长距离压力输水工程水锤防护研究
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摘要
我国水资源贫乏,人均占有量少,时空分配不均,再加上水污染,很大程度上制约了社会经济发展和人们生活水平的提高。为满足用水需求,促进社会经济发展,我国兴建了许多长距离压力输水工程,长距离压力输水工程管线长,水流条件复杂,在管道内很容易发生复杂的水力瞬变现象。水力瞬变现象持续的时间虽然短暂,但它往往会造成严重的工程事故,本文就长距离压力输水工程水锤防护的几个问题进行了研究,取得的主要成果有:
(1)通过室内试验,实测了DN40压力管道水力过渡过程,并采用特征线法对其进行了分析,得出在关阀速度不是很快的情况下,Brunone非恒定摩阻模型与传统一阶模型所得计算结果基本一致的结论。
(2)空气阀由于其结构简单、费用低、安装方便等特点,在给水工程中广泛应用。在长距离输水工程中空气阀担负着管道充水排气,事故、正常停机进气及排气,水锤防护等多项任务。本文分析了空气阀排气性能实测资料与公式计算结果的差异,提出应根据实测资料选择空气阀。
(3)通过室内试验,对球阀动态局部阻力系数进行了初步研究,得出结论:球阀动态局部阻力系数与流速变化率有关,实测球阀动态局部阻力系数的最小值与静态实测球阀的局部阻力系数基本一致。
(4)对某一工程实例在泵站机组选型、供水流量和管线布置一定的条件下采用线性规划法对长距离输水泵站管道进行了优化设计。采用工程年费用最小法进行泵站优化设计,优化设计完成后,对其进行了水力过渡过程分析,选择了合理的水锤防护措施。
China is lack of water resource. The water resource amount per capita is small and the resource distribution is seriously uneven both in temporal and spatial over the country, meanwhile, a lot of water has been polluted. Therefore, to a great extent, the development of social economy and improvement of people's living standard are restricted. In order to satisfy water demand and promote the development of social economy, in our country, many long distance pressure pipeline water transimission projects have been built. Their pipileines are long and flow conditions are so complicated that complicated hydraulic transients easily occur. Although the duration of hydraulic transients is transient, serious engineering accidents may be caused. Several problems of the water hammer protection of long distance pressure pipeline water transimission are studied in this paper. The major contents are as follows:
(1) Based on experiments in laboratory, hydraulic transients of pressure pipeline DN40 are measured, and the results of which are analyzed by method of characteristics. The anthor conludes that the results of Brunone unsteady friction model and traditional first-order model are consistent under the condition that closing speed of the valve is not too fast.
(2) Air valves are widely used in water supply systems for their compact structure, low cost and convenient installation, etc. Air valves have the functions of air release during the pipeline being filled with water, air inbreathe and release during accidental or normal operation of the pumps and water hammer protection, etc. Differences between tested data and formula calculated results of air valve in hydraulic transient are analyzed in this paper, and the author puts forward that the air valve selection should be based on the tested data.
(3) Experiments are carried out in laboratory. Dynamic local resistance coefficient of ball valve is preliminarily studied in this paper. Dynamic local resistance coefficient of ball valve is related to velocity rate of change. The minimum of the tested dynamic local resistance coefficient of ball valve and static local resistance coefficient of ball valve are consistent.
(4) According to a real engineering project, after pumping station unit selection, flow rate and pipeline arrangement are determined, optimal design for long distance water supply pipeline by pump is performed by using linear programming method. Optimal design for pumping station is carried out with minimum annual cost. Then, hydraulic transients of the pipeline are analyzed and calculated, and reasonable water hammer protection measures are selected.
(1)通过室内试验,实测了DN40压力管道水力过渡过程,并采用特征线法对其进行了分析,得出在关阀速度不是很快的情况下,Brunone非恒定摩阻模型与传统一阶模型所得计算结果基本一致的结论。
(2)空气阀由于其结构简单、费用低、安装方便等特点,在给水工程中广泛应用。在长距离输水工程中空气阀担负着管道充水排气,事故、正常停机进气及排气,水锤防护等多项任务。本文分析了空气阀排气性能实测资料与公式计算结果的差异,提出应根据实测资料选择空气阀。
(3)通过室内试验,对球阀动态局部阻力系数进行了初步研究,得出结论:球阀动态局部阻力系数与流速变化率有关,实测球阀动态局部阻力系数的最小值与静态实测球阀的局部阻力系数基本一致。
(4)对某一工程实例在泵站机组选型、供水流量和管线布置一定的条件下采用线性规划法对长距离输水泵站管道进行了优化设计。采用工程年费用最小法进行泵站优化设计,优化设计完成后,对其进行了水力过渡过程分析,选择了合理的水锤防护措施。
China is lack of water resource. The water resource amount per capita is small and the resource distribution is seriously uneven both in temporal and spatial over the country, meanwhile, a lot of water has been polluted. Therefore, to a great extent, the development of social economy and improvement of people's living standard are restricted. In order to satisfy water demand and promote the development of social economy, in our country, many long distance pressure pipeline water transimission projects have been built. Their pipileines are long and flow conditions are so complicated that complicated hydraulic transients easily occur. Although the duration of hydraulic transients is transient, serious engineering accidents may be caused. Several problems of the water hammer protection of long distance pressure pipeline water transimission are studied in this paper. The major contents are as follows:
(1) Based on experiments in laboratory, hydraulic transients of pressure pipeline DN40 are measured, and the results of which are analyzed by method of characteristics. The anthor conludes that the results of Brunone unsteady friction model and traditional first-order model are consistent under the condition that closing speed of the valve is not too fast.
