶片攻角调节装置[P].中国：200610023892,2008
[24]In Seong Hwang, Seung Yong Min, In Oh Jeong, etal.Efficiency Improvement of a New Vertical Axis WindTurbine by Individual Active Control of Blade Motion[A]. Smart Structures and Materials 2006-Smart Structures and Integrated Systems[C], USA:SPIE, 2006,316-323P
[25]In Seong Hwang, Yun Han Lee, Seung Jo Kim. Effectiveness enhancement of a cycloidal wind turbine by individual active control of blade motion[A]. Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems 2007[C], USA:SPIE,2007, 65251F-1-65251F-8
[26]D.勒古里雷斯.风力机的理论与设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1987,123-151页
[27]G. H. Windmill and fans. Berlin[M], Germany:Julius Springer,1935
[28]许凌峰.变桨距风力发电机组智能控制研究[D].北京：华北电力大学,2009
[29]David A S. Wind turbine technology[M]. ASME Press, New York,1994
[30]黄继雄.风力机专用翼型及其气动特性研究[D].汕头：汕头大学,2001.
[31]李宏利.水平轴风力机专用翼型族的设计及其气动性能研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(工程热物理研究所),2009
[32]Ira. H. Abbott, Albert E. von Doenhoff. Theory of Wing Sections[M].NewYOrk:Dover Publications. Ing.1959.
[33]Healy, J.V., The Influence of Blade Camber on the Output of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines[J]. Wind Engineering,1978,2(3),146-155P
[34]Mazharul Islam, David S-K. Ting, Amir Fartaj. Desirable Airfoil Features for Smaller-Capacity Straight-Bladed VAWT[J]. Wind Engineering,2007,31(3),165-196P
[35]Mazharul Islam, David S-K. Ting, Amir Fartaj. Design of a Special purpose Airfoil for Smaller-Capacity Straight-Bladed VAWT[J]. Wind Engineering,2007,31(6),401-424P
[36]Paraschivoiu I. Wind Turbine Design Emphasis on Darrieus Concept[M].Canada: Polytechnic International Press,2002,66-98P
[37]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.Fluent流体工程仿真计算实例与应用[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2004,27-65页
[38]贺德馨等.风工程与工业空气动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2006
[39]Templin R J. Aerodynamic performance theory for the NRC vertical axis wind turbine[R]. NRC of Canada TR LTR-LA-160,1974
[40]廖康平,盛其虎,张亮.立轴风力机空气动力学性能流管模型研究[J].太阳能学报,2009,30(9)：1292-1296页
[41]Sharpe D J. Wind turbine aerodynamics [A]. Wind Energy Conversion System[C], London:London Freris(Ed.) Prentice Hall,1990,54-118P
[42]阳志钦.立轴风力机气动性能与数值模拟研究[D].湘潭：湘潭大学,2009.
[43]Strickland JH. The Darrieus turbine:a performance prediction model using multiple streamtubes[R]. SAND75-0431. Sandia Report,1945:1-31P
[44]I.Paraschivoiu.Aerodynamic loads and performance of the darrieus roter[J]. J Energy, 1981,6(6):406-412P
[45]S.Y.Yang, X.Zhang, C.W.Zhang, R.X.Cao. Test-bed of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Variable-Speed Constant-Frequeney Wind Power Generation [A]. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference[C]. Shanghai:IPEMC 2006,2009,1-5P
[46]郑康,潘再平.变速恒频风力发电系统中的风力机模拟[J]. Mechanical&Electrical Engineering Magazine.2003,20(6):40-43页
[47]P. Cooper and O. Kennedy. Development and Analysis of a Novel Vertical Axis Wind Turbine[A].42nd Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Solar Energy Society [C]. Perth Australia:2004
[48]张立勋,王立权,杨勇.机械电子学[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2005,4-17页
[49]王岚,赵丹,隋立明.机电系统计算机控制[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社, 2006：125-139页
[50]王承煦,张源.风力发电[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2006：58-65页
[51]宋海辉.风力发电技术及工程[M].北京：中国水力水电出版社,2009：97-99页
[52]郭新生.风能利用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2007：96-99页