黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应研究
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摘要
我国的“三农”问题其核心是农民问题,而解决农民问题的关键在于提高其组织化程度,以起到共同抗御自然风险与市场风险的目的,从根本上提高其收入水平,真正使农民能够充分享受到中国改革开放以来三十余年经济发展的最终成果。农民专业合作社历来被各界认为是深入解决我国“三农”问题的切入点,我国农业合作经济的理论一直以来是延承西方合作经济思想发展而来的,因为具体国情不同,西方农业合作经济发展历经的三个主要阶段,即合作社自由发展阶段、传统合作社阶段、新一代合作社阶段,目前因为发展水平的落后,北美新一代合作社的组建、运营方法还不完全适合我国国情,我国农民专业合作社的发展还停留在传统农业合作社阶段。可以说我国农业合作社的发展历程颇经波折,上世纪五十年代的人民公社运动扩大化造成了极坏的影响,至今仍使得很多人记忆犹新。我国改革开放这一伟大历史进程为合作经济事业发展提供了千载难逢的契机,特别是进入新世纪以来,很多有条件的地区自发组织起来开始在创建、运营合作社等领域进行了初步地探索,也取得了很多颇有建树的成就,但总体而言,我国农业合作经济的理论发展还相对较慢,在指导实践方面还存着诸多问题。可以说从1978年改革开放至2007年之前,我国农民专业合作社的发展速度较慢,究其原因还在于缺乏对于农民专业合作社的合理定位,各种对于农民专业合作社的误解和片面认识长期以来阻碍了农民专业合作社的健康、有序发展。2007年《中华人民共和国农民专业合作社法》颁布实施以来,我国农民专业合作社进入了快速发展阶段,截止到2011年三季度末,农民专业合作社数量已经超过了48.43万家,实有入社农户约3870万左右,约占全国农户总数的15.5%。黑龙江省农民专业合作社的发展取得了长足的进展,无论是数量增长速度还是在全国各省份之中的排名都呈稳步上升趋势,越来越多的黑龙江省农民自发组建、加入农民专业合作社,通过农民专业合作社的发展实现了适应市场经济竞争的目的。但同时要认识到目前黑龙江省农民专业合作社的发展在经历了连续几年的数量快速增长之后,合作社的规范化管理水平和合作社的各项制度建设并没有得到相应的加强。下一阶段农民专业合作社的发展将由数量型增长转向发展质量提升型增长,而黑龙江省一直以来缺乏一批发展状况好的典型农民专业合作社示范社,同时各级政府对于农民专业合作社的扶持具有很大的随意性,并没有形成一套全省统一的评价标准,黑龙江省省内评选的星级示范合作社同样也存在这样的问题,即当前的评价标准并不具有广泛地说服力,并不能被广大落选的合作社认同。基于以上原因,本研究以测定黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应为切入点,力图通过对若干实地调研得到的合作社具体数据进行分析,找出影响黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应提升的制约性因素,并提出相应的增强黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应的具体对策措施,旨在通过这些具体对策措施的实施实现提高黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应的目的,为其他合作社树立学习的典型,促进黑龙江省农民专业合作社事业健康、有序发展。
通过提出农民专业合作社示范带动效应的概念,并从示范效应和带动效应两方面分析农民专业合作社示范带动效应的具体内涵。首先构建了农民专业合作社示范带动效应评价的指标体系,运用层次分析方法依据专家打分数据计算得到各指标权重值：其次运用模糊综合评价方法对黑龙江省22家农民专业合作社示范带动效应值进行逐一测定；最后根据具体效应值对22家合作社进行排序,并对具体结果进行了简要的分析。
本研究将农民专业合作社示范带动效应界定为通过农民专业合作社的规范、高效运营实现自身制度完善与功能强化,不断提升其社会影响力,并对其他合作社的发展产生积极影响的过程与结果。建立了农民专业合作社示范带动效应的评价模型,不仅为评价黑龙江省和全国其他省份农民专业合作社示范带动效果提供了具体手段,也为促进农民专业合作社规范化发展提供了强大助力。对黑龙江省农民专业合作社进行了整体评价,通过对黑龙江省22家农民专业合作社实地调研数据的综合评价,得到了总体的黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应评价值,整体评价值偏低,这说明目前黑龙江省农民专业合作社还无法发挥较好的示范带动效果。这种状况的存在与农民专业合作社自身制度建设不完善、规范化发展水平较低以及经济实力不强都有着很大的联系,亟须通过特定政策的实施来促进整体示范带动效应的提升。黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应的提升,离不开和农民专业合作社发展相关的各种制度性安排的建立及实施。促进黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应提升的制度性安排分为内部性制度因素和外部性制度因素两大类,内部性制度因素主要包括产权结构、组织框架、制度安排、治理结构、经营定位、成员参与程度、经济效益实现、盈余分配方式、外部关系协调；外部性制度因素主要包括税收政策、信贷政策、产业政策、政府扶持。内外部各种制度性因素的共同作用,增加了黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应提升的难度,只有农民专业合作社重视加强自身建设及以政府为首的各个农民专业合作社外部相关主体共同出台促进其发展的相关制度性规定,黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应提升问题才有可能得到很好的解决。当前增强黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应的具体对策,主要可以从以下几方面着手：提高政府扶持的有效性、促进合作社自身规范化发展、建立合作社示范基地、将合作社纳入农业重点项目实施主体、构建以合作社为主导的产学研体系、加强合作社提供社会化服务、公共物品的能力、提升合作社对潜在社员的吸引力。
The core of " agriculture、countryside、farmer"problem in China is the farmers, the key to solving farmers' problems is to raise its level of organization to serve the common purpose to resist natural risks and market risks, to fundamentally improve their income levels, real farmers be able to fully enjoy the final outcome of more than30years of economic development in China since the reform and opening up. Farmers' professional cooperatives have always be seen as the entry point of resolvinga China's " agriculture、countryside、farmer" problem, China's agricultural cooperative economic theory has been inherit western cooperation economic thought, because of the specific national conditions, western agricultural cooperative economic development after the three main stages:the cooperative free development stage, the traditional cooperatives stage, the stage of a new generation cooperatives. For the backward development level, the formation of a new generation cooperatives in North America, operating methods do not fully suitable for China, China's farmers' professional cooperatives development is