(2) Air valves are widely used in water supply systems for their compact structure, low cost and convenient installation, etc. Air valves have the functions of air release during the pipeline being filled with water, air inbreathe and release during accidental or normal operation of the pumps and water hammer protection, etc. Differences between tested data and formula calculated results of air valve in hydraulic transient are analyzed in this paper, and the author puts forward that the air valve selection should be based on the tested data.
(3) Experiments are carried out in laboratory. Dynamic local resistance coefficient of ball valve is preliminarily studied in this paper. Dynamic local resistance coefficient of ball valve is related to velocity rate of change. The minimum of the tested dynamic local resistance coefficient of ball valve and static local resistance coefficient of ball valve are consistent.
(4) According to a real engineering project, after pumping station unit selection, flow rate and pipeline arrangement are determined, optimal design for long distance water supply pipeline by pump is performed by using linear programming method. Optimal design for pumping station is carried out with minimum annual cost. Then, hydraulic transients of the pipeline are analyzed and calculated, and reasonable water hammer protection measures are selected.
引文
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[3]A.M.Ai-Khomair.Use of Steady-state Pump Head-discharge Curve for Unsteady Pipe Flow Applications[J],J.Hydraulic Engineering,2003,129(12):1001-1006.
[4]谢水波,张浩江,汪兴华等.停泵水锤电算中的几个问题[J].给水排水,2000,26(2):64-66.
[5]刘华,鞠小明,陈嘉远.供水管道中的水力过渡过程研究[J].四川大学学报,1999,(1):5-10.
[6]郑源,刘德有.供水管道系统水力过渡过程研究计算[J].水泵技术,2005,(5):7-11.
[7]袁恒太.长距离输水管道设计中几个问题探讨[J].山西水利,2006,(6):50-51.
[8]王亚平.长距离管道输水工程设计的几点体会[J].水力采煤与管道运输,2000,27(3):9-12.
[9]金锥,姜乃昌,汪兴华.停泵水锤及其防护[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[10]刘保华.某水厂水锤事故原因分析[J].水电站设计,2000,16(1);30-36.
[11]于玲红,武盛,张琦.启泵水锤事故的分析及对策[J].包钢科技,2002,26(4):84-86.
[12]郑大琼,沈康,王念慎.“非常水锤”的发生条件及预防措施[J].中国电力,2002,35(9):17-20.
[13]徐巧权.取水泵房出水管水锤事故分析[J].中国给水排水,2000,16(5):42-44.
[14]Mohamed S.Ghidaoui,Ming Zhao,Duncan A.McInnis,David H.Axworthy.A Review of Water Hammer Theory and Practice.Applied Mechanics Reviews,ASCE[J].2005,58:49-76.
[15]杨开林.明渠结合有压管调水系统的水力瞬变的计算[J].水利水电技术,2002,33(4):5-11.
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[17]栾鸿儒.泵站水锤特征线电算解法及其在陕西东雷泵站中的应用[J].陕西机械学院学报,1989,5(1):82-97.
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[19]余代广,胡明,姚荣,邓命华.水锤计算中摩阻的处理方法[J].水利水电科技进展,2003,23(5):58-61.
[20]Masashi Shimada,Jim Brown,Alan Vardy.Estimating friction errors in MOC analyses of unsteady pipe flows[J].Comput Fluids,2007,11(5):1-12.
[21]BergeronL.Water hammer in hydraulic and wave surges in electricity[M].NewYork:Wiley,1961:87-92.
[22]郑源,索丽生等.有压输水管道系统气液两相瞬变流研究综述.2002,30(6):21-24.
[23]岑康,李长俊,廖柯熹,严宇,袁达明.液体管道瞬变流摩阻的计算方法[J].西南石油学院学报,2005,27(3):76-80.
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