杨凌城市污泥高效好氧堆肥研究
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摘要
好氧堆肥是实现城市污泥无害化、减量化和资源化的有效方法，处理后的污泥进行土地利用是很有前景的一种处置方式。目前，污泥堆肥处理存在很多问题，主要包括：调理剂添加过多、堆肥效率低、能耗较大、堆肥产品质量不稳定、污泥堆肥施用量确定不科学等。本文主要研究了污泥堆肥中有机质、植物养分和重金属的变化规律，探讨了污泥堆肥合理通风量和科学施用量，取得了以下研究成果：
1.以杨凌城市污泥为原料，以小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆为调理剂，设置4个处理，处理1调理剂为小麦秸秆糠（d＜5mm），处理2调理剂为小麦秸秆段（3cm＜d＜5cm），处理3调理剂为玉米秸秆糠（d＜5mm），处理4调理剂为玉米秸秆段（3cm＜d＜5cm），进行35d高温好氧堆肥。堆肥结束时，处理1～4有机质降解率分别达到31.30%、27.09%、54.87%和48.97%；DOC含量呈下降趋势；至堆肥结束时，处理1～4的DOC含量分别为9.48g·kg~(-1)、7.15g·kg~(-1)、9.10g·kg~(-1)和11.07g·kg~(-1)；4个处理的腐殖质含量呈先下降后升高，之后趋于稳定，胡敏酸和富哩酸比值（H/F）逐渐升高，至堆肥结束时，处理1～4H/F分别为1.54、2.21、1.56和1.90；粗纤维降解缓慢，较难腐殖化。污泥和玉米秸秆糠混合堆肥效果最佳。
2.将城市污泥和玉米秸秆按照（W/W，以干重计）0.5∶1、1∶1和2∶1的比例进行35d高温好氧堆肥，研究了堆肥过程中温度、有机碳（TOC）、C/N、总氮（TN）、速效磷、速效钾、腐殖酸（HAs）和种子发芽指数（GI）的变化规律。结果表明：3个处理堆体温度都能达到国家无害化标准；随着堆肥进行，有机碳和C/N逐渐下降，下降幅度与初始物料有机碳和C/N呈正相关；堆肥结束时，总氮和速效钾都有所增加；速效磷开始略有波动，最后呈增加趋势；腐殖酸（HAs）总量没有大幅增加；3个处理种子发芽指数都不断提高，至堆肥结束时均达到60%以上；堆肥产品的氮、磷、钾和腐殖酸含量随着污泥比例升高而增加。
3.采用BCR连续提取法研究了玉米秸秆添加比例对污泥堆肥中Cu和Zn形态的影响。结果表明：重金属不同形态分配比例的变化能够准确反映重金属形态之间的转化规律；堆肥处理重金属总量不会变化，只是不稳定形态之间相互转化，Cu和Zn被大幅“浓缩”，玉米秸秆比例越大，“浓缩效应”越明显；玉米秸秆比例增加有助于酸溶态Cu向可氧化态转化，污泥堆肥中Cu主要以可还原态和可氧化态存在；堆肥处理可使Zn生物有效性和迁移性增加，Zn主要以酸溶态和可还原态存在；玉米秸秆添加比例越小，堆肥产品中Cu和Zn浓度越高，但对种子发芽指数没有明显影响，Cu和Zn对种子发芽指数不起决定作用。
4.采用污泥和玉米秸秆进行了120d堆肥，分析了污泥堆肥中腐殖酸变化对Cu和Zn有效性的影响。结果表明：在堆肥初期，随着有机质降解，污泥结合的Cu和Zn被释放出来，水溶态Cu和Zn大幅增加；堆肥21d之后，水溶态Cu（主要是FA-Cu）和FA含量均逐渐降低；水溶态Zn（主要是Zn2+）一直呈增加趋势；Cu和HA的结合能力较强，堆肥处理对Cu的钝化效果很明显，至堆肥结束时，HA-Cu分配比例达到27.50%；Zn和HA的结合能力较弱，堆肥处理对其钝化效果有限，至堆肥结束时，HA-Zn分配比例达到3.33%；HA-Cu/HA-Zn从初始的1.29增加到2.73；适当延长堆肥时间有助于HA形成和钝化重金属。
5.采用红外光谱、紫外—可见光谱、荧光光谱分析了120d污泥好氧堆肥过程中胡敏酸（HA）光谱特征变化。结果表明：随着堆肥进行，污泥堆肥中HA芳构化程度和稳定度明显提高，多糖、脂肪类成分减少，氧元素含量增加；HA荧光强度大幅减弱，主峰位置没有明显变化；HA紫外光谱比较简单，不适合作为污泥堆肥腐熟度的判断指标。堆肥63d之后，HA光谱特征变化较小，与堆体温度和GI变化趋势一致，可以将其作为堆肥腐熟度的辅助判断指标。
6.根据不同学者的研究结果，讨论了通风控制对污泥好氧堆肥堆体温度变化的影响，分析了堆体温度变化曲线与合理通风量之间的关系。提出污泥好氧堆肥合理通风量及控制方式，指出在污泥好氧堆肥“起爆阶段”采用微量通风（0.01m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)），缓慢升温阶段通风量为0.02m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)，快速升温期通风量为0.04m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)，高温维持期通风量为0.17m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)，降温期通风量为0.04m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)。通风控制采用温度反馈—时间联合控制方式，通风间隔为20min。
7.根据重金属不同形态的环境风险引入毒性响应系数，确定污泥堆肥合理施用量。采用污染指数和地积累指数评价杨凌城市污泥堆肥受重金属污染的程度。初步确定杨凌城市污泥堆肥合理施用量为3.69t·hm-2·a~(-1)，该方法突出了重金属形态的重要性，弥补了以往对重金属只进行总量控制的不足。评价结果显示，Cd是限制该地区污泥堆肥施用量的最主要元素。
Aerobic composting is an effective method to harmless treat, reduce and reuse sewage sludge, and sewage sludge compost for land use is a promising means of disposal. However, there are many problems of composting technology at present, including adding excess amendment, low composting efficiency, high energy consumption, unstable quality of compost and unscientific application rate of sewage sludge compost. This paper studied variations of organic matters, plant nutrients, and heavy metals during sewage sludge composting process, and discussed rational aeration rate at different stages during composting and rational application rate of sewage sludge compost. The main conclusions and innovations were following.
