基于淤滩刷槽的黄河下游洪水调控技术
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摘要
黄河下游河道冲淤多变,一直处于淤积抬升状态,在两岸大堤的约束下逐渐形成所谓“地上悬河(一级悬河)”。连续枯水年的出现以及大量水利枢纽工程的建成,再加上黄河下游控导工程与生产堤等阻水建筑物的修建,使黄河下游河道出现大漫滩洪水的次数越来越少。大漫滩洪水的减少致使控导工程与生产堤之外的二滩与主河槽的水沙交换作用减弱,主槽和嫩滩成为中小洪水和枯水期泥沙落淤的主要场所,这样就造成了控导工程与生产堤之内的主河槽逐年抬高,逐渐高于了两侧滩地,形成了“级悬河”之上的“二级悬河”。“二级悬河”的形成使下游河道不断萎缩,河道横比降加大,对河道防洪构成了严重威胁。
本文首先对漫滩洪水特性及滩槽水沙交换机理进行研究,进一步分析了历史漫滩洪水的滩槽冲淤特性：在把握基本特性的基础上,选择典型河段,设计制作实体动床模型,进行不同边界条件与不同洪水水沙组合的模拟试验,寻求基于淤滩刷槽的洪水泥沙调控模式；在基本确定调控模式的基础上,进一步开展滩区滞洪沉沙方案及控制条件的试验研究；并且针对物理模型试验中嫩滩淤积大的问题开展了进一步研究；之后又在物理模型试验的基础上进行了不同边界条件与不同洪水水沙组合的数学模拟试验,对物理模型试验成果做了验证。最后对典型滩区的淹没损失状况进行了调查,得到以下主要结论：
(1)黄河下游漫滩洪水,滩地的淤积比与漫滩程度密切相关,11场历史大漫滩洪水,主槽冲刷量约是滩地淤积量的0.65-0.99倍。对于来沙系数小于0.015的漫滩洪水,滩地淤积越多相对主槽冲刷越多,也就是滩槽水沙交换越强烈,即“淤滩刷槽”作用越好。
(2)黄河下游滩槽交换模式：在大漫滩洪水条件下,滩槽水沙交换模式分为三角形滩区(嫩滩)和条形滩区(二滩),前者交换长度约8-10km,后者约20km。
(3)自然漫滩条件下主要存在以下几个问题：漫滩洪水进入二滩的随机性太大,在二滩的淤积主要集中在进口附近,淹没面积大,滞洪时间长,顺堤流速较大。在控制漫滩条件下以上几个问题都得到不同程度改善。自然漫滩与控制漫滩,都是最大洪峰流量为8000m3/s的过程洪水主槽累计冲刷效果最好。
(4)从小同滩区的运用方式式可以看到,夹河滩—高村河段开启东明滩与长垣二滩两个滩区滞洪沉沙效果较好,在洪水涨峰时期,保持主槽流量4000m3/s对于减缓嫩滩淤积行之有效。
(5)滩区的淹没损失主要与淹没面积与淹没时间有关,因此在黄河下游平滩流量为4000m3/s的现状地形条件下,若黄河下游遭遇大漫滩洪水,小浪底水库最好能控制下泄洪峰流量不超过8000m3/s,初期控制主槽流量不大于4000m3/s,利用滩区进行分区滞洪效果良好。从试验的夹河滩～高村河段看,利用东明滩区和长垣二滩进行滞洪沉沙的效果较好。
The Lower Yellow River is varied quickly between erosion and deposition. The main channel is always silted in recent years, and the suspended river appeared at the control of levee. After that the overbank flood became less and less because of continuous low flow year, hydropower complex projects, control works and production dykes in the Lower Yellow River. The water and sediment exchange between main channel and old beach areas weakened. The main channel and the new beach areas became the main place that sediment deposit. That made the elevation of main channel and the new beach areas raise year by year, the secondary suspended river appeared. After the secondary suspended river appeared, the main channel sostenuto shrank and the cross slope increased. That was really dangerous to the river flood control.
In this article the characters of overbank flood and water-sediment exchange between main channel and beach were analyzed first. Then the representative reach was selected and the physical model was made. The model tests were done with different boundary and flow-sediment, in order to find out the flood control technology of the Lower Yellow River which based on Deposition on the floodplain. Scour in the main channel. Based on the flood control technology, the different operation plan of beach and new beach deposition were studied. At the end the inundation loss of representative old beach was surveyed. The main conclusions are as flowing:
(1) Sediment deposition ratio and floodplain degree of the Overbank flood is closely related in the Lower Yellow River. The11overbank floods measured data show that the erosion amount of main channel accounted for about0.65-0.99times than the sedimentation amount of beach. When the incoming sediment coefficient of the overbank floods is less than0.015, the sedimentation amount of beach is directly proportional to the erosion amount of main channel. That indicate the effect of deposition on the floodplain, scour in the main channel is better.
(2) In the condition of big overbank floods, the exchange mode of main channel and beach can be divided into two. One is triangular beach which is8-10km. Another is longandnarrow beach which is about20km.
(3) At the status quo of the boundary condition, the ovcrbank floods randomly enter old beach. The deposition mainly concentrates on nearby the import. Also the inundation area is large, flooding time is long and the flow velocity closed to the levee is high. All those problems were improved at control boundary condition. The flood of8000m3/s is the best one at the two boundary condition.
(4) As the test results of different operational mode of the beaches show that the effect is better when Changyuancr beach and Dongming beach arc used for flood detention and settling at Jiahetan Gaocun. In addition keeping the discharge of the main channel4000m3/s is better to improve the deposition of new beach in the rise period of flood peak.