still stuck in the stage of the traditional agricultural cooperatives. It can be said that the course of development of the agricultural cooperatives in China is quite twists and turns in the last century, the1950s commune movement expansion resulting in a very bad influence, still makes a lot of people remember. China's reform and opening up, this great historical process supply a golden opportunity for cooperation economic development, especially entering the new century, a lot of areas where conditions permit spontaneously organize themselves in the creation, operation and cooperatives conducted a preliminary exploration, has also been made many successes of the achievements, but generally speaking, the theory of China's agricultural cooperative economic development is also relatively slow, many problems also existed in guiding practice. It can be said that before the reform and opening up in1978to2007, the slower pace development of farmers' professional cooperatives, the reason for the lack of a reasonable position for the farmers' professional cooperatives, misunderstanding and one-sided understanding of a variety of farmers' professional cooperatives has long been hindered the health development of the farmers' professional cooperatives. Since The People's Republic of Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives Act promulgation and implementation in2007,farmer professional cooperatives in China have entered a stage of rapid development, until the end of the third quarter of2011, the number of farmers' professional cooperatives has more than484,300, there are about38.7million farmers, accounting for15.5%of the total number of households. Farmers professional cooperatives have made considerable progress in th Heilongjiang Province, regardless of the number growth rate or the rankings were tested in the various provinces of the country into a steady upward trend, an increasing number of farmers spontaneous formate farmers professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province, to join the farmers' professional cooperatives through the development of farmers' professional cooperatives to adapt to the purpose of economic competition in the market. But at the same time to recognize that the development of farmers' professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province, have been rapid number growth for years, standardized management and cooperatives in the system construction has not been a corresponding strengthen.The farmers' professional cooperatives in the next development phase will be from quantitative growth to quality growth. Heilongjiang Province has been the lack of a number of good development of the typical farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration community, all levels of government for the support of farmers' professional cooperatives arbitrary, and did not form a set of evaluation criteria of the reunification of the province, the star demonstration cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province also the existence of such problems, the current evaluation criteria are not widely convince, can not be agree with the majority of cooperatives. For the above reasons, the study make farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect as the starting point, trying to analyze through the cooperatives specific data, find out the impact of Heilongjiang Province, farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect to enhance the constraints of factors and enhanced specific countermeasures for it.Aimed at through the implementation of these specific measures to achieve the purpose of enhancing farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect in Heilongjiang Province, for other cooperatives to establish typical of learning, and promote farmers' professional cooperatives to develop health and orderly.
