淮南煤矸石堆积地重金属元素环境生物地球化学研究
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摘要
随着煤炭的开采和利用,大量的煤矸石不断产生并被堆积在地表形成煤矸石山。煤矸石山不仅侵占大量的土地,其在淋溶、风化、自燃等过程中更会释放出一定量有毒有害物质,特别是重金属元素。重金属元素难于降解,其被释放后,可能会在堆积地周边环境介质中富集,并通过食物链或食物网在生态系统中传递,最终会对煤矸石堆积地周边人群造成潜在的环境风险。因此,研究煤矸石堆积地周边环境中重金属的分布、迁移、影响因素和风险对于矿区生态安全和风险管理具有重要意义。本研究选择淮南矿区三个典型的煤矸石堆积地,通过各环境介质中重金属元素含量分析、土壤理化性质分析和植被调查等方法,深入探讨重金属元素在煤矸石堆积地多种环境介质(矸石、土壤、水体、动植物(水稻、黄豆、蚯蚓和鱼))中含量和分布特征,重金属元素在多种介质中所产生的环境风险,矸石中重金属元素和堆积地植被分布的关系以及特征物种(蚯蚓)作为煤矸石堆积地重金属元素生物指示种或生物富集种的可能性。
通过研究,主要得出：
(1)环境介质中重金属元素平均含量均低于我国相应国家标准值：矸石和土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr和Cu平均含量均低于国家土壤环境质量标准一级水平；水稻、黄豆籽实和鱼肉中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Cu平均含量均低于食品限量卫生标准；水体中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Cu平均含量均在地表水环境质量标准二级范围内。此外,环境介质中重金属元素含量均随煤矸石堆积年限变化,但各环境介质中同一重金属元素随矸石堆积年限变化趋势不相同。
(2)不同环境介质中重金属元素分布差异性明显：煤矸石山不同部位重金属元素含量不同；表层土壤(0-20cm)重金属元素含量随距离变化较明显,且可分为两种类型：重金属元素含量随着距离增加而降低或随距离增加先增加再降低；不同重金属、相同重金属在不同区域的水稻和黄豆各个器官分布均有差异,水稻和黄豆中重金属含量和土壤中相应重金属含量相关性不显著,重金属元素在富集过程中存在元素之间的协同或拮抗效应,且Zn、Ni、Mn和Cu在水稻和黄豆中富集系数均和土壤中相应元素含量存在幂指数关系；鱼内脏是重金属元素的主要富集器官,鳃中重金属含量也相对较高,而鱼肉、鱼鳞、鱼骨、鱼鳍、鱼鳔等器官富集重金属的能力相对较弱,鱼吸收水体中重金属元素也同样存在元素之间的协同或拮抗效应。
(3)矸石堆积地植被分析表明：矸石中重金属元素可能不是植物定居的限制因子(以新庄孜矿为例),矸石中过高pH、盐分,及较低总磷和总钾可能是限制先锋植物定居的主要因素。而植被分析也表明：禾本科的狗牙根和菊科的野塘蒿是矸石堆积地植物群落中优势种,它们或许可被用于煤矸石山生态恢复。
(4)蚯蚓体内某些重金属可表征土壤中重金属：蚯蚓体内Zn和Cd含量可较准确反映土壤中Zn和Cd浓度,蚯蚓体内Ni、Cr、V含量可在距离上反映其与煤矸石山之间远近关系,蚯蚓只对土壤Zn和Cd产生富集效应(对Cd富集能力较大),蚯蚓可作为煤矸石山周边土壤Zn和Cd的指示生物。
(5)不同环境介质中重金属所产生的风险均不高(除Cr在水稻、黄豆、水体和鱼肉中所产生的致癌风险)：矸石山和土壤中总的重金属元素潜在生态风险均处于轻微水平,矸石中的风险随堆积年限增加而降低,而土壤中则升高；水稻和黄豆籽实、塌陷塘、鱼肉中化学致癌重金属健康个人风险主要来自Cr。化学致癌重金属产生的健康风险Cr>Cd,水稻籽实、塌陷塘和鱼肉中重金属产生的总的个人健康年风险均处于中等水平。黄豆籽实中重金属产生的总的个人健康年风险(除中年矿)均在可接受范围内。
The coal mine spoil is an evitable byproduct in the process of coal mining. It is estimated that discharge of coal mine spoil takes up10-25%amount of coal mining and that increasing speed is about10%in China. During the process of opencast and underground coal mining, lots of coal mine spoils are excavated and deposited nearby as coal waste piles. When pile exposed to atmospheric conditions and undergone accelerated weathering, some adverse effects may occur during its formation, such as arable land occupation, AMD effluent, spontaneous combustion, vegetation deterioration and so on. Toxic element released from the coal mine spoil during the process of leaching, weathering and spontaneous combustion would accumulate in lots of different environmental mediums surrounding the coal waste pile. The heavy metals would transfer through the food chain or food net. People resided in dumping sites of coal mine spoil may be posed potential health risk resulted from heavy metals accumulation. Therefore, it is necessary to depict out the distribution and transferring of heavy metals in different environmental mediums in this area to manage the ecological risk for the safety and health of the people. In this research, three coal waste piles were chosen to be investigated. Heavy metals concentrations in different mediums and chemical properties of soil and coal mine spoil were analyzed. Vegetation distributed at the bottom of coal waste pile was also investigated. Then the aims of this project were focused on:(1) the characteristics of heavy metals's distribution in different mediums (coal mine spoil, soil, water, rice, soybean, earthworm and fish);(2) potential health risks posed by the heavy metals in different mediums;(3) the distribution and limiting factors of vegetation developed on coal waste pile and (4) the possibility of earthworm resided in dumping sites of coal mine spoil to be taken as bionidicator or bioconcentration of heavy metals in soil.
