翻译诗学与汉语新格律诗
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摘要
杨德豫是中国现代著名诗歌翻译家。他翻译了莎士比亚、拜伦、华兹华斯、柯尔律治以及朗费罗等诗人的多部作品。他的译作《拜伦抒情诗选》自上世纪八十年代问世以来,广受好评,影响深远。而1996由湖南文艺出版社出版的《英汉对照：华兹华斯抒情诗选》,更是在1998获首届鲁迅文学奖——全国优秀文学翻译彩虹奖。其译作得到充分的肯定和高度的评价。有评论家认为,这本译作是“形神兼备信言美”。而中国著名诗人、翻译家卞之琳认为,杨德豫的译作可以“代表中国译诗艺术的成熟”。身为翻译家,杨德豫的诗歌翻译活动历经半个世纪,从最初采用自由散漫的诗体形式,到最后坚持以格律诗译格律诗,成为现代中国新格律诗派最具代表性的翻译家之一,其诗学观经历了从非格律到格律的转变。本文选取杨德豫的获奖译作《华兹华斯抒情诗选》,从翻译诗学的角度入手,通过对文本的分析,试图总结出杨德豫译诗的特色、译者所采取的翻译策略及遵循的翻译规范,并将杨的翻译置于当代的文学、诗学背景下予以考察,分析其作用及影响。
全文共分为三个部分：第一部分介绍研究背景、动机、研究范畴、方法以及预期结论。第二部分为正文,下设三章。第一章描述译诗在节奏方面的特点,包括音顿的整齐、字数的均齐,以及诗行的构成三个方面,分析译者如何营造这种节奏效果。第二章描述译诗在音韵方面的特点,包括韵式的对应,韵式的变格,以及声韵的运用三个方面,经过分析,总结译者所采用的策略。第三章将译作置于整个社会文学系统中,描述译者的诗学观,并探讨其与整体的文学主体特定时间段诗学观的关系。最后一部分为结语,主要对译作进行评估。最后,本文研究者对此项研究的意义做出评价。
As a famous translator in China in the second half of the last century, Yang Deyu translated a large amount of poetry works of Shakespeare, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge and Longfellow. His translated works were praised by the famous poet Bian Zhilin as "the maturity of Chinese poetry translation". In 1998, his Chinese translation of the Selected Lyrical Poems of Wordsworth was given the Rainbow Award for Poetry Translation, which won him a big fame. A famous contemporary Chinese poet, Bei Ta, published an article in which he highly values this book. The translated poems are regarded by him successful in reproducing both the form and the content of the original poems, and the language of the translated poems are beautiful. Besides, Yang's translated poems of other English poets are also widely favored.
Yang's translation activity lasts fifty years. In the very beginning, he adopts the form of free verse to translate English metrical verse. But, at last, he insists to translate English metrical verse into contemporary Chinese metrical verse. The poetics of Yang's translation gradually changes. The aim of the thesis is to present the translator's strategies and techniques for translating English metrical poems based on the textual study of the Selected Lyrical Poems of Wordsworth from the perspective of translational poetics. It lays stress on the prosody of the translated poems. Furthermore, the thesis tries to study Yang's translation in the cultural context.
This thesis consists of three parts:the first part is an introduction to the background, motivation, scope, methodology, and expected significance of the research project as well as introductions to the translator, his view on translating English metrical poems, his Chinese version of the Selected Lyrical Poems of Wordsworth, its significance and influence. The second part—Chapter One is a study on the rhythmical effect in Yang's translation, including the aspects of regularity of pause, regularity of characters in verse lines, and the composition of verse lines. The author of the thesis tries to present to the readers how the translator experiments on the regularity of the pause to reach the "structural beauty" which the school of Chinese New Metrical Verse advocates. Then Chapter Two studies Yang's strategies and techniques for translating the rhymes of the original poems, including the aspects of rhyme equivalence to the source text, variety of rhyme scheme, and the tonal effect in translated poems. The author of the thesis adopts the method of Descriptive Translation Studies in the research to show exactly how the translator makes the rhymes and tonality equivalent to the source text. After that, Chapter Three offers a research on Yang's translation within the cultural context, trying to find the relation between the translator's poetics and the poetics in that specific literary period. The last part is a conclusion which presents the significance of the thesis.
