干旱区秸秆覆盖对滴灌土壤水盐分布及棉花生长的调控效应
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摘要
为探索秸秆覆盖对干旱区土壤水盐分布和北疆滴灌棉花生长和产量的影响，2009-2012年以小麦秸秆为材料，通过室内土柱试验，对比研究了不同秸秆覆盖量、秸秆覆盖位置和秸秆长度对土柱一维垂直入渗和蒸发情况下土壤剖面水温盐分布的影响；同时结合4年测坑试验，研究了表层覆盖、地表下30cm覆盖和无覆盖三种处理分别在非盐碱土和盐碱土条件下对滴灌棉花生长、根系和产量的影响；利用HYDRUS软件模拟了秸秆覆盖土壤水分和温度的运动过程，揭示了秸秆覆盖土壤水温盐分布特点及对滴灌棉花生长的调控效应。主要结论有：
（1）无覆盖和秸秆表层覆盖积水入渗湿润土体含水率由上向下逐渐由饱和含水率减少至初始值；垂直一维入渗中累积入渗量、入渗锋均随时间延长而增大，入渗初期累积入渗量和入渗锋增加较快，随时间延续其增加趋势渐缓，构建了无覆盖一维垂直积水入渗模型。
（2）深处秸秆覆盖即秸秆夹层厚度和密度对入渗水流起到阻滞作用，使下渗水流滞留于秸秆夹层以上土体，还具减渗性，使下渗水量及入渗锋面湿润速度减小，同时也影响盐分及离子运移，盐分从上到下逐渐升高，Cl~-入渗后在剖面上变化规律与总盐变化规律相同，HCO_3~-离子对秸秆夹层的敏感性强于SO_4~(2-)。
（3）秸秆覆盖对土壤温度场具有显著影响。秸秆层无论在何位置均能阻挡或吸收一部分热能，表层覆盖量越大剖面温度变化越缓并与无覆盖温差越大。20cm处覆盖在0-40cm范围温度变化特征与无覆盖一致，秸秆夹层传热性能远大于表层覆盖。表层覆盖0-20cm范围内温度均低于20cm深处覆盖相应位置温度，在0-40h以内20cm深处覆盖在20-40cm范围内温度均低于表层覆盖相应位置温度，但在40h以后20cm处覆盖吸热效应降低，在整个深度范围内温度升高速率高于表层覆盖；拟合得出了土层温度与深度和时间的通用函数关系。
（4）秸秆覆盖对土壤水分分布影响显著，秸秆覆盖位置对一维土柱蒸发后土壤含水率分布具有显著影响。秸秆表层覆盖能有效抑制水分蒸发散失，表层秸秆覆盖量越大，对表层和上层土壤含水率蒸发抑制作用越强，长度5cm秸秆覆盖量12000kg/hm~2时相对无覆盖处理可抑制水分蒸发散失52.21%。20cm深处秸秆覆盖对抑制水分蒸发散失作用并不显著，在秸秆覆盖量达到12000kg/hm~2以上时，5cm长度秸秆覆盖相对具有较好的抑制土壤蒸发作用。表层覆盖0-20cm土层含水率均高于20cm深处秸秆覆盖，20cm深处秸秆覆盖在20-40cm土层含水率均高于表层覆盖，且秸秆覆盖量越大，这种现象越明显。方差分析结果表明秸秆覆盖量在表层覆盖情况下对累积蒸发量、0-15cm平均含水率、0-15cm平均含盐量的贡献最大，效应最显著；在20cm处覆盖时秸秆覆盖量只对0-15cm平均含水率的影响最大。
（5）垂直一维蒸发条件下，秸秆覆盖相应影响或减少盐分上移，秸秆覆盖位置主要影响覆盖层紧密连接的下层土壤中盐分运动，使盐分积聚在秸秆层以下一定范围土壤里。表层土壤盐分变化率随秸秆覆盖量增加而减小，秸秆覆盖量在12000kg/hm~2以上时，对土壤盐分抑制作用显著，抑制深度20cm左右。20cm深处秸秆覆盖减少了盐分向上迁移，呈现上层盐分变化率减少，秸秆层以下10cm范围内盐分变化率升高，长度5cm秸秆在覆盖量较大时对上层土壤盐分抑制效果较好。表层覆盖在0-20cm土层范围内土壤盐分变化率高于20cm深处秸秆覆盖，在20-25cm土层则是20cm深处秸秆覆盖土壤盐分变化率较高。
（6）秸秆覆盖测坑滴灌棉花试验表明，秸秆覆盖通过对土壤水分的影响间接影响了土壤盐分的运移和分布。表层秸秆覆盖具有明显的抑制水分散失作用，能减少中壤土、盐碱土0-20cm土层水分蒸发，保水效果较好。30cm深层秸秆覆盖在秸秆腐烂之前（有效期约100d）具有明显的抑制深层水分和盐分向上迁移，0-20cm土壤盐分含量较低，盐分主要在30-40cm深处聚集，有利于棉花根区形成脱盐区，抑盐效果高于表层覆盖，能够起到隔层抑盐改良盐碱土作用，但在棉花生长后期对于蒸发和盐分抑制作用不明显。
