水电站压力引水系统非恒定流试验研究
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摘要
压力引水式水电站，是水电站的主要布置型式之一。水电站压力引水系统一般包括引水遂洞，调压井、压力钢管等。压力引水式水电站在运行时，由于负荷变化，引水系统常出现非恒定流现象。引水系统非恒定流对水电站稳定及安全运行有很大应响，所以对其研究也倍受人们重视。目前对水电站压力引水系统非恒定流研究，采用的主要方法是模型试验法和理论计算法。
本文采用模型试验法，对一压力引水式水电站引水系统的非恒定流问题进行研究。试验模型可以设计成正态，也可以设计成变态，考虑到试验场地、供水能力等因素，模型按变态设计，模型比尺同时满足了波动方程和水击方程的相似条件。通过模型试验得到了该压力引水式水电站调压井的合理参数。本文还采用非恒定计算的特征线法，对该水电站引水系统模型非恒定流进行了计算，其计算结果与模型试验结果吻合。试验成果对该水电站压力引水系统设计有指导意义，对类似水电站设计有参考价值。
Hydropower station with the pressure diversion system is one of the main arrangement type of
hydropower station. The pressure diversion system usually includes inlet tunnel, surge chamber and penstock etc.. Because of the changes of load on the power units in hydropower station, the flow in the pressure diversion system would change rapidly. The flow variations would generate unsteady flow in the pressure diversion system, the unsteady flow would generate serious effects on operation and safely of the hydropower station. So, the researchers and designers have paid a great attention to the research on the unsteady flow. There are two main methods at present to research the unsteady flow, they are theoretical method and experimental method.
By using of experimental method this paper studies the unsteady flow of a hydropower station with the pressure diversion system.. The model can be designed according to the absolute normal model scale or the distorted model scale, in consideration of the conditions of the test site and water supply capacity etc., this experiment designs model in the light of the distorted model scale . The distorted model scale can satisfy the similarity conditions of surge equation and water hammer equation. Through the experimental research, the reasonable parameters of the surge chamber of the hydropower station are obtained. This paper also calculates the unsteady flow of the hydropower station's model by using of the characteristics method, the calculated result is extremely close to the experimental result. The result is useful for the design of the pressure diversion system , and other similar engineerings.
本文采用模型试验法，对一压力引水式水电站引水系统的非恒定流问题进行研究。试验模型可以设计成正态，也可以设计成变态，考虑到试验场地、供水能力等因素，模型按变态设计，模型比尺同时满足了波动方程和水击方程的相似条件。通过模型试验得到了该压力引水式水电站调压井的合理参数。本文还采用非恒定计算的特征线法，对该水电站引水系统模型非恒定流进行了计算，其计算结果与模型试验结果吻合。试验成果对该水电站压力引水系统设计有指导意义，对类似水电站设计有参考价值。
Hydropower station with the pressure diversion system is one of the main arrangement type of
hydropower station. The pressure diversion system usually includes inlet tunnel, surge chamber and penstock etc.. Because of the changes of load on the power units in hydropower station, the flow in the pressure diversion system would change rapidly. The flow variations would generate unsteady flow in the pressure diversion system, the unsteady flow would generate serious effects on operation and safely of the hydropower station. So, the researchers and designers have paid a great attention to the research on the unsteady flow. There are two main methods at present to research the unsteady flow, they are theoretical method and experimental method.
By using of experimental method this paper studies the unsteady flow of a hydropower station with the pressure diversion system.. The model can be designed according to the absolute normal model scale or the distorted model scale, in consideration of the conditions of the test site and water supply capacity etc., this experiment designs model in the light of the distorted model scale . The distorted model scale can satisfy the similarity conditions of surge equation and water hammer equation. Through the experimental research, the reasonable parameters of the surge chamber of the hydropower station are obtained. This paper also calculates the unsteady flow of the hydropower station's model by using of the characteristics method, the calculated result is extremely close to the experimental result. The result is useful for the design of the pressure diversion system , and other similar engineerings.
