太阳能利用中的热物理基础理论及实验研究
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摘要
由于人类社会发展及环境保护的需求,寻求可再生而洁净新能源取代有限的且污染环境的矿物燃料是全世界急迫和重要的课题。太阳能作为最丰富、最洁净的永久的能源,其高效利用和低成本地转换成电能,是当今研究的热点。太阳能传递和与接收器之间的能量转换过程,均是在开放的非平衡状态下进行的,而现有的经典辐射热力学是建立在平衡态空腔光子气模型的基础上,难以直接应用；另外现有的光热利用、光电利用或光电-热综合利用大多停留在以能量守恒定律来进行分析评价的层次,尚未系统地以热力学第二定律结合光谱特性进行太阳能利用分析和研究。因此有必要开展太阳能利用中的热物理基础理论研究,包括光谱有效能的表征,熵参数描述,开放系、非平衡态的太阳辐射能传递、转换过程的辐射热力学体系构建,辐射能与物质界面的光热、光电量子作用的机理探讨等。在此基础上提出科学利用太阳能的方法并进行相关实验研究。
本文在本课题组工作的基础上,主要的研究工作如下：
首先利用非平衡态辐射热力学的基础理论,对非平衡态辐射场,特别是对太阳能辐射接收器入口处的辐射能状态进行了描述和表征,区分了太阳辐射能在光热作用时显示宏观平均能量特性,和在光伏、光化作用时显示量子特性的两重性特点。根据太阳辐射能在传递中因为扩散性产生的能流密度降低和辐射流的光谱频率组成与太阳表面辐射相同的特点,计算了地面接收的太阳辐射能在热利用时比太阳表面辐射能降低的品位和熵增,确定了在光伏、光化作用时地面和太阳表面光谱辐射量子特性相同。
其次,研究太阳辐射能与物质作用的能量转换机理和增强措施。从研究和修正光与物质作用的机理入手,提出光子波模型假设,对光子波与物质中存在的原子核-原子核和原子核-电子两种简谐振子之间的作用过程进行了分析,结果与用经典波动理论分析得到的结果是一致的,一定程度上说明了光子波模型的正确性。光子波驱动力与物质表面层的分子、声子、原子核-电子简谐振子的频率不同,表现出不同光谱辐射的热作用和量子作用的不同机制,分子和声子吸收辐射能主要把辐射能转换为物质的热能,光与物质量子作用,辐射能激发物质内部的电子跃迁,辐射能转换为电能并伴随有热能。对影响半导体材料型的太阳辐射接收器的吸收系数和反射率等参数进行了详细分析,结果表明,拥有较小共振跃迁频率、较小能带隙和较大阻尼系数的半导体材料对有效太阳辐射的吸收率更高。
在此基础上,为提高光电转换效率,又利用光子波与物质作用模型,对单晶硅太阳电池表面镀膜材料光学性质进行了分析；又采用在太阳电池表面构造了多种不同形状,规则的、不规则的、有序的、无序的微结构表面,比较了它们对太阳辐射能吸收率的差别,结果显示,无序的表面微结构相对有序的表面微结构更利于太阳电池吸收率的提高；使用Needle法对用于光伏发电的光谱选择性透过涂层进行了分析和优化设计。
为了提高太阳辐射能的整体利用率,提出了两级透射-反射聚光分频电热联产系统的方案,分析了利用线聚焦菲涅耳透镜、光谱选择性透过涂层和太阳能集热管等部件构成的电热联产系统的光学行为和效率,计算结果表明,作者提出的系统,太阳能利用率高于相同条件下传统的太阳能聚光光伏系统,并有结构简单,成本低廉,易于生产的优势。
最后,为了改善传统聚光系统在太阳能光电池接收面上照射的光强不一致,降低光伏转换效率的问题,设计了等光强带聚焦菲涅耳透镜聚光器和折平板等光强反射聚光器。理论上,利用蒙特卡罗光线追迹法,对两种聚光器进行了考虑太阳辐射夹角的光学模拟,并对聚光器的结构参数对聚光效果的影响进行了分析,证明所设计的聚光器聚光均匀性都很好；实验上,在太阳双轴跟踪装置上安装了折平板等光强反射聚光光伏系统,采用CCD法对实验中折平板聚光器的聚光效果进行了测量,并对此条件下太阳电池单体和组件的伏安特性曲线进行了测试；实验结果与理论分析结果都符合得很好,系统中太阳电池单体和组件的光电转换效率均大于相同条件下半槽式抛物面聚光光伏系统中的太阳电池效率。折平板等光强聚光器的生产成本较低,便于加工,适用于中低倍数的太阳能聚光光伏系统中。
Because of the requirements for human social development and environmental protection, it is very urgent and important to pursue renewable and clean energy sources to replace limited and polluting fossil fuels. Solar energy is the most abundant and cleanest renewable energy source. How to convert solar energy into electricity efficiently and cheaply is one of the hotspots in the world. However, the classical radiation thermodynamics based on the model of photon gas in thermal equilibrium enclosed in a cavity is not suitable for the open and non-equilibrium solar radiation. In the other hand, the performances of photo-thermal, photovoltaic and hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal utilizations are mainly analyzed by using the law of energy conservation, the second law of thermodynamics combined with spectral characteristics of solar energy has not been applied in the theoretical analysis work. Therefore, it is necessary to do a further study on the fundamental thermophysics for solar energy utilization, and the framework includes the characterization of spectral available energy, description of entropy, radiation thermodynamics system for the transfer and transform process of open and non-equilibrium solar radiation, thermal and quantum interaction between radiation energy and matters. On the basis of these theoretical researches, a scientific approach to using solar energy is proposed and the related experimental study is carried out.