（7）秸秆覆盖显著影响根系根长密度分布，对深层根系分布影响更大，中壤土根系分布更深，秸秆覆盖减少0-28cm耕作层根重密度分布比重，增加根长密度比重，分别促使棉花细根在耕作层和主根向深层发育和分布。表层覆盖促进耕作层根系发育，30cm覆盖限制上层根系发育，促进30cm以下土层根系发育。盐碱土棉花根系偏细长，单位体积土体细根较多，在盐碱逆境下秸秆覆盖更能促进根系向更细更长方面发育，提高根长分布密度。
（8）秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花生长及产量具有一定影响，尤其体现在盐碱土条件下。非盐碱土秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花株高、叶面积指数和产量相对无覆盖促进作用不显著，但表层覆盖综合调控效应优于30cm深处覆盖尤其在棉花生长中后期（花铃期）。盐碱土秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花株高、叶面积指数和产量促进作用相对显著，尤其在中后期秸秆覆盖可促进棉花生长，提高叶面积指数，提高产量，表层覆盖抑盐效应较30cm覆盖显著；30cm深层秸秆覆盖效应在棉花生长前期（苗期、蕾期）明显，后期（花铃期）减弱；表层覆盖相对无覆盖和30cm深层覆盖可分别提高棉花产量3.2-17.9%与3.1-16.3%。
（9）利用HYDRUS软件对秸秆覆盖土壤水分、温度运动的模拟值与实测值对比结果比较理想，较好地反映土壤含水量在试验期内随蒸发、灌溉等因素的变化规律，可用作秸秆覆盖条件下土壤水热盐运移预测研究。
作为探索减缓新疆农田残膜污染、发展生态高效农业的一种尝试，秸秆覆盖与滴灌结合在盐碱地棉花等作物上具有应用的可能和前景，相关技术还需深入研究。
In order to explore the effect of straw mulching on soil water salt distribution in cotton growth andyield under drip irrigation in North Xinjiang.2009-2012with wheat straw as the material, the effect ofdifferent quantity of straw mulching, straw mulching position and straw length on soil profile water-saltdistribution in the case of soil column one-dimensional vertical infiltration and evaporation werecomparatively studied through soil column experiments in lab. Meanwhile combining four years test-pitexperiments, the effect of surface coverage, coverage below the surface30cm and no coverage on cottongrowth, root system and yield under drip irrigation respectively in the condition of nonsaline alkali soilsand saline-alkali soil on was studied. Motion process of soil moisture and temperature under straw mulchhas been simulated using HYDRUS. The main conclusions are as follows.