Through proposing the concept of farmer professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect, analysis of the specific meaning for it. Firstly, building a farmers professional cooperative demonstration and leading effect evaluation index system, the hierarchy analysis method based on the expert scoring data to calculate the weight value of each indicator; secondly, using of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for demonstration and leading effect values for each of22farmers'professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province; thirdly, sort according to the effect value of22cooperatives, and make a brief analysis for the specific results.
Defines the definition of farmers professional cooperative demonstration and leading effect, is through the specification development of the farmers' professional cooperatives, the efficient operation of their system functions to strengthen and improve its social influence, the development of positive influence the process and results for other cooperatives. The evaluation model establishment of farmers professional cooperative demonstration and leading effect evaluation provide a specific means for both Heilongjiang Province and other provinces, provide a powerful boost to promote the development of standardization of farmer professional cooperatives. Farmers' professional cooperatives overall comprehensive evaluation based on research data on of22farmers' professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province, has been the overall farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect evaluation value in Heilongjiang Province, the overall evaluation of the value is low, indicating farmers' professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province can not play a good demonstration and leading effect.This situation is for farmer professional cooperatives own system imperfect, the level low of standardized development and poor economic strength, urgent need for the implementation of specific policies to promote the overall demonstration and leading effect enhancement.Farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect enhancement in Heilongjiang Province, can not be separated from development and farmers' professional cooperatives related to the establishment and implementation of a variety of institutional arrangements. Promotion farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect in Heilongjiang Province of improved institutional arrangements are divided into two broad categories of internal institutional factors and external institutional factors, internal institutional factors including ownership structure, organizational framework, institutional arrangements, governance structure, business orientation, engagement of the members, to achieve economic benefits, the earnings distribution methods, and coordination of external relations; external institutional factors including tax policy, credit policy, industrial policy, government support. The various systems of internal and external factors together, increasing the difficulty of farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect in Heilongjiang Province to enhance the farmers' professional cooperatives great importance to strengthening self-construction and the Government-led farmers' professional cooperatives external main common introduced to promote their development the relevant institutional provisions, farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect to enhance it be possible to be a good solution.Enhanced farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect specific measures, proceed from the following aspects:to improve the effectiveness of government support, promotion of cooperatives, standardized development, the establishment of the demonstration base of cooperatives, the cooperatives included in the key agricultural projects implementation of the main building cooperatives led the research system, strengthening cooperatives to provide social services, the ability of public goods, improve cooperatives more attractive to potential members.