On the basis of the previous work of our group, the main research work of this thesis is as follows:
Firstly, according to the fundamental theory of non-equilibrium state radiation thermodynamics, the non-equilibrium radiation, especially the energy state of the entrance of solar radiation receiver, is described and represented. The duality of light-matter interaction is distinguished, one is the macro energy characteristics in photo-thermal utilization and the other is quantum characteristics in photovoltaic utilization and actinism. According to the characteristics that solar energy is diluted in transfer process but keep the same spectrum, the decreased energy quality and entropy increase of the received solar energy in thermal utilization are calculated, and the quantum characteristics of spectral radiations on sun surface and the earth are validated the same in photovoltaic utilization and actinism.
Secondly, the energy conversion mechanism and enhancement methods of the interaction between light and matters are studied. Starting from the modification of the interaction mechanism between light and matters, a photon wave model is proposed. The interaction between the photon wave driving force and atomic nucleus-atomic nucleus oscillator, and the one between the photon wave driving force and atomic nucleus-electronic oscillator are analyzed. The results are the same as those calculated by the classical wave theory, which illustrates the correctness of the photon wave model to a certain extent. Photon waves with different frequencies show either photo-thermal or quantum effects when they interact with molecules, phonons and atomic nucleus-electronic oscillators on the surfaces of matters. The radiation absorbed by molecules and phonons will be transformed into heat energy and the quantum effect concomitantly turns solar radiation into electricity and heat energy. The parameters which affect the absorptivity and the reflectivity of the semiconductor radiation receivers are analyzed. The results show that a semiconductor material with a small resonance transition frequency, a small energy band gap and a large damping coefficient can make a better usage of the available solar radiation.
To increase the photoelectric conversion efficiency, the optical properties of a coating material for silicon solar cells are analyzed by using the photon wave model. Then the effects on the absorptivity of solar cells caused by the surface micro structures are studied, including the regular surface with different micro structure, regular and irregular surface micro structures and the different cone angles of the same regular surface micro structure. The results show that the absorptivity of the irregular micro structure is higher than the one of the regular micro structure. The Needle method is employed to optimize the spectral selective transmission coating for PV systems.
To improve the total efficiency of solar radiation utilization, a two stage transmission and reflection concentrating PV/thermal system with beam splitting technique is proposed. A system composed by linear Fresnel lens, spectral selective transmission coating, solar thermal receiver and other components is proposed, and the optical analysis and efficiency of the PV/thermal system are made. The results show that the efficiency of the proposed PV/thermal system is higher than a traditional system undef the same conditions. The proposed system also takes advantage of simple structure, low cost, and easy manufacture.