(1)Ponding infiltration moist soil moisture in the treatment of no coverage and surface coveragegradually Reduce, from top to bottom, from saturated water content to initial value. Both cumulativeinfiltration and wetting front in one-dimensional vertical infiltration increase with the time. At thebeginning of infiltration, cumulative infiltration and wetting front increase rapidly. But its increasing trendgradually become slow over time and continue. The model of no cover one-dimensional vertical waterinfiltration is built.
(2)Deep straw mulching which can block infiltration flow make infiltration flow detained in the soilabove straw mezzanine and it also has the permeability reduction which make infiltration water's andinfiltration front's wetting velocity reduced. Meanwhile it also affects salinity and ion migration. Salinityrises gradually from top to bottom. After infiltration, change rule of Cl~-and change rule of total salinity isthe same in profile. Sensitivity of HCO_3~-to the straw interlining is stronger than SO_4~(2-).
(3)Straw mulching has a significant effect on soil temperature field. Straw layer can stop or absorb partof heat energy at any position. The bigger surface cover, more slowly profile temperature changes and thebigger temperature difference than no cover. In the treatment of, temperature variation characteristics is thesame with no cover in the rage of0-40cm and heat transfer performance of straw laminated is greater thanthe surface coverage. The temperatures of the treatment of surface coverage are all lower than coveragebelow the surface20cm in the rage of0-20cm. In the0-40h, the temperatures of the treatment of coveragebelow the surface20cm are all lower than surface coverage in the rage of20-40cm. But endothermic effectof the treatment of coverage below the surface20cm reduces after40h and temperature rise rate is higherthan the treatment of surface coverage in the rage of entire depth. The general function of the soiltemperature with the depth and time is fitted.
(4)Straw mulching shows significant influence on soil water distribution. And the location of strawmulching has a remarkable effect on the distribution of soil moisture content after the evaporation ofone-dimensional soil column. Straw coating can effectively restrain water loss from evaporation. The morethe surface of straw mulching quantity is, the stronger inhibition on the surface and the upper evaporationof soil moisture content is. Straw mulching of5cm length and12000kg/hm~2or more could inhibit theevaporation loss by52.21%or much better. Soil moisture content of the treatment of surface coverage ishigher than coverage below the surface20cm in0-20cm, and coverage below the surface20cm is higherthan the surface coverage in20-40cm. The more the straw mulching quantity is, the more obvious thephenomenon is. Variance analysis shows that straw mulching quantity under the condition of surfacecoverage influences cumulative evaporation, averaging moisture content of0-15cm and averaging a saltcontent of0-15cm most significantly.When the straw cover is20cm, it only has the biggest influence on theaveraging moisture content of0-15cm.
(5) Under the conditions of one-dimensional vertical evaporation, straw mulching affects or reduces saltup accordingly. The position of straw mulching mainly influences salt movement in the lower soil closelyconnected to the cover, the salt accumulating under straw layer in a certain range. Surface soil salinity gradient decreases with the increase of straw mulching. When the amount of straw mulching is far morethan12000kg/hm~2, it inhibits soil salt significantly. And the depth of inhibition is about20cm. Coveragebelow the surface20cm reduces the upward migration of salinity, rendering the upper salinity rate reduce.And the salinity rate within the scope of the following10cm straw layer is to rise. Straw cover of5cmlength is more, the effect of the inhibition on the upper soil salt is better. The soil salinity gradient is higherthan coverage below the surface20cm within0-20cm soil layer, and the depth of20cm is higher within20-25cm.
(6) Drip irrigation cotton trials in Straw mulching test pit showed that straw mulching affected themigration and distribution of soil salt indirectly. Surface of straw mulching has obvious effect on inhibitingwater loss. It can reduce the evaporation in the medium loam soil and saline-alkali soil within0-20cm. Theeffect of protecting water is better.30cm deep Straw mulching stalk (for about100days) has obviousinhibition on water and salt migration upwards in deep layer before rot.0-20cm.Soil salt content within0-20cm is lower and mainly gather in the deep of the30to40cm, which is beneficial for the cotton rootzone to form desalting area. The effect of inhibiting salt is higher than the surface coverage, thus play a rolein interlayer, inhibiting salt and improving saline soil. But the effect of the inhibition on evaporation andsalt is not obvious in the late cotton growth.