引文
[1] 左东启，等编著．模型试验的理论和方法．北京：水利电力出版社，1984．8
[2] 南京水利科学研究院，水利水电科学研究院．水工模型试验．北京：水利电力出版社，198485．12
[3] 王世泽．水电站建筑物．北京：水利电力出版社，1987．11
[4] 潘家铮，傅华．水工遂洞与调压室．北京：水利电力出版社，1992
[5] 华东水利电力学院．模型试验量测技术．北京：水利电力出版社，1992
[6] 王树人．调压室计算理论与方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1983
[7] 华东水利电力学院．水电站建筑物．北京：水利电力出版社，1989
[8] 陈造奎．水电站测试技术．北京：中国水利电力出版社，1998
[9] E.B. Wylie, V.L. streeter and L. Suo. Fluid Transients in Systems.Prentic Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1993
[10] 张晓宏．碧口电站压力引水系统非恒定流分析与计算．陕西水力发电，1992(4)
[11] 鞠小明，涂强，胡晓东，陈家远．水电站引水系统模型实验研究中若干问题的探讨．成都科技大学学报，1996(2)
[12] 伍超，冉洪兴，赵文谦．调压井模型试验变态比尺的研究．水利学报．1995(6)
[13] 张晓宏，徐天有，等．调压室位置变化对非恒定流联合计算影响．陕西水力发电，1998(1)
[14] 张晓宏，徐天有，等．有泄洪支洞的压力引水系统中的非恒定流分析．水利学报，1998(1)
[15] 吴持恭．水力学．高等教育出版社，1979
[16] 丁浩．水电站有压引水系统非恒定流．北京：水利电力出版社，1986
[17] 常近时．水轮机运行．北京：水利电力出版社，1983
[18] 张健，索丽生．阻抗式调压室甩负荷涌浪计算显式公式．水力发电学报，1999(2)
[19] 刘华，陈家远．引水发电系统中多室连通调压室水位波动研究．水力发电学报，1999(1)
[20] 杨建东，赖旭，陈鉴治．连接管速度和动量项对调压室稳定断面的影响．水利学报．1995(7)
[21] 金钟元．水力机械．北京：水利电力出版社，1986
[22] 杨晓东，栾鸿儒．泵站水锤计算中的自动分段法．给水排水，1993．3
[23] 中华人民共和国电力工业部．水电站调压室设计规范(DL／T 5058-1996)．北京：中国电力出版社，1997
[24] M．H乔德里 著，陈家远，等译．实用水力过渡过程．1985
[25] 王树人，董毓新．水电站建筑物．北京：清华大学出版社，1984
[26] 谭浩强，田淑清．FORTRAN 77结构化程序设计．北京：清华大学出版社．1990
[27] 徐明．Fortran Power Station 基础教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2000．6
[2] 南京水利科学研究院，水利水电科学研究院．水工模型试验．北京：水利电力出版社，198485．12
[3] 王世泽．水电站建筑物．北京：水利电力出版社，1987．11
[4] 潘家铮，傅华．水工遂洞与调压室．北京：水利电力出版社，1992
[5] 华东水利电力学院．模型试验量测技术．北京：水利电力出版社，1992
[6] 王树人．调压室计算理论与方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1983
[7] 华东水利电力学院．水电站建筑物．北京：水利电力出版社，1989
[8] 陈造奎．水电站测试技术．北京：中国水利电力出版社，1998
[9] E.B. Wylie, V.L. streeter and L. Suo. Fluid Transients in Systems.Prentic Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1993
[10] 张晓宏．碧口电站压力引水系统非恒定流分析与计算．陕西水力发电，1992(4)
[11] 鞠小明，涂强，胡晓东，陈家远．水电站引水系统模型实验研究中若干问题的探讨．成都科技大学学报，1996(2)
[12] 伍超，冉洪兴，赵文谦．调压井模型试验变态比尺的研究．水利学报．1995(6)
[13] 张晓宏，徐天有，等．调压室位置变化对非恒定流联合计算影响．陕西水力发电，1998(1)
[14] 张晓宏，徐天有，等．有泄洪支洞的压力引水系统中的非恒定流分析．水利学报，1998(1)
[15] 吴持恭．水力学．高等教育出版社，1979
[16] 丁浩．水电站有压引水系统非恒定流．北京：水利电力出版社，1986
[17] 常近时．水轮机运行．北京：水利电力出版社，1983
[18] 张健，索丽生．阻抗式调压室甩负荷涌浪计算显式公式．水力发电学报，1999(2)
[19] 刘华，陈家远．引水发电系统中多室连通调压室水位波动研究．水力发电学报，1999(1)
[20] 杨建东，赖旭，陈鉴治．连接管速度和动量项对调压室稳定断面的影响．水利学报．1995(7)
[21] 金钟元．水力机械．北京：水利电力出版社，1986
[22] 杨晓东，栾鸿儒．泵站水锤计算中的自动分段法．给水排水，1993．3
[23] 中华人民共和国电力工业部．水电站调压室设计规范(DL／T 5058-1996)．北京：中国电力出版社，1997
[24] M．H乔德里 著，陈家远，等译．实用水力过渡过程．1985
[25] 王树人，董毓新．水电站建筑物．北京：清华大学出版社，1984
[26] 谭浩强，田淑清．FORTRAN 77结构化程序设计．北京：清华大学出版社．1990
[27] 徐明．Fortran Power Station 基础教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2000．6