1. Aerobic co-composting of sewage sludge mixed with wheat straw and maize straw, lasting35d, was carried out. Wheat straw bran (d<5mm), wheat straw chip (3cm 2. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the proportion of maize straw on the quality of sewage sludge compost. Sewage sludge mixed with maize straw at three different ratios (0.5:1,1:1,2:1,W/W, dry weight) was aerobically composted for35d. Temperature, organic carbon (TOC), C/N, nitrogen (TN), rapidly available P, rapidly available K, humic acids (HAs) and germination index (GI) were examined and analysed during composting process. The pile temperature of all treatments could reach the national harmless treatment standards. TOC and C/N decreased gradually, and the decreases were positively correlated to TOC and C/N of the initial materials. At the end of composting, TN and rapidly available K increased, HAs didn't increase significantly, GI of all treatments increased to more than60%. Rapidly available P fluctuated in the beginning, and then increased. The results showed that higher ratio of sewage sludge could produce better compost which had a higher lever of N, P, K, and HAs.
3. BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction method was used to investigate the effects of different ratios of maize straw to sewage sludge on speciation of Cu and Zn during composting process. The distribution ratios of different forms of Cu and Zn could reflect the transformation of heavy metals between the mobile fractions (acid-soluble fraction, reducible fraction, oxidizable fraction). The concentrations of Cu and Zn in the composted mixture increased, however, the absolute content of Cu and Zn remained stable after composting process. It was found that the heavy metals were only transformed between the mobile fractions, the distributions ratio of residual fractions remained stable. The concentration factors of Cu and Zn increased with the ratios of maize straw to sewage sludge. Higher proportion of maize straw might contribute to the transformation of acid-soluble fraction of Cu to oxidizable fraction. Cu was mainly found in reducible fraction and oxidizable fraction. The mobility and bioavailability of Zn increased during the composting process. Zn mainly existed in acid-soluble fraction and reducible fraction. The lower ratio of maize straw, the higher concentrations of Cu and Zn in the compost product, but Cu and Zn didn't play a decisive role on seed germination (GI).
