半人工湿地净化城市污水效应及其机理研究
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摘要
人工湿地处理污水是近30年来发展起来并为全世界各个国家普遍接受的污水处理技术，具有高效、低耗、低成本、易管理、可持续的特点。我国在人工湿地处理污水的效率和机理方面的研究发展迅速，但在利用天然湿地处理污水的研究较少。本论文以长春市北部城区某工厂厂区污水处理系统中的半人工湿地为研究样地，通过定位监测所获得的数据为依据，定量分析了人工改造的天然湿地对厂区生活和生产废水的处理效率；初步探讨了半人工湿地的污水净化机理。以此为依据，提出了半人工湿地功能潜力和环境阈值的确定方法；提出了半人工湿地处理功能增强的基本改进方法和途径。
研究结果表明，半人工湿地对于CODcr、BOD5、SS、NH4－N等主要污染物的处理效率分别为29.3－44.4％，83－86％，33.3－47.4％，18.5－21.9％，低于人工湿地的处理效率，对于石油类和六价铬处理效果不明显。其净化机制主要表现在植物物理阻留、生理吸收和微生物作用等方面。致密的基质结构和短暂的水力滞留时间是造成处理效率偏低的主要原因。研究认为，经过人工改造和污水输入以后，天然湿地的生态结构和功能发生变化。香蒲群落在空间上的扩展，主要是水和土壤中污染物和营养逐渐积累的结果，湿地面积的减少是污染物去除效率下降的重要原因。东北地区采用天然湿地处理污水具有较强的可行性，但需要对其结构进行改进。
本文对东北地区发展人工湿地污水处理系统提供科学依据和实例。
Wastewater treatment by constructed wetland has been developed in recent three decades and widely accepted by all nations for its properties of high efficiency、 low cost、sustainable development and easy to manage. Researches on the efficiencies and mechanism of constructed wetland have got rapid development in our country, while few ones focus on the use of natural wetland for wastewater treatment. In this paper, taking the half-constructed wetland in the wastewater treatment system of a factory in north district of Changchun city as sample site, depending on the observation date of the fixed site, we got the quantitative analysis on the treatment efficiency of the natural wetland with man-made reconstruction which is used for purifying the wastewater from the factory. Based on the analysis, the determinate way on the function potential 、environment threshold value and the basic improvement methods and approaches were put forward.
As it has been showed by the research, the treatment efficiency of the half-constructed wetland on COD、BOD、SS、NH etc as follows:29.3－44.4%，83－86%，33.3－47.4%，18.5－21.9% ,was lower than that of some constructed wetland, at the same time, the treatment effect on oil and six-valence chromium was not obvious. The purification mechanism mainly lies in the physical baffle、 physiological absorption and microorganism action etc. The compact matrix structure and short hydrologic residence time result in the low treatment efficiency. The research shows that after man-made reconstruction and the input of wastewater, changes occur in the
ecological structure and function of the natural wetland. The spatial spread of cattail community primarily was the result of the gradual accumulation of contaminations and nutrients in water and soil, and the important reason why the removal efficiency of contaminations declines can be found in the decrease of wetland area. There is high feasibility to use natural wetland for wastewater treatment，however, the structure of natural wetland needs to be further improved.
研究结果表明，半人工湿地对于CODcr、BOD5、SS、NH4－N等主要污染物的处理效率分别为29.3－44.4％，83－86％，33.3－47.4％，18.5－21.9％，低于人工湿地的处理效率，对于石油类和六价铬处理效果不明显。其净化机制主要表现在植物物理阻留、生理吸收和微生物作用等方面。致密的基质结构和短暂的水力滞留时间是造成处理效率偏低的主要原因。研究认为，经过人工改造和污水输入以后，天然湿地的生态结构和功能发生变化。香蒲群落在空间上的扩展，主要是水和土壤中污染物和营养逐渐积累的结果，湿地面积的减少是污染物去除效率下降的重要原因。东北地区采用天然湿地处理污水具有较强的可行性，但需要对其结构进行改进。
本文对东北地区发展人工湿地污水处理系统提供科学依据和实例。
Wastewater treatment by constructed wetland has been developed in recent three decades and widely accepted by all nations for its properties of high efficiency、 low cost、sustainable development and easy to manage. Researches on the efficiencies and mechanism of constructed wetland have got rapid development in our country, while few ones focus on the use of natural wetland for wastewater treatment. In this paper, taking the half-constructed wetland in the wastewater treatment system of a factory in north district of Changchun city as sample site, depending on the observation date of the fixed site, we got the quantitative analysis on the treatment efficiency of the natural wetland with man-made reconstruction which is used for purifying the wastewater from the factory. Based on the analysis, the determinate way on the function potential 、environment threshold value and the basic improvement methods and approaches were put forward.