通过提出农民专业合作社示范带动效应的概念,并从示范效应和带动效应两方面分析农民专业合作社示范带动效应的具体内涵。首先构建了农民专业合作社示范带动效应评价的指标体系,运用层次分析方法依据专家打分数据计算得到各指标权重值：其次运用模糊综合评价方法对黑龙江省22家农民专业合作社示范带动效应值进行逐一测定；最后根据具体效应值对22家合作社进行排序,并对具体结果进行了简要的分析。
本研究将农民专业合作社示范带动效应界定为通过农民专业合作社的规范、高效运营实现自身制度完善与功能强化,不断提升其社会影响力,并对其他合作社的发展产生积极影响的过程与结果。建立了农民专业合作社示范带动效应的评价模型,不仅为评价黑龙江省和全国其他省份农民专业合作社示范带动效果提供了具体手段,也为促进农民专业合作社规范化发展提供了强大助力。对黑龙江省农民专业合作社进行了整体评价,通过对黑龙江省22家农民专业合作社实地调研数据的综合评价,得到了总体的黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应评价值,整体评价值偏低,这说明目前黑龙江省农民专业合作社还无法发挥较好的示范带动效果。这种状况的存在与农民专业合作社自身制度建设不完善、规范化发展水平较低以及经济实力不强都有着很大的联系,亟须通过特定政策的实施来促进整体示范带动效应的提升。黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应的提升,离不开和农民专业合作社发展相关的各种制度性安排的建立及实施。促进黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应提升的制度性安排分为内部性制度因素和外部性制度因素两大类,内部性制度因素主要包括产权结构、组织框架、制度安排、治理结构、经营定位、成员参与程度、经济效益实现、盈余分配方式、外部关系协调；外部性制度因素主要包括税收政策、信贷政策、产业政策、政府扶持。内外部各种制度性因素的共同作用,增加了黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应提升的难度,只有农民专业合作社重视加强自身建设及以政府为首的各个农民专业合作社外部相关主体共同出台促进其发展的相关制度性规定,黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应提升问题才有可能得到很好的解决。当前增强黑龙江省农民专业合作社示范带动效应的具体对策,主要可以从以下几方面着手：提高政府扶持的有效性、促进合作社自身规范化发展、建立合作社示范基地、将合作社纳入农业重点项目实施主体、构建以合作社为主导的产学研体系、加强合作社提供社会化服务、公共物品的能力、提升合作社对潜在社员的吸引力。
The core of " agriculture、countryside、farmer"problem in China is the farmers, the key to solving farmers' problems is to raise its level of organization to serve the common purpose to resist natural risks and market risks, to fundamentally improve their income levels, real farmers be able to fully enjoy the final outcome of more than30years of economic development in China since the reform and opening up. Farmers' professional cooperatives have always be seen as the entry point of resolvinga China's " agriculture、countryside、farmer" problem, China's agricultural cooperative economic theory has been inherit western cooperation economic thought, because of the specific national conditions, western agricultural cooperative economic development after the three main stages:the cooperative free development stage, the traditional cooperatives stage, the stage of a new generation cooperatives. For the backward development level, the formation of a new generation cooperatives in North America, operating methods do not fully suitable for China, China's farmers' professional cooperatives development is still stuck in the stage of the traditional agricultural cooperatives. It can be said that the course of development of the agricultural cooperatives in China is quite twists and turns in the last century, the1950s commune movement expansion resulting in a very bad influence, still makes a lot of people remember. China's reform and opening up, this great historical process supply a golden opportunity for cooperation economic development, especially entering the new century, a lot of areas where conditions permit spontaneously organize themselves in the creation, operation and cooperatives conducted a preliminary exploration, has also been made many successes of the achievements, but generally speaking, the theory of China's agricultural cooperative economic development is also relatively slow, many problems also existed in guiding practice. It can be said that before the reform and opening up in1978to2007, the slower pace development of farmers' professional cooperatives, the reason for the lack of a reasonable position for the farmers' professional cooperatives, misunderstanding and one-sided understanding of a variety of farmers' professional cooperatives has long been hindered the health development of the farmers' professional cooperatives. Since The People's Republic of Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives Act promulgation and implementation in2007,farmer professional cooperatives in China have entered a stage of rapid development, until the end of the third quarter of2011, the number of farmers' professional cooperatives has more than484,300, there are about38.7million farmers, accounting for15.5%of the total number of households. Farmers professional cooperatives have made considerable progress in th Heilongjiang Province, regardless of the number growth rate or the rankings were tested in the various provinces of the country into a steady upward trend, an increasing number of farmers spontaneous formate farmers professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province, to join the farmers' professional cooperatives through the development of farmers' professional cooperatives to adapt to the purpose of economic competition in the market. But at the same time to recognize that the development of farmers' professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province, have been rapid number growth for years, standardized management and cooperatives in the system construction has not been a corresponding strengthen.The farmers' professional cooperatives in the next development phase will be from quantitative growth to quality growth. Heilongjiang Province has been the lack of a number of good development of the typical farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration community, all levels of government for the support of farmers' professional cooperatives arbitrary, and