三维紊流作用下的风力发电机组气动特性研究
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摘要
本文研究了750KW风力发电机的空气动力学性能,主要包括:风力机空气动力模型建立、风力机风轮气动性能计算、风力机翼型空气动力特性分析、风力机整机流场特性分析、风力机空气动力载荷计算、风力机风轮尾迹气动性能分析等等。
根据风力机空气动力学基本原理,采用CFD数值模拟分析的方法,选择SST k-ω湍流模型来模拟三维紊流风场中风力机的运行状况,分析多种来流风速条件下风力机风轮的气动性能,得到风机周围压力分布规律、风机失速特性及风轮转矩和受力。另外模拟了不同风速不同攻角下叶片翼型周围的气流变化情况,并准确描述了大攻角下翼型的失速状态。
分析风力机整机周围的流场特性,分析风机与周围气流的相互作用,揭示了叶尖损失和塔影效应,并分析了塔架对于叶片气动性能的影响,总结出了塔架在不同位置对叶片升阻力的影响规律。
采用CFD数值模拟计算的方法计算风机工作在三维紊流下的叶片载荷,为风机各部件的强度校核提供依据。最后研究风力机风轮尾迹气动特性,以单独的风力机整机流场模拟为基础,研究了上游风力机的尾迹效应对下游风力机的影响,从理论上为风力机在风电场中的合理布局提供依据。
Aerodynamic performances of 750KW wind turbines were studied.The aerodynamic performances consist of establishment of aerodynamic model for wind turbines, analysis about aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil, aerodynamic performance analysis of wind turbine’rotor,the aerodynamic load calculation of wind turbine, aerodynamic analysis of wind turbine’wake and more.
A wind turbine which is in the three-dimensional turbulent flow field was simulated according to the basic principles of aerodynamics, using CFD simulation analysis method and selecting the SST k-ωturbulence model. The purpose of the simulation is to analyse the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine.The analyses show many characteristics of wind turbine,such as pressure distribution around the machine, stall characteristics, load distribution on surface of blade, torque and force of wind wheel. Furthermore, changes of air flow around the blade airfoil was simulated under different wind speed and different angles of attack. The stall condition of airfoil under a large angle was accurately described. At the same time, the phenomenon of airfoil stall-delay is explained based on aerodynamics.
Characteristics of the flow field where a wind turbine is working in were analysed. According to the analysis of interactions between wind turbine and air, tip losses and tower-shadow effect were explained.Then it was studied that hao the tower affects the aerodynamic performance of blade.The law that tower in different locations reacts on balde was summarized.
Numerical simulation based on CFD methods was selected to calculate the loads on blade,which is a basis for the strength check of other parts of the wind turbine. Meanwhile, the aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines’rotor wake was studied. Based on the simulation of a separate wind turbine’s flow field,the research shows that the upriver wind turbine’wake has an influence up on downriver wind turbines. The research provides a basis for a reasonable layout of wind turbines in wind farm theoretically.
根据风力机空气动力学基本原理,采用CFD数值模拟分析的方法,选择SST k-ω湍流模型来模拟三维紊流风场中风力机的运行状况,分析多种来流风速条件下风力机风轮的气动性能,得到风机周围压力分布规律、风机失速特性及风轮转矩和受力。另外模拟了不同风速不同攻角下叶片翼型周围的气流变化情况,并准确描述了大攻角下翼型的失速状态。
分析风力机整机周围的流场特性,分析风机与周围气流的相互作用,揭示了叶尖损失和塔影效应,并分析了塔架对于叶片气动性能的影响,总结出了塔架在不同位置对叶片升阻力的影响规律。
采用CFD数值模拟计算的方法计算风机工作在三维紊流下的叶片载荷,为风机各部件的强度校核提供依据。最后研究风力机风轮尾迹气动特性,以单独的风力机整机流场模拟为基础,研究了上游风力机的尾迹效应对下游风力机的影响,从理论上为风力机在风电场中的合理布局提供依据。
Aerodynamic performances of 750KW wind turbines were studied.The aerodynamic performances consist of establishment of aerodynamic model for wind turbines, analysis about aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil, aerodynamic performance analysis of wind turbine’rotor,the aerodynamic load calculation of wind turbine, aerodynamic analysis of wind turbine’wake and more.
