中国城镇劳动力市场户籍工资差异的实证研究
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摘要
随着我国户籍制度改革的不断推进以及劳动力统一市场的逐步建立,中国社会经历了新一轮的农村劳动力向城镇持续且大规模的转移。但是,于此同时,城镇劳动力市场上的户籍工资差异不但没有缩小,反而呈现扩大的趋势。现阶段导致户籍工资差异扩大的主要因素是人力资本还是市场歧视,抑或是前劳动力市场因素?基于以上的疑问,本文在实证研究城镇劳动力市场上户籍工资差异现状及构成的基础上,试图从个人资本禀赋、劳动力市场歧视、前劳动力市场因素和市场分割角度分析户籍工资差异的内在形成机理。
利用浙江省抽样调查数据,本文采用计量分析和模型推导等方法从微观层面上研究了不同的户籍群体在城镇劳动力市场中的表现差异及其影响因素,并进一步解释了这些差异在逻辑上是如何被户籍制度所决定的。首先,采用基于内生性的Oaxaca分解法和分位数分解法,在工资决定方程中引入心理资本等新变量的基础上,对户籍工资的条件均值差异和条件分布差异进行了分解。其次,分别从人力资本、社会资本和心理资本这三大资本禀赋角度以及前劳动力市场歧视因素角度实证考察了影响户籍工资差异的主要因素及其影响机制。最后,本文通过分析劳动力市场本身呈现的分割形态,进一步揭示了劳动力市场分割结构与户籍工资差异的内在联系。
研究发现,人力资本等个人禀赋差异始终是造成户籍工资差异的最主要原因,消除城镇劳动力市场上的歧视,并不能从根本上解决户籍工资差异问题。在人力资本中,教育人力资本差异是导致户籍工资差异的最重要因素。考虑到农民工的工作特征,健康人力资本的作用也不容忽视。心理资本对户籍工资差异的影响程度超过了社会资本。歧视对于户籍工资差异的影响主要体现在农村户籍人口在进入劳动力市场前所受歧视对其人力资本积累水平的影响上,而劳动力市场歧视本身对户籍工资差异的解释力已经很小。部门和行业分割对户籍工资差异产生了显著影响,而且公共部门-私人部门分割效应和垄断分割效应已经超过了所有制分割效应。同时,部门和行业内同工不同酬的现象已有所改观,但这种歧视现象更突出地体现在垄断行业中。
与国内现有文献相比,本文在以下几个方面有所改进：首先,本文在工资决定方程中引入了心理资本变量,将户籍工资差异的研究视角从非心理因素扩展到了心理因素方面。其次,从人力资本、社会资本、心理资本角度全面考察了个人资本禀赋对户籍工资均值差异和工资分布差异的影响及其作用机理。最后,采用改进的基于部门(行业)内生性选择的Appleton分解法研究了劳动力市场分割与户籍工资差异的内在联系。
Following the reform of the household registration system and the gradual establishment of a unified labor market in China, Chinese society has undergone the new round sustained and massive transfer of rural labor to urban areas. As rural-urban migration keeps increasing, the wage differentials between urban workers and migrant workers are expanding. Human capital, labor market discrimination, or the premarket factors, which is the main cause of widening the wage gap between urban workers and migrant workers? Based on the questions above, this thesis analyzes empirically the status and composition of wage differentials between urban workers and migrant workers in Chinese urban labor market, and also investigates the intrinsic formation mechanism in it from aspect of human capital endowments, market discrimination, premarket factors and labor market segmentation.
With sample survey data from Zhejiang Province, the thesis applies methods of econometrics and overlapping generation model to investigate empirically the outcome differentials between urban workers and migrant workers and the factors affecting it, as well as explore how the wage differentials determined by the Household Registration System logically. Firstly, based on taking psychological capital into wage function, the paper decomposes differences in average and across distributions of personal income by using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition with endogenous variables and quantile decomposition methods. Secondly, the main factors and effect mechanism of expanding wage differentials are analyzed from human capital, social capital and psychological capital aspect. Finally, we describe the various forms of labor market segmentation in urban labor market and discuss the relationship between segmentation and the wage differentials.
It is found that difference in individual endowment, especially human capital endowment, is the most important influence on wage differentials between urban workers and migrant workers. Even if the farmers no longer face discrimination in choosing to migrate to work in the urban labor market, the wage differentials between the two groups will not be eliminated. Education and health are the most important factors of human capital endowments which will improve migrant workers' wage. As well as, the contribution of psychological capital on wage differentials is greater than the role of social capital. Although, labor market discrimination accounts less for the wage differentials, the premarket factors, such as urban-based public human capital investment policies, have a major impact on wage differentials. The results also show that most part of the wage differentials is attributed to the sector and industry segmentation. Moreover, public-private sector segmentation and monopolistic segmentation are having a much greater impact on wage differentials between urban workers and migrant workers than ownership segmentation. At the other hand, the phenomenon of unequal pay for equal work becomes weaken in inter-sector and inter-industry, but becomes intensifying in monopolistic industries.