did not form a set of evaluation criteria of the reunification of the province, the star demonstration cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province also the existence of such problems, the current evaluation criteria are not widely convince, can not be agree with the majority of cooperatives. For the above reasons, the study make farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect as the starting point, trying to analyze through the cooperatives specific data, find out the impact of Heilongjiang Province, farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect to enhance the constraints of factors and enhanced specific countermeasures for it.Aimed at through the implementation of these specific measures to achieve the purpose of enhancing farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect in Heilongjiang Province, for other cooperatives to establish typical of learning, and promote farmers' professional cooperatives to develop health and orderly.
Through proposing the concept of farmer professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect, analysis of the specific meaning for it. Firstly, building a farmers professional cooperative demonstration and leading effect evaluation index system, the hierarchy analysis method based on the expert scoring data to calculate the weight value of each indicator; secondly, using of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for demonstration and leading effect values for each of22farmers'professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province; thirdly, sort according to the effect value of22cooperatives, and make a brief analysis for the specific results.
Defines the definition of farmers professional cooperative demonstration and leading effect, is through the specification development of the farmers' professional cooperatives, the efficient operation of their system functions to strengthen and improve its social influence, the development of positive influence the process and results for other cooperatives. The evaluation model establishment of farmers professional cooperative demonstration and leading effect evaluation provide a specific means for both Heilongjiang Province and other provinces, provide a powerful boost to promote the development of standardization of farmer professional cooperatives. Farmers' professional cooperatives overall comprehensive evaluation based on research data on of22farmers' professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province, has been the overall farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect evaluation value in Heilongjiang Province, the overall evaluation of the value is low, indicating farmers' professional cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province can not play a good demonstration and leading effect.This situation is for farmer professional cooperatives own system imperfect, the level low of standardized development and poor economic strength, urgent need for the implementation of specific policies to promote the overall demonstration and leading effect enhancement.Farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect enhancement in Heilongjiang Province, can not be separated from development and farmers' professional cooperatives related to the establishment and implementation of a variety of institutional arrangements. Promotion farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect in Heilongjiang Province of improved institutional arrangements are divided into two broad categories of internal institutional factors and external institutional factors, internal institutional factors including ownership structure, organizational framework, institutional arrangements, governance structure, business orientation, engagement of the members, to achieve economic benefits, the earnings distribution methods, and coordination of external relations; external institutional factors including tax policy, credit policy, industrial policy, government support. The various systems of internal and external factors together, increasing the difficulty of farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect in Heilongjiang Province to enhance the farmers' professional cooperatives great importance to strengthening self-construction and the Government-led farmers' professional cooperatives external main common introduced to promote their development the relevant institutional provisions, farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect to enhance it be possible to be a good solution.Enhanced farmers' professional cooperatives demonstration and leading effect specific measures, proceed from the following aspects:to improve the effectiveness of government support, promotion of cooperatives, standardized development, the establishment of the demonstration base of cooperatives, the cooperatives included in the key agricultural projects implementation of the main building cooperatives led the research system, strengthening cooperatives to provide social services, the ability of public goods, improve cooperatives more attractive to potential members.
引文
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