At last, to improve the low photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells due to the non-uniform light concentrated by traditional concentrators, a strip-focus Fresnel lens concentrator and a bending-plate reflection concentrator are proposed and designed. The Monte Carlo Ray Tracing Method is employed for the optical analysis of the two concentrators, in which the solar radiation cone angle is considered. And the effects of the structure parameters for the performance of the two concentrators are analyzed. The theoretical results show that the distributions of the concentrated light on the focal plane of the two concentrators are both with high uniformity. The experimental study of the bending-plate reflection concentration PV system is earned out by using a two-axis solar tracker. The flux distribution of the concentrated light of the bending-plate concentrator is measured by a CCD method, and the Ⅰ-Ⅴ characteristics of the silicon solar cell monomer and module are tested. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical results. The efficiencies of the silicon solar cell monomer and module in the bending-plate reflection concentrating PV (CPV) system are both higher than the ones in the parabolic trough CPV system. The cost of the bending-plate concentrator is much lower and easy manufacture, which make the bending-plate concentrator suitable for low and medium CPV system.
本文在本课题组工作的基础上,主要的研究工作如下：
首先利用非平衡态辐射热力学的基础理论,对非平衡态辐射场,特别是对太阳能辐射接收器入口处的辐射能状态进行了描述和表征,区分了太阳辐射能在光热作用时显示宏观平均能量特性,和在光伏、光化作用时显示量子特性的两重性特点。根据太阳辐射能在传递中因为扩散性产生的能流密度降低和辐射流的光谱频率组成与太阳表面辐射相同的特点,计算了地面接收的太阳辐射能在热利用时比太阳表面辐射能降低的品位和熵增,确定了在光伏、光化作用时地面和太阳表面光谱辐射量子特性相同。
其次,研究太阳辐射能与物质作用的能量转换机理和增强措施。从研究和修正光与物质作用的机理入手,提出光子波模型假设,对光子波与物质中存在的原子核-原子核和原子核-电子两种简谐振子之间的作用过程进行了分析,结果与用经典波动理论分析得到的结果是一致的,一定程度上说明了光子波模型的正确性。光子波驱动力与物质表面层的分子、声子、原子核-电子简谐振子的频率不同,表现出不同光谱辐射的热作用和量子作用的不同机制,分子和声子吸收辐射能主要把辐射能转换为物质的热能,光与物质量子作用,辐射能激发物质内部的电子跃迁,辐射能转换为电能并伴随有热能。对影响半导体材料型的太阳辐射接收器的吸收系数和反射率等参数进行了详细分析,结果表明,拥有较小共振跃迁频率、较小能带隙和较大阻尼系数的半导体材料对有效太阳辐射的吸收率更高。
在此基础上,为提高光电转换效率,又利用光子波与物质作用模型,对单晶硅太阳电池表面镀膜材料光学性质进行了分析；又采用在太阳电池表面构造了多种不同形状,规则的、不规则的、有序的、无序的微结构表面,比较了它们对太阳辐射能吸收率的差别,结果显示,无序的表面微结构相对有序的表面微结构更利于太阳电池吸收率的提高；使用Needle法对用于光伏发电的光谱选择性透过涂层进行了分析和优化设计。
为了提高太阳辐射能的整体利用率,提出了两级透射-反射聚光分频电热联产系统的方案,分析了利用线聚焦菲涅耳透镜、光谱选择性透过涂层和太阳能集热管等部件构成的电热联产系统的光学行为和效率,计算结果表明,作者提出的系统,太阳能利用率高于相同条件下传统的太阳能聚光光伏系统,并有结构简单,成本低廉,易于生产的优势。
最后,为了改善传统聚光系统在太阳能光电池接收面上照射的光强不一致,降低光伏转换效率的问题,设计了等光强带聚焦菲涅耳透镜聚光器和折平板等光强反射聚光器。理论上,利用蒙特卡罗光线追迹法,对两种聚光器进行了考虑太阳辐射夹角的光学模拟,并对聚光器的结构参数对聚光效果的影响进行了分析,证明所设计的聚光器聚光均匀性都很好；实验上,在太阳双轴跟踪装置上安装了折平板等光强反射聚光光伏系统,采用CCD法对实验中折平板聚光器的聚光效果进行了测量,并对此条件下太阳电池单体和组件的伏安特性曲线进行了测试；实验结果与理论分析结果都符合得很好,系统中太阳电池单体和组件的光电转换效率均大于相同条件下半槽式抛物面聚光光伏系统中的太阳电池效率。折平板等光强聚光器的生产成本较低,便于加工,适用于中低倍数的太阳能聚光光伏系统中。
Because of the requirements for human social development and environmental protection, it is very urgent and important to pursue renewable and clean energy sources to replace limited and polluting fossil fuels. Solar energy is the most abundant and cleanest renewable energy source. How to convert solar energy into electricity efficiently and cheaply is one of the hotspots in the world. However, the classical radiation thermodynamics based on the model of photon gas in thermal equilibrium enclosed in a cavity is not suitable for the open and non-equilibrium solar radiation. In the other hand, the performances of photo-thermal, photovoltaic and hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal utilizations are mainly analyzed by using the law of energy conservation, the second law of thermodynamics combined with spectral characteristics of solar energy has not been applied in the theoretical analysis work. Therefore, it is necessary to do a further study on the fundamental thermophysics for solar energy utilization, and the framework includes the characterization of spectral available energy, description of entropy, radiation thermodynamics system for the transfer and transform process of open and non-equilibrium solar radiation, thermal and quantum interaction between radiation energy and matters. On the basis of these theoretical researches, a scientific approach to using solar energy is proposed and the related experimental study is carried out.