(7) Straw mulching significantly affected the density distribution of root length, and has a greaterimpact on deep root system distribution. The root system distribution in medium loam is deeper. Reducingroot weight density distribution proportion in plow layer by0to28cm, or increasing root length density,prompted the development and distribution of fine roots of cotton in plow layer and taproot in deep layerrespectively.Surface coverage promotes root development in plow layer. The cover of30cm limits upperroot development, whereas promotes lower root development. Cotton root system in saline alkali soil isusually thin and long, and fine roots are more in per unit volume of soil. Under salinity stress, straw covercan promote the root to develop more and longer, increasing root length density distribution.
(8) Straw mulching has certain influence on drip irrigation cotton growth and yield, especially under thecondition of saline alkali soil. The saline alkali soil straw mulching on drip irrigation for cotton plant leafarea index and yield is relatively high coverage for promoting effect was not significant.The effect of strawmulching on the plant height,leaf area index and yield of drip irrigation cotton is not significant innon-saline alkali soils. But the surface covered comprehensive control effect is better than that of coveragebelow the surface30cm especially during the later period of cotton growth (the blooming period).However,the effect of straw mulching on the plant height, leaf area index and yield of drip irrigation cotton issignificant in saline alkali soils, especially in the middle. The effect of salt suppression in surface cover ismore significant than coverage below the surface30cm. The effect of coverage below the surface30cm isobvious at the early stage of the cotton growth (seedling stage, bud stage), and weakens during the laterperiod (flowering and boll setting stage).The cotton yield of surface coverage has increased respectively by3.2-17.9%and3.1-16.3%than no cover and coverage below the surface30cm.
(9) Using HYDRUS to compare the results of simulated values and measured values about soilmoisture and motion temperature of straw mulching is more ideal. It can reflect the law that how soilmoisture content is changing with the factors such as irrigation and evaporation during the test period muchbetter. And it could be used to study and predict how soil water salt and heat move under the conditions ofstraw mulching.
As a try to explore how to ease membrane fouling in Xinjiang farmland and develop efficientecological agriculture, the combine of straw mulching and drip irrigation in cotton crops in saline-alkaliland has the possibility of application and prospect. However, technologies related still need furtherresearch.
（1）无覆盖和秸秆表层覆盖积水入渗湿润土体含水率由上向下逐渐由饱和含水率减少至初始值；垂直一维入渗中累积入渗量、入渗锋均随时间延长而增大，入渗初期累积入渗量和入渗锋增加较快，随时间延续其增加趋势渐缓，构建了无覆盖一维垂直积水入渗模型。
（2）深处秸秆覆盖即秸秆夹层厚度和密度对入渗水流起到阻滞作用，使下渗水流滞留于秸秆夹层以上土体，还具减渗性，使下渗水量及入渗锋面湿润速度减小，同时也影响盐分及离子运移，盐分从上到下逐渐升高，Cl~-入渗后在剖面上变化规律与总盐变化规律相同，HCO_3~-离子对秸秆夹层的敏感性强于SO_4~(2-)。