4. The humification of organic matter has a significant effect on the physicochemical form of heavy metals during aerobic composting. In this study, influence of humic substances (HS) on bioavailability of Cu and Zn was characterized during120d co-composting of sewage sludge and maize straw. At the initial stage of composting, Cu and Zn in sewage sludge were released as organic matter was degraded, and water soluble Cu and Zn increased markedly. Water soluble Cu (primarily FA-Cu) and FA content decreased after21days whereas water soluble Zn (primarily Zn2+) increased during the whole process. Both HA-Cu and HA-Zn were significantly and positively correlated with HA and H/F, respectively. At the end of composting, the distribution coefficients of HA-Cu and HA-Zn reached27.50%and3.33%respectively with HA-Cu/HA-Zn ratio increased from1.29to2.73. The results suggest that Cu combined with HA more strongly than Zn, and composting treatment could decrease bioavailability of Cu markedly. Appropriate extension of composting time could contribute to the formation of HA and passivation of these heavy metals.
5. FTIR, fluorescence, UV spectra and E4/E6of humic acids (HA) in sewage sludge compost were determined during120days composting process. The results showed a reduction in polysaccharides and aliphatic components, and a relative increase in aromatic components and oxygen element. The fluorescence spectra of HA exhibited a sharp reduction during composting process, and the primary peak didn't shift significantly. The UV spectra of HA was simple, and it wasn't suited to evaluate compost maturity. After63days composting process, spectroscopic characteristics of HA had a same variation tendency with pile temperature and GI, and they could be used as auxiliary indicators to evaluate compost maturity.
6. Influence of air temperature on pile temperature variety during sewage sludge aerobic composting was discussed, and the relation of variety curve of pile temperature and aeration rate were analyzed. According to the research results published, rational aeration rate and control method of sewage sludge aerobic composting were put forward. The composting process could be divided into five stages:initiation stage, temperature slowly increasing stage, temperature fast increasing stage, high temperature stage and temperature decreasing stage. Aeration rate should be0.01m3·m-3·min-1,0.02m3·m3·min-1,0.04m3·m3·min-1,0.17m3·m-3·min-1and0.04m3·m-3·min-1at the five stages previously stated respectively. Time/temperature-based aeration control system was suitable, and ventilation interval was20mm.
7. According to toxic response factor of different forms heavy metals, rational application rate of sewage sludge compost was determined. Pollution index and geoaccumulation index were used to evaluate contamination degree of sewage sludge compost. This method stressed the importance of the forms of heavy metals and made up for the shortage of controlling the total amount of heavy metals in the past. Rational application rate of sewage sludge compost in Yangling was3.69t·hm-2·a-1. The results showed Cd was the most important element to restrict application of sewage sludge compost in the area.