A wind turbine which is in the three-dimensional turbulent flow field was simulated according to the basic principles of aerodynamics, using CFD simulation analysis method and selecting the SST k-ωturbulence model. The purpose of the simulation is to analyse the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine.The analyses show many characteristics of wind turbine,such as pressure distribution around the machine, stall characteristics, load distribution on surface of blade, torque and force of wind wheel. Furthermore, changes of air flow around the blade airfoil was simulated under different wind speed and different angles of attack. The stall condition of airfoil under a large angle was accurately described. At the same time, the phenomenon of airfoil stall-delay is explained based on aerodynamics.
Characteristics of the flow field where a wind turbine is working in were analysed. According to the analysis of interactions between wind turbine and air, tip losses and tower-shadow effect were explained.Then it was studied that hao the tower affects the aerodynamic performance of blade.The law that tower in different locations reacts on balde was summarized.
Numerical simulation based on CFD methods was selected to calculate the loads on blade,which is a basis for the strength check of other parts of the wind turbine. Meanwhile, the aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines’rotor wake was studied. Based on the simulation of a separate wind turbine’s flow field,the research shows that the upriver wind turbine’wake has an influence up on downriver wind turbines. The research provides a basis for a reasonable layout of wind turbines in wind farm theoretically.
引文
[1]风力发电机的基础知识.节能工程建设信息库.广州红鹰能源科技有限公司. http://www.cedb.org.cn ,2007-5-30.
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[3]刘楠.水平轴风力机风轮气动数值模拟及性能计算[D].陕西:西安理工大学,2008.3.
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[5] Hansen.M.O.L..风力机空气动力学[M].第2版.肖劲松译.北京:中国电力出版社,2009.
[6] M.O.L Hansen,J. A .Michelsen and N.N.Sorensen.Navier Stokes solver for rotating wing.European Wind Energy Conf..Thessaloniki,1994.10.
[7] W.P.Wolfe,S.S.Ochs.Predicting aerodynamic characteristics of typical wind turbine airfoils using CFD.Sandia Report SAND96-2345,1997.
[8]张玉良.水平轴大功率高速风力机风轮空气动力学计算[D].甘肃:兰州理工大学,2006.
[9]俞国华,杜朝辉.水平轴风力机气动性能的三维数值计算[J].中国科技论文在线,2009.10.
[10]李媛等.风力发电机组载荷计算中的极端风况分析[J].沈阳工业大学学报.2008.
[11]陈雷,刑作霞等.风力发电机组载荷计算中的外部风速条件模拟研究.2006年节能与可再生能源发电技术研讨会论文集[C].
[12]周洁.国内风电制造行业发展综述[J].电器工业.2007,Vol. 12.
[13]任腊春,张礼达.基于UG的风力机叶片参数化建模方法研究[J].机械设计与制造.2008,Vol. 5.
[14]胡丹梅.水平轴风力机尾迹气动特性研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2006.
[15]紊流和阵流.环保情报资讯网.2008.7.18.
[16]伍海滨.水平轴风力机动态气动问题研究及软件开发[D].广东:汕头大学,2004.
[17] Det Norske Veritas,Copenhagen and Wind Energy Department,Ris National Laboratory, Guidelines for Design of Wind Turbine, 2002, Vol.2.
[18]胡岩等.兆瓦级风力发电机组多段权系数独立变桨控制[J].沈阳工业大学学报.2009年,第6期.
[19]李常春.风资源评估方法研究[D].内蒙古:内蒙古工业大学,2006.
[20]陈严,张锦源.风力机风场模型的研究及紊流风场的MATLAB数值模拟[J].太阳能学报,2006年,第9期.
[21] E .A. Bossanyi.Bladed for Windows.1999.
[22]刘厚林等.流体机械CFD中的网格生成方法进展[J].流体机械, 2010年,第4期.
[23]刘文霞.帆板摇帆运动帆气动力特性的数值模拟研究[D].山东:中国海洋大学,2007.
[24]肖玉红.混流式水轮机内水流的数值模拟及其CFD软件应用的研究[D].天津大学, 2008.
[25]范正萍.垂直轴微风发电机的叶片设计与模拟分析[D].福建:厦门大学,2006.
[26]薛海波.插板后畸变流场的数值模拟及参数分析[D].江苏:南京航空航天大学,2008.
[27]王福军.计算流体动力学分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.9:202-204.
[28]包飞.风力机叶片几何设计与空气动力学仿真[D].山东:大连理工大学,2008.