（3）秸秆覆盖对土壤温度场具有显著影响。秸秆层无论在何位置均能阻挡或吸收一部分热能，表层覆盖量越大剖面温度变化越缓并与无覆盖温差越大。20cm处覆盖在0-40cm范围温度变化特征与无覆盖一致，秸秆夹层传热性能远大于表层覆盖。表层覆盖0-20cm范围内温度均低于20cm深处覆盖相应位置温度，在0-40h以内20cm深处覆盖在20-40cm范围内温度均低于表层覆盖相应位置温度，但在40h以后20cm处覆盖吸热效应降低，在整个深度范围内温度升高速率高于表层覆盖；拟合得出了土层温度与深度和时间的通用函数关系。
（4）秸秆覆盖对土壤水分分布影响显著，秸秆覆盖位置对一维土柱蒸发后土壤含水率分布具有显著影响。秸秆表层覆盖能有效抑制水分蒸发散失，表层秸秆覆盖量越大，对表层和上层土壤含水率蒸发抑制作用越强，长度5cm秸秆覆盖量12000kg/hm~2时相对无覆盖处理可抑制水分蒸发散失52.21%。20cm深处秸秆覆盖对抑制水分蒸发散失作用并不显著，在秸秆覆盖量达到12000kg/hm~2以上时，5cm长度秸秆覆盖相对具有较好的抑制土壤蒸发作用。表层覆盖0-20cm土层含水率均高于20cm深处秸秆覆盖，20cm深处秸秆覆盖在20-40cm土层含水率均高于表层覆盖，且秸秆覆盖量越大，这种现象越明显。方差分析结果表明秸秆覆盖量在表层覆盖情况下对累积蒸发量、0-15cm平均含水率、0-15cm平均含盐量的贡献最大，效应最显著；在20cm处覆盖时秸秆覆盖量只对0-15cm平均含水率的影响最大。
（5）垂直一维蒸发条件下，秸秆覆盖相应影响或减少盐分上移，秸秆覆盖位置主要影响覆盖层紧密连接的下层土壤中盐分运动，使盐分积聚在秸秆层以下一定范围土壤里。表层土壤盐分变化率随秸秆覆盖量增加而减小，秸秆覆盖量在12000kg/hm~2以上时，对土壤盐分抑制作用显著，抑制深度20cm左右。20cm深处秸秆覆盖减少了盐分向上迁移，呈现上层盐分变化率减少，秸秆层以下10cm范围内盐分变化率升高，长度5cm秸秆在覆盖量较大时对上层土壤盐分抑制效果较好。表层覆盖在0-20cm土层范围内土壤盐分变化率高于20cm深处秸秆覆盖，在20-25cm土层则是20cm深处秸秆覆盖土壤盐分变化率较高。
（6）秸秆覆盖测坑滴灌棉花试验表明，秸秆覆盖通过对土壤水分的影响间接影响了土壤盐分的运移和分布。表层秸秆覆盖具有明显的抑制水分散失作用，能减少中壤土、盐碱土0-20cm土层水分蒸发，保水效果较好。30cm深层秸秆覆盖在秸秆腐烂之前（有效期约100d）具有明显的抑制深层水分和盐分向上迁移，0-20cm土壤盐分含量较低，盐分主要在30-40cm深处聚集，有利于棉花根区形成脱盐区，抑盐效果高于表层覆盖，能够起到隔层抑盐改良盐碱土作用，但在棉花生长后期对于蒸发和盐分抑制作用不明显。
（7）秸秆覆盖显著影响根系根长密度分布，对深层根系分布影响更大，中壤土根系分布更深，秸秆覆盖减少0-28cm耕作层根重密度分布比重，增加根长密度比重，分别促使棉花细根在耕作层和主根向深层发育和分布。表层覆盖促进耕作层根系发育，30cm覆盖限制上层根系发育，促进30cm以下土层根系发育。盐碱土棉花根系偏细长，单位体积土体细根较多，在盐碱逆境下秸秆覆盖更能促进根系向更细更长方面发育，提高根长分布密度。
（8）秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花生长及产量具有一定影响，尤其体现在盐碱土条件下。非盐碱土秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花株高、叶面积指数和产量相对无覆盖促进作用不显著，但表层覆盖综合调控效应优于30cm深处覆盖尤其在棉花生长中后期（花铃期）。盐碱土秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花株高、叶面积指数和产量促进作用相对显著，尤其在中后期秸秆覆盖可促进棉花生长，提高叶面积指数，提高产量，表层覆盖抑盐效应较30cm覆盖显著；30cm深层秸秆覆盖效应在棉花生长前期（苗期、蕾期）明显，后期（花铃期）减弱；表层覆盖相对无覆盖和30cm深层覆盖可分别提高棉花产量3.2-17.9%与3.1-16.3%。
（9）利用HYDRUS软件对秸秆覆盖土壤水分、温度运动的模拟值与实测值对比结果比较理想，较好地反映土壤含水量在试验期内随蒸发、灌溉等因素的变化规律，可用作秸秆覆盖条件下土壤水热盐运移预测研究。
作为探索减缓新疆农田残膜污染、发展生态高效农业的一种尝试，秸秆覆盖与滴灌结合在盐碱地棉花等作物上具有应用的可能和前景，相关技术还需深入研究。
In order to explore the effect of straw mulching on soil water salt distribution in cotton growth andyield under drip irrigation in North Xinjiang.2009-2012with wheat straw as the material, the effect ofdifferent quantity of straw mulching, straw mulching position and straw length on soil profile water-saltdistribution in the case of soil column one-dimensional vertical infiltration and evaporation werecomparatively studied through soil column experiments in lab. Meanwhile combining four years test-pitexperiments, the effect of surface coverage, coverage below the surface30cm and no coverage on cottongrowth, root system and yield under drip irrigation respectively in the condition of nonsaline alkali soilsand saline-alkali soil on was studied. Motion process of soil moisture and temperature under straw mulchhas been simulated using HYDRUS. The main conclusions are as follows.