(5) The inundation loss mainly depends on inundated area and inundated times. In the talc qualc condition of bankfull discharge is4000m3/s, it is better that the discharge controlled by Xiaolangdi Reservoir is less than8000m3/s. In addition if the sediment concentration is more than30kg/m3, the control discharge can be not more than4000m3/s in the rise period of flood peak when the beaches are used for flood detention and settling. At Jiahetan-Gaocun reach Dongming beach and b Changyuancr each is an better choice.
本文首先对漫滩洪水特性及滩槽水沙交换机理进行研究,进一步分析了历史漫滩洪水的滩槽冲淤特性：在把握基本特性的基础上,选择典型河段,设计制作实体动床模型,进行不同边界条件与不同洪水水沙组合的模拟试验,寻求基于淤滩刷槽的洪水泥沙调控模式；在基本确定调控模式的基础上,进一步开展滩区滞洪沉沙方案及控制条件的试验研究；并且针对物理模型试验中嫩滩淤积大的问题开展了进一步研究；之后又在物理模型试验的基础上进行了不同边界条件与不同洪水水沙组合的数学模拟试验,对物理模型试验成果做了验证。最后对典型滩区的淹没损失状况进行了调查,得到以下主要结论：
(1)黄河下游漫滩洪水,滩地的淤积比与漫滩程度密切相关,11场历史大漫滩洪水,主槽冲刷量约是滩地淤积量的0.65-0.99倍。对于来沙系数小于0.015的漫滩洪水,滩地淤积越多相对主槽冲刷越多,也就是滩槽水沙交换越强烈,即“淤滩刷槽”作用越好。
(2)黄河下游滩槽交换模式：在大漫滩洪水条件下,滩槽水沙交换模式分为三角形滩区(嫩滩)和条形滩区(二滩),前者交换长度约8-10km,后者约20km。
(3)自然漫滩条件下主要存在以下几个问题：漫滩洪水进入二滩的随机性太大,在二滩的淤积主要集中在进口附近,淹没面积大,滞洪时间长,顺堤流速较大。在控制漫滩条件下以上几个问题都得到不同程度改善。自然漫滩与控制漫滩,都是最大洪峰流量为8000m3/s的过程洪水主槽累计冲刷效果最好。
(4)从小同滩区的运用方式式可以看到,夹河滩—高村河段开启东明滩与长垣二滩两个滩区滞洪沉沙效果较好,在洪水涨峰时期,保持主槽流量4000m3/s对于减缓嫩滩淤积行之有效。
(5)滩区的淹没损失主要与淹没面积与淹没时间有关,因此在黄河下游平滩流量为4000m3/s的现状地形条件下,若黄河下游遭遇大漫滩洪水,小浪底水库最好能控制下泄洪峰流量不超过8000m3/s,初期控制主槽流量不大于4000m3/s,利用滩区进行分区滞洪效果良好。从试验的夹河滩～高村河段看,利用东明滩区和长垣二滩进行滞洪沉沙的效果较好。
The Lower Yellow River is varied quickly between erosion and deposition. The main channel is always silted in recent years, and the suspended river appeared at the control of levee. After that the overbank flood became less and less because of continuous low flow year, hydropower complex projects, control works and production dykes in the Lower Yellow River. The water and sediment exchange between main channel and old beach areas weakened. The main channel and the new beach areas became the main place that sediment deposit. That made the elevation of main channel and the new beach areas raise year by year, the secondary suspended river appeared. After the secondary suspended river appeared, the main channel sostenuto shrank and the cross slope increased. That was really dangerous to the river flood control.
In this article the characters of overbank flood and water-sediment exchange between main channel and beach were analyzed first. Then the representative reach was selected and the physical model was made. The model tests were done with different boundary and flow-sediment, in order to find out the flood control technology of the Lower Yellow River which based on Deposition on the floodplain. Scour in the main channel. Based on the flood control technology, the different operation plan of beach and new beach deposition were studied. At the end the inundation loss of representative old beach was surveyed. The main conclusions are as flowing:
(1) Sediment deposition ratio and floodplain degree of the Overbank flood is closely related in the Lower Yellow River. The11overbank floods measured data show that the erosion amount of main channel accounted for about0.65-0.99times than the sedimentation amount of beach. When the incoming sediment coefficient of the overbank floods is less than0.015, the sedimentation amount of beach is directly proportional to the erosion amount of main channel. That indicate the effect of deposition on the floodplain, scour in the main channel is better.
(2) In the condition of big overbank floods, the exchange mode of main channel and beach can be divided into two. One is triangular beach which is8-10km. Another is longandnarrow beach which is about20km.
(3) At the status quo of the boundary condition, the ovcrbank floods randomly enter old beach. The deposition mainly concentrates on nearby the import. Also the inundation area is large, flooding time is long and the flow velocity closed to the levee is high. All those problems were improved at control boundary condition. The flood of8000m3/s is the best one at the two boundary condition.
(4) As the test results of different operational mode of the beaches show that the effect is better when Changyuancr beach and Dongming beach arc used for flood detention and settling at Jiahetan Gaocun. In addition keeping the discharge of the main channel4000m3/s is better to improve the deposition of new beach in the rise period of flood peak.
(5) The inundation loss mainly depends on inundated area and inundated times. In the talc qualc condition of bankfull discharge is4000m3/s, it is better that the discharge controlled by Xiaolangdi Reservoir is less than8000m3/s. In addition if the sediment concentration is more than30kg/m3, the control discharge can be not more than4000m3/s in the rise period of flood peak when the beaches are used for flood detention and settling. At Jiahetan-Gaocun reach Dongming beach and b Changyuancr each is an better choice.
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