Through research, main results were summed as follows:
(1) Mean concentrations of heavy metals in different mediums were lower than the corresponding limit values proposed by China National standards. Mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr and Cu in coal mine spoil and soil were under level one of National Soil Environmental Quality. Mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu in the grains of rice and soybean and the muscle of fish were lower than Tolerance limit of heavy metals in foods. Mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu were also within level two of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water. Besides, concentrations of heavy metals in different mediums varied with the deposition time. The variation of heavy metals was not identical in different mediums.
(2) Heavy metals distributed differently in different mediums. Concentrations of heavy metals in coal mine spoil varied with the height. Concentrations of heavy metals in surface soil (0-20cm) varied with the distance, which could be sorted into two types: concentrations of heavy metals decreased with the distance, and concentrations of heavy metals increased first and then decreased with increasing distance. Heavy metals also distributed differently in rice and soybean. Concentrations of heavy metals in rice and soybean didn't significantly correlate with heavy metals contents in soil. When absorbed by rice and plant, heavy metals also promoted or inhibited with each other. The relationship for bioconcentration factors of Zn, Ni, Mn and Cu in rice and soybean to that concentration in soil could be described by Power exponent equation. The viscera and gill of fish were the dominant organs for heavy metals accumulation, while flesh, scale bone, fin and swim bladder were less accumulated by heavy metals. Heavy metals was also promoted or inhibited mutually in fish.
(3) Vegetation analysis showed that heavy metals concentrations in coal mine spoil were in normal range, which did not affect the resident of pioneer plant (take Xinzhuangzi coal mine as an example). Elevated levels of salinity and pH, low levels of total P and total K might be the inhibiting factors for restraining the residence of plants on coal waste pile. It was also founded that Synodon dactylon and Erigeron bonariensis.L were the dominant plants in local stable plant communities and could be used for restoration of coal waste pile in the near future.
(4) Some relations were found between the heavy metals concentrations in earthworm and soil. Concentrations of Zn and Cd in earthworm could accurately indicate the concentrations of Zn and Cd in soils, while the concentrations of Ni, Cr and V could signify the distance between the earthworm sampling site and the coal waste pile. As the bioconcentration factors for Zn and Cd in earthworms were above1, it suggested that earthworm could accumulate Zn and Cd in soil. Therefore, earthworm could be used as a biological indicator for Cd and Zn in the soil in dumping sites of coal mine spoil.