1.以杨凌城市污泥为原料，以小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆为调理剂，设置4个处理，处理1调理剂为小麦秸秆糠（d＜5mm），处理2调理剂为小麦秸秆段（3cm＜d＜5cm），处理3调理剂为玉米秸秆糠（d＜5mm），处理4调理剂为玉米秸秆段（3cm＜d＜5cm），进行35d高温好氧堆肥。堆肥结束时，处理1～4有机质降解率分别达到31.30%、27.09%、54.87%和48.97%；DOC含量呈下降趋势；至堆肥结束时，处理1～4的DOC含量分别为9.48g·kg~(-1)、7.15g·kg~(-1)、9.10g·kg~(-1)和11.07g·kg~(-1)；4个处理的腐殖质含量呈先下降后升高，之后趋于稳定，胡敏酸和富哩酸比值（H/F）逐渐升高，至堆肥结束时，处理1～4H/F分别为1.54、2.21、1.56和1.90；粗纤维降解缓慢，较难腐殖化。污泥和玉米秸秆糠混合堆肥效果最佳。
2.将城市污泥和玉米秸秆按照（W/W，以干重计）0.5∶1、1∶1和2∶1的比例进行35d高温好氧堆肥，研究了堆肥过程中温度、有机碳（TOC）、C/N、总氮（TN）、速效磷、速效钾、腐殖酸（HAs）和种子发芽指数（GI）的变化规律。结果表明：3个处理堆体温度都能达到国家无害化标准；随着堆肥进行，有机碳和C/N逐渐下降，下降幅度与初始物料有机碳和C/N呈正相关；堆肥结束时，总氮和速效钾都有所增加；速效磷开始略有波动，最后呈增加趋势；腐殖酸（HAs）总量没有大幅增加；3个处理种子发芽指数都不断提高，至堆肥结束时均达到60%以上；堆肥产品的氮、磷、钾和腐殖酸含量随着污泥比例升高而增加。
3.采用BCR连续提取法研究了玉米秸秆添加比例对污泥堆肥中Cu和Zn形态的影响。结果表明：重金属不同形态分配比例的变化能够准确反映重金属形态之间的转化规律；堆肥处理重金属总量不会变化，只是不稳定形态之间相互转化，Cu和Zn被大幅“浓缩”，玉米秸秆比例越大，“浓缩效应”越明显；玉米秸秆比例增加有助于酸溶态Cu向可氧化态转化，污泥堆肥中Cu主要以可还原态和可氧化态存在；堆肥处理可使Zn生物有效性和迁移性增加，Zn主要以酸溶态和可还原态存在；玉米秸秆添加比例越小，堆肥产品中Cu和Zn浓度越高，但对种子发芽指数没有明显影响，Cu和Zn对种子发芽指数不起决定作用。
4.采用污泥和玉米秸秆进行了120d堆肥，分析了污泥堆肥中腐殖酸变化对Cu和Zn有效性的影响。结果表明：在堆肥初期，随着有机质降解，污泥结合的Cu和Zn被释放出来，水溶态Cu和Zn大幅增加；堆肥21d之后，水溶态Cu（主要是FA-Cu）和FA含量均逐渐降低；水溶态Zn（主要是Zn2+）一直呈增加趋势；Cu和HA的结合能力较强，堆肥处理对Cu的钝化效果很明显，至堆肥结束时，HA-Cu分配比例达到27.50%；Zn和HA的结合能力较弱，堆肥处理对其钝化效果有限，至堆肥结束时，HA-Zn分配比例达到3.33%；HA-Cu/HA-Zn从初始的1.29增加到2.73；适当延长堆肥时间有助于HA形成和钝化重金属。
5.采用红外光谱、紫外—可见光谱、荧光光谱分析了120d污泥好氧堆肥过程中胡敏酸（HA）光谱特征变化。结果表明：随着堆肥进行，污泥堆肥中HA芳构化程度和稳定度明显提高，多糖、脂肪类成分减少，氧元素含量增加；HA荧光强度大幅减弱，主峰位置没有明显变化；HA紫外光谱比较简单，不适合作为污泥堆肥腐熟度的判断指标。堆肥63d之后，HA光谱特征变化较小，与堆体温度和GI变化趋势一致，可以将其作为堆肥腐熟度的辅助判断指标。
6.根据不同学者的研究结果，讨论了通风控制对污泥好氧堆肥堆体温度变化的影响，分析了堆体温度变化曲线与合理通风量之间的关系。提出污泥好氧堆肥合理通风量及控制方式，指出在污泥好氧堆肥“起爆阶段”采用微量通风（0.01m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)），缓慢升温阶段通风量为0.02m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)，快速升温期通风量为0.04m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)，高温维持期通风量为0.17m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)，降温期通风量为0.04m_3·m~(-3)·min~(-1)。通风控制采用温度反馈—时间联合控制方式，通风间隔为20min。
7.根据重金属不同形态的环境风险引入毒性响应系数，确定污泥堆肥合理施用量。采用污染指数和地积累指数评价杨凌城市污泥堆肥受重金属污染的程度。初步确定杨凌城市污泥堆肥合理施用量为3.69t·hm-2·a~(-1)，该方法突出了重金属形态的重要性，弥补了以往对重金属只进行总量控制的不足。评价结果显示，Cd是限制该地区污泥堆肥施用量的最主要元素。
Aerobic composting is an effective method to harmless treat, reduce and reuse sewage sludge, and sewage sludge compost for land use is a promising means of disposal. However, there are many problems of composting technology at present, including adding excess amendment, low composting efficiency, high energy consumption, unstable quality of compost and unscientific application rate of sewage sludge compost. This paper studied variations of organic matters, plant nutrients, and heavy metals during sewage sludge composting process, and discussed rational aeration rate at different stages during composting and rational application rate of sewage sludge compost. The main conclusions and innovations were following.