[29]王小川,杨立,薛蒙.潜艇排气集水箱内部流场及温度场的数值模拟[J].舰船科学技术. 2010年,第4期.
[30]闫海津,胡丹梅,李佳.水平轴风力机叶轮流场的数值模拟[J].上海电力学院学报.2010,Vol.2.
[31]张建,陈榴,戴韧.下游塔架对水平轴风力机叶片气动负荷的作用[J].上海理工大学学报.2010,Vol. 32:73-78.
[32]张建,戴韧.下游塔柱对水平轴风力机叶轮的气动作用.中国工程热物理学会学术会议论文[C].宋东岚.安徽:流体机械,2008.
[33]宁方飞,徐力平.Spalart—Allmaras湍流模型在内流流场数值模拟中的应用[J].工程热物理学报.2001,Vol. 22:304.
[34]赵峰,段巍.基于叶素一动量理论及有限元方法的风力机叶片载荷分析和强度计算[J].机械设计与制造.2010.8.
[35]梁小艳.变桨矩垂直轴风力机总体设计方案研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2008.
[36]隋建华.水平轴风力机数值模拟研究[D].黑龙江:哈尔滨工程大学, 2009.
[37] Hansen, A.C. and Butterfield, C.P., Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 1993, 25: 115-149
[38]王芳.水平轴风力机三维非定常气动特性计算研究[D].江苏:南京航空航天大学,2008.
[39] Duque,E.P.N.,C.P.van Dam and S.C.Hughes. Navier-Stokes simulations of the NREL Combined Experiment Phase II rotor. In:A Coll.1999 ASME Wind Energy Symp. Tech. Papers Presented 37th AIAA Aerospace Sci.Meeting and Exh.Reno, USA, AIAA-99-0037. 1999
[40]张传经.风力机叶片在拍打方向上的载荷计算与可靠性分析[D].北京:北京工业大学,2004.
[41] Dandan Dai,Wenlei Sun,Qun Zhao. The Numerical Simulation of Aerodynamic Performance for Wind Turbines’Blade Wheel[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2010.1761-1764.
[42] Whale J.,A study of the near wake structure of a wind turbine comparing measurements from laboratory and full-scale experiments wake of a model horizontal-axis,Solar Energy, 1996, V56,621-633.
[43]陈严,刘雄等.动态尾流模型在水平轴风力机气动性能计算中的应用[J].太阳能学报.2008,Vol 29,10:1297-1302.
[44]李少华,岳巍澎,匡青峰等.双机组风力机尾流互扰及阵列的数值模拟[J].中国电机工程学报.2011,Vol.31 No.5.
[45] Sten Frandsen,Rebecca Barthelmie,Sara Pryor.The necessary distance between large wind farms offshore-study[R].Roskilde Denmark:Ris? National Laboratory,2004.
[2]赵先民.水平轴风力机动力特性和流场的数值模拟[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[3]刘楠.水平轴风力机风轮气动数值模拟及性能计算[D].陕西:西安理工大学,2008.3.
[4] J. Gordon Leishman.Challenges in Modelling the Unsteady Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines[J].John Wiley and Sons Ltd,2002, Vol. 5:85-132.
[5] Hansen.M.O.L..风力机空气动力学[M].第2版.肖劲松译.北京:中国电力出版社,2009.
[6] M.O.L Hansen,J. A .Michelsen and N.N.Sorensen.Navier Stokes solver for rotating wing.European Wind Energy Conf..Thessaloniki,1994.10.
[7] W.P.Wolfe,S.S.Ochs.Predicting aerodynamic characteristics of typical wind turbine airfoils using CFD.Sandia Report SAND96-2345,1997.
[8]张玉良.水平轴大功率高速风力机风轮空气动力学计算[D].甘肃:兰州理工大学,2006.
[9]俞国华,杜朝辉.水平轴风力机气动性能的三维数值计算[J].中国科技论文在线,2009.10.
[10]李媛等.风力发电机组载荷计算中的极端风况分析[J].沈阳工业大学学报.2008.
[11]陈雷,刑作霞等.风力发电机组载荷计算中的外部风速条件模拟研究.2006年节能与可再生能源发电技术研讨会论文集[C].
[12]周洁.国内风电制造行业发展综述[J].电器工业.2007,Vol. 12.
[13]任腊春,张礼达.基于UG的风力机叶片参数化建模方法研究[J].机械设计与制造.2008,Vol. 5.
[14]胡丹梅.水平轴风力机尾迹气动特性研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2006.