On the basis of the previous work of our group, the main research work of this thesis is as follows:
Firstly, according to the fundamental theory of non-equilibrium state radiation thermodynamics, the non-equilibrium radiation, especially the energy state of the entrance of solar radiation receiver, is described and represented. The duality of light-matter interaction is distinguished, one is the macro energy characteristics in photo-thermal utilization and the other is quantum characteristics in photovoltaic utilization and actinism. According to the characteristics that solar energy is diluted in transfer process but keep the same spectrum, the decreased energy quality and entropy increase of the received solar energy in thermal utilization are calculated, and the quantum characteristics of spectral radiations on sun surface and the earth are validated the same in photovoltaic utilization and actinism.
Secondly, the energy conversion mechanism and enhancement methods of the interaction between light and matters are studied. Starting from the modification of the interaction mechanism between light and matters, a photon wave model is proposed. The interaction between the photon wave driving force and atomic nucleus-atomic nucleus oscillator, and the one between the photon wave driving force and atomic nucleus-electronic oscillator are analyzed. The results are the same as those calculated by the classical wave theory, which illustrates the correctness of the photon wave model to a certain extent. Photon waves with different frequencies show either photo-thermal or quantum effects when they interact with molecules, phonons and atomic nucleus-electronic oscillators on the surfaces of matters. The radiation absorbed by molecules and phonons will be transformed into heat energy and the quantum effect concomitantly turns solar radiation into electricity and heat energy. The parameters which affect the absorptivity and the reflectivity of the semiconductor radiation receivers are analyzed. The results show that a semiconductor material with a small resonance transition frequency, a small energy band gap and a large damping coefficient can make a better usage of the available solar radiation.
To increase the photoelectric conversion efficiency, the optical properties of a coating material for silicon solar cells are analyzed by using the photon wave model. Then the effects on the absorptivity of solar cells caused by the surface micro structures are studied, including the regular surface with different micro structure, regular and irregular surface micro structures and the different cone angles of the same regular surface micro structure. The results show that the absorptivity of the irregular micro structure is higher than the one of the regular micro structure. The Needle method is employed to optimize the spectral selective transmission coating for PV systems.
To improve the total efficiency of solar radiation utilization, a two stage transmission and reflection concentrating PV/thermal system with beam splitting technique is proposed. A system composed by linear Fresnel lens, spectral selective transmission coating, solar thermal receiver and other components is proposed, and the optical analysis and efficiency of the PV/thermal system are made. The results show that the efficiency of the proposed PV/thermal system is higher than a traditional system undef the same conditions. The proposed system also takes advantage of simple structure, low cost, and easy manufacture.
At last, to improve the low photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells due to the non-uniform light concentrated by traditional concentrators, a strip-focus Fresnel lens concentrator and a bending-plate reflection concentrator are proposed and designed. The Monte Carlo Ray Tracing Method is employed for the optical analysis of the two concentrators, in which the solar radiation cone angle is considered. And the effects of the structure parameters for the performance of the two concentrators are analyzed. The theoretical results show that the distributions of the concentrated light on the focal plane of the two concentrators are both with high uniformity. The experimental study of the bending-plate reflection concentration PV system is earned out by using a two-axis solar tracker. The flux distribution of the concentrated light of the bending-plate concentrator is measured by a CCD method, and the Ⅰ-Ⅴ characteristics of the silicon solar cell monomer and module are tested. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical results. The efficiencies of the silicon solar cell monomer and module in the bending-plate reflection concentrating PV (CPV) system are both higher than the ones in the parabolic trough CPV system. The cost of the bending-plate concentrator is much lower and easy manufacture, which make the bending-plate concentrator suitable for low and medium CPV system.
引文
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