1. Aerobic co-composting of sewage sludge mixed with wheat straw and maize straw, lasting35d, was carried out. Wheat straw bran (d<5mm), wheat straw chip (3cm
3. BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction method was used to investigate the effects of different ratios of maize straw to sewage sludge on speciation of Cu and Zn during composting process. The distribution ratios of different forms of Cu and Zn could reflect the transformation of heavy metals between the mobile fractions (acid-soluble fraction, reducible fraction, oxidizable fraction). The concentrations of Cu and Zn in the composted mixture increased, however, the absolute content of Cu and Zn remained stable after composting process. It was found that the heavy metals were only transformed between the mobile fractions, the distributions ratio of residual fractions remained stable. The concentration factors of Cu and Zn increased with the ratios of maize straw to sewage sludge. Higher proportion of maize straw might contribute to the transformation of acid-soluble fraction of Cu to oxidizable fraction. Cu was mainly found in reducible fraction and oxidizable fraction. The mobility and bioavailability of Zn increased during the composting process. Zn mainly existed in acid-soluble fraction and reducible fraction. The lower ratio of maize straw, the higher concentrations of Cu and Zn in the compost product, but Cu and Zn didn't play a decisive role on seed germination (GI).
4. The humification of organic matter has a significant effect on the physicochemical form of heavy metals during aerobic composting. In this study, influence of humic substances (HS) on bioavailability of Cu and Zn was characterized during120d co-composting of sewage sludge and maize straw. At the initial stage of composting, Cu and Zn in sewage sludge were released as organic matter was degraded, and water soluble Cu and Zn increased markedly. Water soluble Cu (primarily FA-Cu) and FA content decreased after21days whereas water soluble Zn (primarily Zn2+) increased during the whole process. Both HA-Cu and HA-Zn were significantly and positively correlated with HA and H/F, respectively. At the end of composting, the distribution coefficients of HA-Cu and HA-Zn reached27.50%and3.33%respectively with HA-Cu/HA-Zn ratio increased from1.29to2.73. The results suggest that Cu combined with HA more strongly than Zn, and composting treatment could decrease bioavailability of Cu markedly. Appropriate extension of composting time could contribute to the formation of HA and passivation of these heavy metals.
5. FTIR, fluorescence, UV spectra and E4/E6of humic acids (HA) in sewage sludge compost were determined during120days composting process. The results showed a reduction in polysaccharides and aliphatic components, and a relative increase in aromatic components and oxygen element. The fluorescence spectra of HA exhibited a sharp reduction during composting process, and the primary peak didn't shift significantly. The UV spectra of HA was simple, and it wasn't suited to evaluate compost maturity. After63days composting process, spectroscopic characteristics of HA had a same variation tendency with pile temperature and GI, and they could be used as auxiliary indicators to evaluate compost maturity.
6. Influence of air temperature on pile temperature variety during sewage sludge aerobic composting was discussed, and the relation of variety curve of pile temperature and aeration rate were analyzed. According to the research results published, rational aeration rate and control method of sewage sludge aerobic composting were put forward. The composting process could be divided into five stages:initiation stage, temperature slowly increasing stage, temperature fast increasing stage, high temperature stage and temperature decreasing stage. Aeration rate should be0.01m3·m-3·min-1,0.02m3·m3·min-1,0.04m3·m3·min-1,0.17m3·m-3·min-1and0.04m3·m-3·min-1at the five stages previously stated respectively. Time/temperature-based aeration control system was suitable, and ventilation interval was20mm.
7. According to toxic response factor of different forms heavy metals, rational application rate of sewage sludge compost was determined. Pollution index and geoaccumulation index were used to evaluate contamination degree of sewage sludge compost. This method stressed the importance of the forms of heavy metals and made up for the shortage of controlling the total amount of heavy metals in the past. Rational application rate of sewage sludge compost in Yangling was3.69t·hm-2·a-1. The results showed Cd was the most important element to restrict application of sewage sludge compost in the area.
引文
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