[15]紊流和阵流.环保情报资讯网.2008.7.18.
[16]伍海滨.水平轴风力机动态气动问题研究及软件开发[D].广东:汕头大学,2004.
[17] Det Norske Veritas,Copenhagen and Wind Energy Department,Ris National Laboratory, Guidelines for Design of Wind Turbine, 2002, Vol.2.
[18]胡岩等.兆瓦级风力发电机组多段权系数独立变桨控制[J].沈阳工业大学学报.2009年,第6期.
[19]李常春.风资源评估方法研究[D].内蒙古:内蒙古工业大学,2006.
[20]陈严,张锦源.风力机风场模型的研究及紊流风场的MATLAB数值模拟[J].太阳能学报,2006年,第9期.
[21] E .A. Bossanyi.Bladed for Windows.1999.
[22]刘厚林等.流体机械CFD中的网格生成方法进展[J].流体机械, 2010年,第4期.
[23]刘文霞.帆板摇帆运动帆气动力特性的数值模拟研究[D].山东:中国海洋大学,2007.
[24]肖玉红.混流式水轮机内水流的数值模拟及其CFD软件应用的研究[D].天津大学, 2008.
[25]范正萍.垂直轴微风发电机的叶片设计与模拟分析[D].福建:厦门大学,2006.
[26]薛海波.插板后畸变流场的数值模拟及参数分析[D].江苏:南京航空航天大学,2008.
[27]王福军.计算流体动力学分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.9:202-204.
[28]包飞.风力机叶片几何设计与空气动力学仿真[D].山东:大连理工大学,2008.
[29]王小川,杨立,薛蒙.潜艇排气集水箱内部流场及温度场的数值模拟[J].舰船科学技术. 2010年,第4期.
[30]闫海津,胡丹梅,李佳.水平轴风力机叶轮流场的数值模拟[J].上海电力学院学报.2010,Vol.2.
[31]张建,陈榴,戴韧.下游塔架对水平轴风力机叶片气动负荷的作用[J].上海理工大学学报.2010,Vol. 32:73-78.
[32]张建,戴韧.下游塔柱对水平轴风力机叶轮的气动作用.中国工程热物理学会学术会议论文[C].宋东岚.安徽:流体机械,2008.
[33]宁方飞,徐力平.Spalart—Allmaras湍流模型在内流流场数值模拟中的应用[J].工程热物理学报.2001,Vol. 22:304.
[34]赵峰,段巍.基于叶素一动量理论及有限元方法的风力机叶片载荷分析和强度计算[J].机械设计与制造.2010.8.
[35]梁小艳.变桨矩垂直轴风力机总体设计方案研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2008.
[36]隋建华.水平轴风力机数值模拟研究[D].黑龙江:哈尔滨工程大学, 2009.
[37] Hansen, A.C. and Butterfield, C.P., Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 1993, 25: 115-149
[38]王芳.水平轴风力机三维非定常气动特性计算研究[D].江苏:南京航空航天大学,2008.
[39] Duque,E.P.N.,C.P.van Dam and S.C.Hughes. Navier-Stokes simulations of the NREL Combined Experiment Phase II rotor. In:A Coll.1999 ASME Wind Energy Symp. Tech. Papers Presented 37th AIAA Aerospace Sci.Meeting and Exh.Reno, USA, AIAA-99-0037. 1999
[40]张传经.风力机叶片在拍打方向上的载荷计算与可靠性分析[D].北京:北京工业大学,2004.
[41] Dandan Dai,Wenlei Sun,Qun Zhao. The Numerical Simulation of Aerodynamic Performance for Wind Turbines’Blade Wheel[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2010.1761-1764.
[42] Whale J.,A study of the near wake structure of a wind turbine comparing measurements from laboratory and full-scale experiments wake of a model horizontal-axis,Solar Energy, 1996, V56,621-633.
[43]陈严,刘雄等.动态尾流模型在水平轴风力机气动性能计算中的应用[J].太阳能学报.2008,Vol 29,10:1297-1302.
[44]李少华,岳巍澎,匡青峰等.双机组风力机尾流互扰及阵列的数值模拟[J].中国电机工程学报.2011,Vol.31 No.5.
[45] Sten Frandsen,Rebecca Barthelmie,Sara Pryor.The necessary distance between large wind farms offshore-study[R].Roskilde Denmark:Ris? National Laboratory,2004.