Comparing with the existing concerned literature, the improvements of this thesis have been illustrated as follow. Firstly, this paper takes psychological capital into account, and empirically investigates the impact of non-psychological and psychological factors on the wage differentials. Secondly, under the human capital, social capital and psychological capital perspective, this paper makes a comprehensive study on the contribution of personal endowments to average and across distributions of personal income differences. Finally, using of Appleton decomposition method, this article explores the relationship between the labor market segmentation and wage differentials.
利用浙江省抽样调查数据,本文采用计量分析和模型推导等方法从微观层面上研究了不同的户籍群体在城镇劳动力市场中的表现差异及其影响因素,并进一步解释了这些差异在逻辑上是如何被户籍制度所决定的。首先,采用基于内生性的Oaxaca分解法和分位数分解法,在工资决定方程中引入心理资本等新变量的基础上,对户籍工资的条件均值差异和条件分布差异进行了分解。其次,分别从人力资本、社会资本和心理资本这三大资本禀赋角度以及前劳动力市场歧视因素角度实证考察了影响户籍工资差异的主要因素及其影响机制。最后,本文通过分析劳动力市场本身呈现的分割形态,进一步揭示了劳动力市场分割结构与户籍工资差异的内在联系。
研究发现,人力资本等个人禀赋差异始终是造成户籍工资差异的最主要原因,消除城镇劳动力市场上的歧视,并不能从根本上解决户籍工资差异问题。在人力资本中,教育人力资本差异是导致户籍工资差异的最重要因素。考虑到农民工的工作特征,健康人力资本的作用也不容忽视。心理资本对户籍工资差异的影响程度超过了社会资本。歧视对于户籍工资差异的影响主要体现在农村户籍人口在进入劳动力市场前所受歧视对其人力资本积累水平的影响上,而劳动力市场歧视本身对户籍工资差异的解释力已经很小。部门和行业分割对户籍工资差异产生了显著影响,而且公共部门-私人部门分割效应和垄断分割效应已经超过了所有制分割效应。同时,部门和行业内同工不同酬的现象已有所改观,但这种歧视现象更突出地体现在垄断行业中。
与国内现有文献相比,本文在以下几个方面有所改进：首先,本文在工资决定方程中引入了心理资本变量,将户籍工资差异的研究视角从非心理因素扩展到了心理因素方面。其次,从人力资本、社会资本、心理资本角度全面考察了个人资本禀赋对户籍工资均值差异和工资分布差异的影响及其作用机理。最后,采用改进的基于部门(行业)内生性选择的Appleton分解法研究了劳动力市场分割与户籍工资差异的内在联系。
Following the reform of the household registration system and the gradual establishment of a unified labor market in China, Chinese society has undergone the new round sustained and massive transfer of rural labor to urban areas. As rural-urban migration keeps increasing, the wage differentials between urban workers and migrant workers are expanding. Human capital, labor market discrimination, or the premarket factors, which is the main cause of widening the wage gap between urban workers and migrant workers? Based on the questions above, this thesis analyzes empirically the status and composition of wage differentials between urban workers and migrant workers in Chinese urban labor market, and also investigates the intrinsic formation mechanism in it from aspect of human capital endowments, market discrimination, premarket factors and labor market segmentation.
With sample survey data from Zhejiang Province, the thesis applies methods of econometrics and overlapping generation model to investigate empirically the outcome differentials between urban workers and migrant workers and the factors affecting it, as well as explore how the wage differentials determined by the Household Registration System logically. Firstly, based on taking psychological capital into wage function, the paper decomposes differences in average and across distributions of personal income by using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition with endogenous variables and quantile decomposition methods. Secondly, the main factors and effect mechanism of expanding wage differentials are analyzed from human capital, social capital and psychological capital aspect. Finally, we describe the various forms of labor market segmentation in urban labor market and discuss the relationship between segmentation and the wage differentials.
It is found that difference in individual endowment, especially human capital endowment, is the most important influence on wage differentials between urban workers and migrant workers. Even if the farmers no longer face discrimination in choosing to migrate to work in the urban labor market, the wage differentials between the two groups will not be eliminated. Education and health are the most important factors of human capital endowments which will improve migrant workers' wage. As well as, the contribution of psychological capital on wage differentials is greater than the role of social capital. Although, labor market discrimination accounts less for the wage differentials, the premarket factors, such as urban-based public human capital investment policies, have a major impact on wage differentials. The results also show that most part of the wage differentials is attributed to the sector and industry segmentation. Moreover, public-private sector segmentation and monopolistic segmentation are having a much greater impact on wage differentials between urban workers and migrant workers than ownership segmentation. At the other hand, the phenomenon of unequal pay for equal work becomes weaken in inter-sector and inter-industry, but becomes intensifying in monopolistic industries.
Comparing with the existing concerned literature, the improvements of this thesis have been illustrated as follow. Firstly, this paper takes psychological capital into account, and empirically investigates the impact of non-psychological and psychological factors on the wage differentials. Secondly, under the human capital, social capital and psychological capital perspective, this paper makes a comprehensive study on the contribution of personal endowments to average and across distributions of personal income differences. Finally, using of Appleton decomposition method, this article explores the relationship between the labor market segmentation and wage differentials.
引文
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