(1)Ponding infiltration moist soil moisture in the treatment of no coverage and surface coveragegradually Reduce, from top to bottom, from saturated water content to initial value. Both cumulativeinfiltration and wetting front in one-dimensional vertical infiltration increase with the time. At thebeginning of infiltration, cumulative infiltration and wetting front increase rapidly. But its increasing trendgradually become slow over time and continue. The model of no cover one-dimensional vertical waterinfiltration is built.
(2)Deep straw mulching which can block infiltration flow make infiltration flow detained in the soilabove straw mezzanine and it also has the permeability reduction which make infiltration water's andinfiltration front's wetting velocity reduced. Meanwhile it also affects salinity and ion migration. Salinityrises gradually from top to bottom. After infiltration, change rule of Cl~-and change rule of total salinity isthe same in profile. Sensitivity of HCO_3~-to the straw interlining is stronger than SO_4~(2-).
(3)Straw mulching has a significant effect on soil temperature field. Straw layer can stop or absorb partof heat energy at any position. The bigger surface cover, more slowly profile temperature changes and thebigger temperature difference than no cover. In the treatment of, temperature variation characteristics is thesame with no cover in the rage of0-40cm and heat transfer performance of straw laminated is greater thanthe surface coverage. The temperatures of the treatment of surface coverage are all lower than coveragebelow the surface20cm in the rage of0-20cm. In the0-40h, the temperatures of the treatment of coveragebelow the surface20cm are all lower than surface coverage in the rage of20-40cm. But endothermic effectof the treatment of coverage below the surface20cm reduces after40h and temperature rise rate is higherthan the treatment of surface coverage in the rage of entire depth. The general function of the soiltemperature with the depth and time is fitted.
(4)Straw mulching shows significant influence on soil water distribution. And the location of strawmulching has a remarkable effect on the distribution of soil moisture content after the evaporation ofone-dimensional soil column. Straw coating can effectively restrain water loss from evaporation. The morethe surface of straw mulching quantity is, the stronger inhibition on the surface and the upper evaporationof soil moisture content is. Straw mulching of5cm length and12000kg/hm~2or more could inhibit theevaporation loss by52.21%or much better. Soil moisture content of the treatment of surface coverage ishigher than coverage below the surface20cm in0-20cm, and coverage below the surface20cm is higherthan the surface coverage in20-40cm. The more the straw mulching quantity is, the more obvious thephenomenon is. Variance analysis shows that straw mulching quantity under the condition of surfacecoverage influences cumulative evaporation, averaging moisture content of0-15cm and averaging a saltcontent of0-15cm most significantly.When the straw cover is20cm, it only has the biggest influence on theaveraging moisture content of0-15cm.