(5) Environmental risks posed by heavy metals in different environmental mediums were at low levels (except the risks of carcinogenic chemical caused by Cr in rice, soybean, water and fish). The potential ecological risks posed by heavy metals in coal mine spoil and soil were at light levels. That risk decreased in coal mine spoil and increased in soil when varied with deposition time. The health risks of carcinogenic chemical in rice, soybean, water and fish were mainly posed by Cr. Cr posed much higher risk than Cd as well. The total person health risks per year in rice, water and fish were at moderate levels and the total risk in soybean was at acceptable level (except in middle aged coal mine).
通过研究,主要得出：
(1)环境介质中重金属元素平均含量均低于我国相应国家标准值：矸石和土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr和Cu平均含量均低于国家土壤环境质量标准一级水平；水稻、黄豆籽实和鱼肉中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Cu平均含量均低于食品限量卫生标准；水体中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Cu平均含量均在地表水环境质量标准二级范围内。此外,环境介质中重金属元素含量均随煤矸石堆积年限变化,但各环境介质中同一重金属元素随矸石堆积年限变化趋势不相同。
(2)不同环境介质中重金属元素分布差异性明显：煤矸石山不同部位重金属元素含量不同；表层土壤(0-20cm)重金属元素含量随距离变化较明显,且可分为两种类型：重金属元素含量随着距离增加而降低或随距离增加先增加再降低；不同重金属、相同重金属在不同区域的水稻和黄豆各个器官分布均有差异,水稻和黄豆中重金属含量和土壤中相应重金属含量相关性不显著,重金属元素在富集过程中存在元素之间的协同或拮抗效应,且Zn、Ni、Mn和Cu在水稻和黄豆中富集系数均和土壤中相应元素含量存在幂指数关系；鱼内脏是重金属元素的主要富集器官,鳃中重金属含量也相对较高,而鱼肉、鱼鳞、鱼骨、鱼鳍、鱼鳔等器官富集重金属的能力相对较弱,鱼吸收水体中重金属元素也同样存在元素之间的协同或拮抗效应。
(3)矸石堆积地植被分析表明：矸石中重金属元素可能不是植物定居的限制因子(以新庄孜矿为例),矸石中过高pH、盐分,及较低总磷和总钾可能是限制先锋植物定居的主要因素。而植被分析也表明：禾本科的狗牙根和菊科的野塘蒿是矸石堆积地植物群落中优势种,它们或许可被用于煤矸石山生态恢复。
(4)蚯蚓体内某些重金属可表征土壤中重金属：蚯蚓体内Zn和Cd含量可较准确反映土壤中Zn和Cd浓度,蚯蚓体内Ni、Cr、V含量可在距离上反映其与煤矸石山之间远近关系,蚯蚓只对土壤Zn和Cd产生富集效应(对Cd富集能力较大),蚯蚓可作为煤矸石山周边土壤Zn和Cd的指示生物。
(5)不同环境介质中重金属所产生的风险均不高(除Cr在水稻、黄豆、水体和鱼肉中所产生的致癌风险)：矸石山和土壤中总的重金属元素潜在生态风险均处于轻微水平,矸石中的风险随堆积年限增加而降低,而土壤中则升高；水稻和黄豆籽实、塌陷塘、鱼肉中化学致癌重金属健康个人风险主要来自Cr。化学致癌重金属产生的健康风险Cr>Cd,水稻籽实、塌陷塘和鱼肉中重金属产生的总的个人健康年风险均处于中等水平。黄豆籽实中重金属产生的总的个人健康年风险(除中年矿)均在可接受范围内。
The coal mine spoil is an evitable byproduct in the process of coal mining. It is estimated that discharge of coal mine spoil takes up10-25%amount of coal mining and that increasing speed is about10%in China. During the process of opencast and underground coal mining, lots of coal mine spoils are excavated and deposited nearby as coal waste piles. When pile exposed to atmospheric conditions and undergone accelerated weathering, some adverse effects may occur during its formation, such as arable land occupation, AMD effluent, spontaneous combustion, vegetation deterioration and so on. Toxic element released from the coal mine spoil during the process of leaching, weathering and spontaneous combustion would accumulate in lots of different environmental mediums surrounding the coal waste pile. The heavy metals would transfer through the food chain or food net. People resided in dumping sites of coal mine spoil may be posed potential health risk resulted from heavy metals accumulation. Therefore, it is necessary to depict out the distribution and transferring of heavy metals in different environmental mediums in this area to manage the ecological risk for the safety and health of the people. In this research, three coal waste piles were chosen to be investigated. Heavy metals concentrations in different mediums and chemical properties of soil and coal mine spoil were analyzed. Vegetation distributed at the bottom of coal waste pile was also investigated. Then the aims of this project were focused on:(1) the characteristics of heavy metals's distribution in different mediums (coal mine spoil, soil, water, rice, soybean, earthworm and fish);(2) potential health risks posed by the heavy metals in different mediums;(3) the distribution and limiting factors of vegetation developed on coal waste pile and (4) the possibility of earthworm resided in dumping sites of coal mine spoil to be taken as bionidicator or bioconcentration of heavy metals in soil.