全文共分为三个部分：第一部分介绍研究背景、动机、研究范畴、方法以及预期结论。第二部分为正文,下设三章。第一章描述译诗在节奏方面的特点,包括音顿的整齐、字数的均齐,以及诗行的构成三个方面,分析译者如何营造这种节奏效果。第二章描述译诗在音韵方面的特点,包括韵式的对应,韵式的变格,以及声韵的运用三个方面,经过分析,总结译者所采用的策略。第三章将译作置于整个社会文学系统中,描述译者的诗学观,并探讨其与整体的文学主体特定时间段诗学观的关系。最后一部分为结语,主要对译作进行评估。最后,本文研究者对此项研究的意义做出评价。
As a famous translator in China in the second half of the last century, Yang Deyu translated a large amount of poetry works of Shakespeare, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge and Longfellow. His translated works were praised by the famous poet Bian Zhilin as "the maturity of Chinese poetry translation". In 1998, his Chinese translation of the Selected Lyrical Poems of Wordsworth was given the Rainbow Award for Poetry Translation, which won him a big fame. A famous contemporary Chinese poet, Bei Ta, published an article in which he highly values this book. The translated poems are regarded by him successful in reproducing both the form and the content of the original poems, and the language of the translated poems are beautiful. Besides, Yang's translated poems of other English poets are also widely favored.
Yang's translation activity lasts fifty years. In the very beginning, he adopts the form of free verse to translate English metrical verse. But, at last, he insists to translate English metrical verse into contemporary Chinese metrical verse. The poetics of Yang's translation gradually changes. The aim of the thesis is to present the translator's strategies and techniques for translating English metrical poems based on the textual study of the Selected Lyrical Poems of Wordsworth from the perspective of translational poetics. It lays stress on the prosody of the translated poems. Furthermore, the thesis tries to study Yang's translation in the cultural context.
This thesis consists of three parts:the first part is an introduction to the background, motivation, scope, methodology, and expected significance of the research project as well as introductions to the translator, his view on translating English metrical poems, his Chinese version of the Selected Lyrical Poems of Wordsworth, its significance and influence. The second part—Chapter One is a study on the rhythmical effect in Yang's translation, including the aspects of regularity of pause, regularity of characters in verse lines, and the composition of verse lines. The author of the thesis tries to present to the readers how the translator experiments on the regularity of the pause to reach the "structural beauty" which the school of Chinese New Metrical Verse advocates. Then Chapter Two studies Yang's strategies and techniques for translating the rhymes of the original poems, including the aspects of rhyme equivalence to the source text, variety of rhyme scheme, and the tonal effect in translated poems. The author of the thesis adopts the method of Descriptive Translation Studies in the research to show exactly how the translator makes the rhymes and tonality equivalent to the source text. After that, Chapter Three offers a research on Yang's translation within the cultural context, trying to find the relation between the translator's poetics and the poetics in that specific literary period. The last part is a conclusion which presents the significance of the thesis.
引文
Baldick, Chris, ed. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press,1990.
Baker, Mona, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London & New York: Routledge,1998.
Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. London & New York: Routledge, 1980.
Brooks, Cleanth & Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Poetry (4t(?) edition). Thomson Learning,2004.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. London & New York: Routledge,1992a.
---. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London & New York: Routledge,1992b.
---. Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context. The Modern Language Association of America, 1992c.
Lu, Bingfu & San Duanmu. Rhythm and Syntax in Chinese: A Case Study. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association.2002, Volume 37:2.
Oliver, Mary. Rules for the Dance:A Handbook for Writing and Reading Metrical Verse. New York:A Mariner Original Houghton Mifflin Company,1998.
Schaffner, Christina ed. Translation and Norms. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 1999.
Shuttleworth, Mark & Moira Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies. UK:St. Jerome Publishing,1997.
Stainer, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. New York & London: Oxford University Press,1975.
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1996.
Wolosky, Shira. The Art of Poetry. Oxford University Press,2001.
The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Ⅱ. Oxford University Press.1971.
鲍厚星.《湘音检字》与长沙方言.《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2002年第4期.
北塔.形神兼备信言美——杨德豫译《华兹华斯抒情诗选》研究.《中国翻译》2003年第4期.
卞之琳.人与诗：忆旧说新.北京：三联书店,1984.