As it has been showed by the research, the treatment efficiency of the half-constructed wetland on COD、BOD、SS、NH etc as follows:29.3－44.4%，83－86%，33.3－47.4%，18.5－21.9% ,was lower than that of some constructed wetland, at the same time, the treatment effect on oil and six-valence chromium was not obvious. The purification mechanism mainly lies in the physical baffle、 physiological absorption and microorganism action etc. The compact matrix structure and short hydrologic residence time result in the low treatment efficiency. The research shows that after man-made reconstruction and the input of wastewater, changes occur in the
ecological structure and function of the natural wetland. The spatial spread of cattail community primarily was the result of the gradual accumulation of contaminations and nutrients in water and soil, and the important reason why the removal efficiency of contaminations declines can be found in the decrease of wetland area. There is high feasibility to use natural wetland for wastewater treatment，however, the structure of natural wetland needs to be further improved.
引文
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lakes.Ecological Modelling Vol.133，161–180 (2000).
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[39]成水平,夏宜铮.香蒲、灯心草人工湿地的研究——Ⅱ.净化污水的空间.湖泊科学.1998,3 Vol.10 No.1
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[2]杜中典,崔理华,肖乡,朱夕珍.污水人工湿地系统中有机物积累规律与堵塞机制的研究进展. 农业环境保护. 2002年 Vol.21 No.5
[3]杨永兴.国际湿地科学研究进展和中国湿地科学研究优先领域与展望.地球科学进展.2002 Vol.17 No.4
[4] M.F.Coveney，D.L.Stites. Nutrient removal from eutrophic lake water by wetland filtration. Ecological Engineering 19,2002
[5]Kivaisi,A.K.The potential for constructed wetlands for waste water treatment and reuse in developing countries:a review[J].Ecological Engineering,2001,16:545-560
[6]夏汉平.人工湿地处理污水的机理与效率.生态学杂志.21（4），51－59，2002
[7]吴晓磊.污染物质在人工湿地中的流向.中国给水排水.1994 Vol.10 No.1
[8]Drizo A .Frost CA,Grace J. Physico-chemical screening of hosphate-removing substrates for use in constructed wetland systems.Wat Res.33(7):3595-3602.1999
[9]籍国东,孙铁珩,李顺.人工湿地及其在工业废水处理中的应用 .应用生态学报. 2002.2 Vol.13 No.2
[10]Rao Y. Surampalli，Shankha K.Banerji and Charles J.Pycha . Phosphorus removal in ponds.Water Science and Technology Volume 31，Issue 12，1995
[11]House CH.1999.Combining constructed wetlands and aquatic and soil filter for reclamation and reuse of water.Ecol Eng,12:27-38
[12]Ays?e(Bayar) Muhammetoglu，Selc? uk Soyupak，A three-dimensional water quality-macrophyte interaction model for shallow
lakes.Ecological Modelling Vol.133，161–180 (2000).
[13]Brix H. 1994. Use of constructed wetland in water pollution control :Historical development, present status, and future perspectives. Wat Sci Tech, 30(8):209-223
[14]Hana kova a,Hans Brix b,Ji Kopecky c,Jaroslava Lukavská a Organic acids in the sediments of wetlands dominated by Phragmites australis: evidence of phytotoxicconcentrations Aquatic Botany 64 (1999) 303–315
[15]Drizo A,Frost.ＣＡ,Grace Ｊ. Physicochemical screening of phosphate removing substrates for use in constructed wetland systems. Water Resources，Vol.33 No.7:3595～3602.1999.