(5) Under the conditions of one-dimensional vertical evaporation, straw mulching affects or reduces saltup accordingly. The position of straw mulching mainly influences salt movement in the lower soil closelyconnected to the cover, the salt accumulating under straw layer in a certain range. Surface soil salinity gradient decreases with the increase of straw mulching. When the amount of straw mulching is far morethan12000kg/hm~2, it inhibits soil salt significantly. And the depth of inhibition is about20cm. Coveragebelow the surface20cm reduces the upward migration of salinity, rendering the upper salinity rate reduce.And the salinity rate within the scope of the following10cm straw layer is to rise. Straw cover of5cmlength is more, the effect of the inhibition on the upper soil salt is better. The soil salinity gradient is higherthan coverage below the surface20cm within0-20cm soil layer, and the depth of20cm is higher within20-25cm.
(6) Drip irrigation cotton trials in Straw mulching test pit showed that straw mulching affected themigration and distribution of soil salt indirectly. Surface of straw mulching has obvious effect on inhibitingwater loss. It can reduce the evaporation in the medium loam soil and saline-alkali soil within0-20cm. Theeffect of protecting water is better.30cm deep Straw mulching stalk (for about100days) has obviousinhibition on water and salt migration upwards in deep layer before rot.0-20cm.Soil salt content within0-20cm is lower and mainly gather in the deep of the30to40cm, which is beneficial for the cotton rootzone to form desalting area. The effect of inhibiting salt is higher than the surface coverage, thus play a rolein interlayer, inhibiting salt and improving saline soil. But the effect of the inhibition on evaporation andsalt is not obvious in the late cotton growth.
(7) Straw mulching significantly affected the density distribution of root length, and has a greaterimpact on deep root system distribution. The root system distribution in medium loam is deeper. Reducingroot weight density distribution proportion in plow layer by0to28cm, or increasing root length density,prompted the development and distribution of fine roots of cotton in plow layer and taproot in deep layerrespectively.Surface coverage promotes root development in plow layer. The cover of30cm limits upperroot development, whereas promotes lower root development. Cotton root system in saline alkali soil isusually thin and long, and fine roots are more in per unit volume of soil. Under salinity stress, straw covercan promote the root to develop more and longer, increasing root length density distribution.
(8) Straw mulching has certain influence on drip irrigation cotton growth and yield, especially under thecondition of saline alkali soil. The saline alkali soil straw mulching on drip irrigation for cotton plant leafarea index and yield is relatively high coverage for promoting effect was not significant.The effect of strawmulching on the plant height,leaf area index and yield of drip irrigation cotton is not significant innon-saline alkali soils. But the surface covered comprehensive control effect is better than that of coveragebelow the surface30cm especially during the later period of cotton growth (the blooming period).However,the effect of straw mulching on the plant height, leaf area index and yield of drip irrigation cotton issignificant in saline alkali soils, especially in the middle. The effect of salt suppression in surface cover ismore significant than coverage below the surface30cm. The effect of coverage below the surface30cm isobvious at the early stage of the cotton growth (seedling stage, bud stage), and weakens during the laterperiod (flowering and boll setting stage).The cotton yield of surface coverage has increased respectively by3.2-17.9%and3.1-16.3%than no cover and coverage below the surface30cm.
(9) Using HYDRUS to compare the results of simulated values and measured values about soilmoisture and motion temperature of straw mulching is more ideal. It can reflect the law that how soilmoisture content is changing with the factors such as irrigation and evaporation during the test period muchbetter. And it could be used to study and predict how soil water salt and heat move under the conditions ofstraw mulching.
As a try to explore how to ease membrane fouling in Xinjiang farmland and develop efficientecological agriculture, the combine of straw mulching and drip irrigation in cotton crops in saline-alkaliland has the possibility of application and prospect. However, technologies related still need furtherresearch.
引文
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