陈梦家.新月诗选·序.《新月诗选》.上海：新月书店,1931.
辜正坤.中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论.北京：清华大学出版社,2003.
辜正坤.中国古代及近百年诗歌翻译概论与研究前景.海岸选编.《中西诗歌翻译百年论集·序一》.上海：上海外语教育出版社 2007.
何其芳.关于现代格律诗.杨匡汉、刘福春,《中国现代诗论》(下编).广州：花城出版社,1985.
霍俊明.诗学传统的转换：论汉语新诗的格律和音乐性问题.《山花》2004年第1期.
梁宗岱.一切的顶峰·序.《梁宗岱译诗集》,湖南人民出版社,1983.
廖七一.胡适诗歌翻译研究.北京：清华大学出版社,2006.
刘英凯.关于“音美”理论的再商榷.杨自俭,刘学云.《翻译新论》.武汉：湖北教育出版社,1994.
刘重德.西方译论研究.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2003.
孟宪忠、刘惠玲.精雕细刻,惨淡经营——论英诗翻译家杨德豫.《中国翻译》1993年第6期.
钱钟书.七缀集.北京：三联书店,2002.
孙大雨.论音组.海岸选编.《中西诗歌翻译百年论集》.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
屠岸、章燕.自然与人生——序《湖畔诗魂》.《湖畔诗魂——华兹华斯诗选》.北京：人民文学出版社,1990.
王力.汉语诗律学.上海世纪出版集团,2005.
闻一多.诗的格律.《闻一多全集》(三).武汉：湖北人民出版社,1994.
谢天振、查明建主编.中国现代翻译文学史(1898-1949).上海：上海外语教育出版社,2004.
徐志摩.一个译诗问题.海岸选编.《中西诗歌翻译百年论集》.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
杨德豫译.拜伦抒情诗七十首.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1981.
杨德豫译.华兹华斯抒情诗选.长沙：湖南文艺出版社,1996.
杨德豫.用什么形式翻译英语格律诗.海岸选编.《中西诗歌翻译百年论集》.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
杨德豫译.拜伦诗选.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009a.
杨德豫译.华兹华斯诗选.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009b.
杨德豫译.柯尔律治诗选.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009c.
杨德豫译.朗费罗诗选.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009d.
杨德豫译.莎士比亚贞女劫.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009e.
余淑慧.中国译场的翻译与政治——以道安译论之转变为例.《编译论业》(第三卷),2010年第1期.
张南峰.中西译学批评.北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
张旭.中国现代新格律体译诗实验考察.《翻译季刊》2004年第31期.
张旭.意识形态与近代英诗汉译.《中外文学》2005年第6期.
张旭.视界的融合：朱湘译诗新探.北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
张旭.跨越边界——从比较文学到翻译研究.北京：北京大学出版社,2010.
郑敏.关于汉语新诗与其诗学传统10问.《山花》2004年第1期.
周渡、周仲器.新格律诗探索的历史轨迹与时代流向——从新月诗派 到雅园诗派.《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2005年第2期.
周煦良.《西罗普郡少年》译余剩墨——《西罗普郡少年》译序之一节.《外国诗》第二期.北京：外国文学出版社,1984.
朱光潜.朱光潜美学文学论文选集.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1980.
朱志瑜.求同与存异.《翻译与规范·导读》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2007.
朱自清.朗读与诗.《朱自清全集》(第二卷).江苏教育出版社,1996a.
朱自清.诗的形式.《朱自清全集》(第二卷).江苏教育出版社,1996b.
朱自清.中国新文学研究纲要.《朱自清全集》(第八卷).江苏教育出版社,1996c.
Baker, Mona, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London & New York: Routledge,1998.
Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. London & New York: Routledge, 1980.
Brooks, Cleanth & Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Poetry (4t(?) edition). Thomson Learning,2004.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. London & New York: Routledge,1992a.
---. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London & New York: Routledge,1992b.
---. Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context. The Modern Language Association of America, 1992c.
Lu, Bingfu & San Duanmu. Rhythm and Syntax in Chinese: A Case Study. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association.2002, Volume 37:2.
Oliver, Mary. Rules for the Dance:A Handbook for Writing and Reading Metrical Verse. New York:A Mariner Original Houghton Mifflin Company,1998.