[16]James J.Sartoris, Joan S Thullen ,Larry B. Barber ,David E.Salas, Investigation of nitrogen transfmations in a southern California constructed wastewater treatment wetland, Ecological Engineering 14 (2000)49-65
[17]Jay S.White,Suzanne E.Bayley,P.Jeff Curtis. Sediment storage of phosphorus in a northern prairie wetland receiving municipal and agro-industrial wastewater .Ecological Engineering 14 (2000)
[18]M.F.Soto-Jimenez. Nutrient cycling at the sediment—water interface and in sediments at Chiricahueto marsh:a subtropical ecosystem associated with agricultural land uses. Water Research 37. 2003
[19]J.Marsalek and P.M. Marsalek,Characteristics of sediments from a stormwater management pond. Water Science and Technology Volume 36, Issues 8-9, 1997
[20]Hiley P D.The reality of sewage treatment using wetland. IC WS, 94 Proc.68-83.1994
[21]何亚丽,朱伟萍.利用人工湿地处理小区污水的技术研究. 许昌学院学报.2003.3 Vol.22 No.2
[22]崔保山,杨志峰.湿地生态系统模型研究进展.地球科学进展.2001.6 Vol.16 No.3
[23]彭超英,朱国洪,尹国,余以刚,曾姗姗.人工湿地处理污水的研究.重庆环境科学.2000.12 Vol.22 No.6
[24]吴献花,侯长定,王林,李荫玺.人工湿地处理污水的机理.玉溪师范学院学报.2002 Vol.18 No.1
[25]王宜明.人工湿地净化机理和影响因素探讨.昆明冶金高等专科学校学报.2003.6 Vol.16 No.2
[26]王庆安,任勇,钱骏,黄时达,孙铁珩.人工湿地塘床系统净化地表水的试验研究.四川环境. 2000 Vol.19 No.1
[27]李德科等.芦苇床系统净化污水的机理.中国环境科学.1995,15（2）：140-144
[28]辛晓云,马秀东.氧化塘水生植物净化污水的研究.山西大学学报（自然科学版）26（1）：85-87，2003
[29]曹向东,王宝贞,蓝云兰,刘鸿亮.强化塘-人工湿地复合生态塘系统中氮和磷的去除规律.环境科学研究. Vol.13 No.2
[30]迟延智,陈风伦.人工湿地处理污水的实践.中国给水排水.. 2003 Vol.19
[31]胡国光,曹向东,穆瑞林,深圳市沙田人工湿地污水厂简介，给水排水，2003年08期
[32]梁继东等，人工湿地污水处理系统研究及性能改进分析，生态学杂志，第22卷，第2期
[33]滕文民,高寒地区污水氧化塘的设计.中国给水排水. 1999 Vol.15
[34]Ynthia Mitchell and Dennis McNevin,Alternative anlysis of BOD removal in subsurfaceflow constructed wetlands employing monod kinetics. Wat. Res. Vol. 35，No.5，1295～1303，2001
[35]Sloey.W.E., F.L.Spangler and C.W.Fetter, Jr. 1978. Freshwater wetlands for Nutrient Assimilation, in: R.E.Good, D.F.Whigham, and R.L.Simpson, eds. Freshwater Wetlands. New York: Academic Press
[36]Wile,et al.,Design and use of artifical wetlands,in Godfrey, et al.,1985.
[37]Craig S. Campbell and Michael Ogden. Constructed wetlands in the sustainable landscape. 1999.John Wiley & Sons, Inc）
[38]Reed, Sherwood E. et al.1993. Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment – A Technology Assessment. U.S.EPA, EPA832-R-93-008.
[39]成水平,夏宜铮.香蒲、灯心草人工湿地的研究——Ⅱ.净化污水的空间.湖泊科学.1998,3 Vol.10 No.1
[40]成水平,夏宜铮.香蒲、灯心草人工湿地的研究——Ⅲ.净化污水的机理.湖泊科学.1998,6 Vol.10 No.2
[41]沈耀良,王宝贞.人工湿地系统的除污机理.江苏环境科技 . 1997,3
[42]何亚丽,朱伟萍.利用人工湿地处理小区污水的技术研究.许昌学院学报. 2003,3 Vol.22 No.2
[43]崔玉波,尹军,韩相奎.间歇式潜流人工湿地中COD、ＮＨ4-Ｎ动态变化特征.环境工程. 2003,6 Vol.21 No.3
[44]孟宪奇.北方寒冷地区氧化塘运行规律与科学管理.黑龙江环境通报.2002,3 Vol.26 No.1
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