Through research, main results were summed as follows:
(1) Mean concentrations of heavy metals in different mediums were lower than the corresponding limit values proposed by China National standards. Mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr and Cu in coal mine spoil and soil were under level one of National Soil Environmental Quality. Mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu in the grains of rice and soybean and the muscle of fish were lower than Tolerance limit of heavy metals in foods. Mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu were also within level two of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water. Besides, concentrations of heavy metals in different mediums varied with the deposition time. The variation of heavy metals was not identical in different mediums.
(2) Heavy metals distributed differently in different mediums. Concentrations of heavy metals in coal mine spoil varied with the height. Concentrations of heavy metals in surface soil (0-20cm) varied with the distance, which could be sorted into two types: concentrations of heavy metals decreased with the distance, and concentrations of heavy metals increased first and then decreased with increasing distance. Heavy metals also distributed differently in rice and soybean. Concentrations of heavy metals in rice and soybean didn't significantly correlate with heavy metals contents in soil. When absorbed by rice and plant, heavy metals also promoted or inhibited with each other. The relationship for bioconcentration factors of Zn, Ni, Mn and Cu in rice and soybean to that concentration in soil could be described by Power exponent equation. The viscera and gill of fish were the dominant organs for heavy metals accumulation, while flesh, scale bone, fin and swim bladder were less accumulated by heavy metals. Heavy metals was also promoted or inhibited mutually in fish.
(3) Vegetation analysis showed that heavy metals concentrations in coal mine spoil were in normal range, which did not affect the resident of pioneer plant (take Xinzhuangzi coal mine as an example). Elevated levels of salinity and pH, low levels of total P and total K might be the inhibiting factors for restraining the residence of plants on coal waste pile. It was also founded that Synodon dactylon and Erigeron bonariensis.L were the dominant plants in local stable plant communities and could be used for restoration of coal waste pile in the near future.
(4) Some relations were found between the heavy metals concentrations in earthworm and soil. Concentrations of Zn and Cd in earthworm could accurately indicate the concentrations of Zn and Cd in soils, while the concentrations of Ni, Cr and V could signify the distance between the earthworm sampling site and the coal waste pile. As the bioconcentration factors for Zn and Cd in earthworms were above1, it suggested that earthworm could accumulate Zn and Cd in soil. Therefore, earthworm could be used as a biological indicator for Cd and Zn in the soil in dumping sites of coal mine spoil.
(5) Environmental risks posed by heavy metals in different environmental mediums were at low levels (except the risks of carcinogenic chemical caused by Cr in rice, soybean, water and fish). The potential ecological risks posed by heavy metals in coal mine spoil and soil were at light levels. That risk decreased in coal mine spoil and increased in soil when varied with deposition time. The health risks of carcinogenic chemical in rice, soybean, water and fish were mainly posed by Cr. Cr posed much higher risk than Cd as well. The total person health risks per year in rice, water and fish were at moderate levels and the total risk in soybean was at acceptable level (except in middle aged coal mine).
引文
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