Schaffner, Christina ed. Translation and Norms. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 1999.
Shuttleworth, Mark & Moira Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies. UK:St. Jerome Publishing,1997.
Stainer, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. New York & London: Oxford University Press,1975.
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1996.
Wolosky, Shira. The Art of Poetry. Oxford University Press,2001.
The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Ⅱ. Oxford University Press.1971.
鲍厚星.《湘音检字》与长沙方言.《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2002年第4期.
北塔.形神兼备信言美——杨德豫译《华兹华斯抒情诗选》研究.《中国翻译》2003年第4期.
卞之琳.人与诗：忆旧说新.北京：三联书店,1984.
陈梦家.新月诗选·序.《新月诗选》.上海：新月书店,1931.
辜正坤.中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论.北京：清华大学出版社,2003.
辜正坤.中国古代及近百年诗歌翻译概论与研究前景.海岸选编.《中西诗歌翻译百年论集·序一》.上海：上海外语教育出版社 2007.
何其芳.关于现代格律诗.杨匡汉、刘福春,《中国现代诗论》(下编).广州：花城出版社,1985.
霍俊明.诗学传统的转换：论汉语新诗的格律和音乐性问题.《山花》2004年第1期.
梁宗岱.一切的顶峰·序.《梁宗岱译诗集》,湖南人民出版社,1983.
廖七一.胡适诗歌翻译研究.北京：清华大学出版社,2006.
刘英凯.关于“音美”理论的再商榷.杨自俭,刘学云.《翻译新论》.武汉：湖北教育出版社,1994.
刘重德.西方译论研究.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2003.
孟宪忠、刘惠玲.精雕细刻,惨淡经营——论英诗翻译家杨德豫.《中国翻译》1993年第6期.
钱钟书.七缀集.北京：三联书店,2002.
孙大雨.论音组.海岸选编.《中西诗歌翻译百年论集》.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
屠岸、章燕.自然与人生——序《湖畔诗魂》.《湖畔诗魂——华兹华斯诗选》.北京：人民文学出版社,1990.
王力.汉语诗律学.上海世纪出版集团,2005.
闻一多.诗的格律.《闻一多全集》(三).武汉：湖北人民出版社,1994.
谢天振、查明建主编.中国现代翻译文学史(1898-1949).上海：上海外语教育出版社,2004.
徐志摩.一个译诗问题.海岸选编.《中西诗歌翻译百年论集》.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
杨德豫译.拜伦抒情诗七十首.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1981.
杨德豫译.华兹华斯抒情诗选.长沙：湖南文艺出版社,1996.
杨德豫.用什么形式翻译英语格律诗.海岸选编.《中西诗歌翻译百年论集》.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
杨德豫译.拜伦诗选.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009a.
杨德豫译.华兹华斯诗选.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009b.
杨德豫译.柯尔律治诗选.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009c.
杨德豫译.朗费罗诗选.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009d.
杨德豫译.莎士比亚贞女劫.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2009e.
余淑慧.中国译场的翻译与政治——以道安译论之转变为例.《编译论业》(第三卷),2010年第1期.
张南峰.中西译学批评.北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
张旭.中国现代新格律体译诗实验考察.《翻译季刊》2004年第31期.
张旭.意识形态与近代英诗汉译.《中外文学》2005年第6期.
张旭.视界的融合：朱湘译诗新探.北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
张旭.跨越边界——从比较文学到翻译研究.北京：北京大学出版社,2010.
郑敏.关于汉语新诗与其诗学传统10问.《山花》2004年第1期.
周渡、周仲器.新格律诗探索的历史轨迹与时代流向——从新月诗派 到雅园诗派.《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2005年第2期.
周煦良.《西罗普郡少年》译余剩墨——《西罗普郡少年》译序之一节.《外国诗》第二期.北京：外国文学出版社,1984.
朱光潜.朱光潜美学文学论文选集.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1980.
朱志瑜.求同与存异.《翻译与规范·导读》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2007.
朱自清.朗读与诗.《朱自清全集》(第二卷).江苏教育出版社,1996a.
朱自清.诗的形式.《朱自清全集》(第二卷).江苏教育出版社,1996b.
朱自清.中国新文学研究纲要.《朱自清全集》(第八卷).江苏教育出版社,1996c.