多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺运行性能研究
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摘要
随着我国社会的不断发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，水体的氮元素污染问题日益严重。传统的生物脱氮工艺具有污泥产量大，运行费用高，占地面积大，基建费用高等缺点。研究人员积极开展新型脱氮工艺的研发和对传统生物脱氮工艺的改进，其中多段进水A/O生物脱氮工艺具有TN去除效率高、污泥产量少、基建费用低、运行费用省等优点，受到了研究人员的广泛关注。
本研究通过建立一种同时对多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的进水流量和反应单元容积进行优化分配的方法，提升了该工艺的运行性能。针对多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺开展了理论分析、试验研究和基于生化反应动力学的数值模拟，基于理论分析及试验研究结果，并根据对运营中的高速公路服务区排放污水水质水量的调查，对处理高速公路服务区污水的多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的运行策略进行了优化。主要得出以下结论：
（1）基于COD与NO_3~-—N按一固定比例进入多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺各段缺氧池的原则对工艺的流量进行分配，可以使该工艺在理论上达到最大的TN去除效率。通过对等流量分配模式和优化模式下工艺出水水质的分析计算，说明按照优化模式对多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的进水流量进行分配可以提高该工艺的TN去除效率。多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的流量分配系数与工艺分段数、进水COD与总凯氏氮（TKN）的比值（C/N比）和缺氧池进水中COD与NO_3~-—N的比值（α，mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N）有关；
（2）多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的最大TN去除效率与进水C/N比（m），回流比（R）和α有关。当进水C/N比较高，即m≥α时，该工艺的最大TN去除效率随着R的增大而增大。当进水C/N比较低，即m＜α时，此时存在一临界回流比R_m，当R＜R_m时，该工艺的最大TN去除效率随R的增大而增大；当R≥R_m时，该工艺的最大TN去除效率为一定值，与R无关；
（3）在多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的进水流量分配和反应单元的容积设计中存在最优α值。基于ASM1模型的数值模拟结果，多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的进水流量和各反应单元容积的设计中可选择α等于7mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N。试验结果表明选择α等于7mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N对工艺的进水流量和各处理单元的容积进行分配是合适的；
（4）等流量分配模式下，回流比对三段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的TN去除效率有一定的影响。当回流比小于3/4时，该工艺的TN去除效率随着回流比的增大而增大；当回流比为1时，该工艺的TN去除效率略低于回流比为3/4时的TN去除效率；
（5）当进水COD和NH+4N浓度分别为1000mg/L和100mg/L时，水力停留时间为36h，回流比为1/3时，等流量分配模式和优化模式下三段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的TN去除效率分别为80.3%和88.8%。本研究中建立的同时对工艺的进水流量和各反应单元容积进行优化分配的方法可以提高多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的TN去除效率；
（6）本研究中建立的基于ASM模型构架的多基质多种类微生物的零级反应一维生物膜动力学模型适用于三段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的稳态运行结果的模拟，该模型可以较好地模拟各单元出水水质。将模型应用于反应器运行参数变化时的动态模拟，可以预知水质及生物量的变化过程，有助于理解反应器中发生的生化现象，对指导实验过程有很大的实际意义；
（7）高速公路服务区污水属高浓度COD高浓度氨氮生活污水。在设计高速公路服务区污水处理设施时，污水量时变化系数不宜按照《室外排水设计规范》（GB50014-2006）或者按照常规小流量生活污水的时变化系数取值。较均匀的入区车流量随时间的分布，削弱了高速公路服务区排放污水的小时变化强度。
With the rapid development of society and the constant improvement of the standard ofliving in China, nitrogen contamination of water bodies becomes more and more serious.Conventional biological nitrogen removal processes have disadvantages such as a largeamount of excess sludge, high operating cost, large footprint and big investment. Researchersengage in the development of new biological nitrogen removal processes and theimprovement of conventional biological nitrogen removal processes actively. With theadvantages of high total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency, less excess sludge, less investmentand lower operating cost, step feeding Anoxic/Oxic (A/O) biological nitrogen removalprocess has attracted a great deal of interest.
An optimized method which can distribute the influent and the volume of each treatmentunit of step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process simultaneously was proposed inthis study for improving the performance of the process. Theoretical analysis, experimentalstudy and numerical simulation based on the biochemical reaction kinetics of the process werealso performed. According to the survey data of the quality and quantity of the wastewaterdischarged from an operating expressway service area and the theoretical analysis and theexperimental results of the step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process, the optimizedoperation strategy of the step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process dealing with theexpressway service area wastewater was proposed. The following conclusions were drawn:
(1) The influent of the step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process wasdistributed by the principle of COD andNO_3~-—Nfed into the anoxic units of the processwith a fixed ratio which could make the process achieve the maximum TN removal efficiencyin theory. By comparison the effluent quality of the process under the optimization mode withthat of under the equal flow rate distribution mode, it was indicated that, the influentdistributed with the optimized method could improve the TN removal efficiency of theprocess. Flow rate distribution coefficient of the process was in relation to steps of the process,influent COD-to-TKN ratio (C/N ratio) and COD-to-NO_3~-—Nratio (α，mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N)of the influent of the anoxic unit;
(2) The maximum TN removal efficiency of the step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogenremoval process was in relation to influent C/N ratio, return ratio (R) and α. When the influentC/N ratio was relatively high, namely m≥α, the TN removal efficiency was increased with increasing of R; When the influent C/N ratio was relatively low, namely m＜α, there was acritical return ratio R_m, when R＜R_m, the TN removal efficiency of the process was increasedwith increasing of R, and when R≥R_m, the TN removal efficiency of the process was a fixedvalue and had nothing to do with R;
(3) There was an optimum value of α in the flow rate distribution and the volume designof each treatment unit of the step feeding A/O biological nitrogen removal process. Bynumerical simulation based on the activated sludge model NO.1(ASM1), α could equal to7mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N. By experimental verification, it was proved that the value of α equaledto7mgCOD/mg was appropriate;
(4) Under the equal flow rate distribution mode, R had certain effects on the TN removalefficiency of the three-step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process. When R was lowerthan3/4, the TN removal efficiency of the process was increased with increasing of R, andwhen R equaled to1, the TN removal efficiency of the process was just a little lower than thatof when R was3/4;
(5) When the COD andNH+4Nconcentration of the influent were1000mg/L and100mg/L respectively, hydraulic retention time was36h, and return ratio was1/3, the TNremoval efficiency of the three-step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process under theequal flow rate distribution mode and the optimization mode were80.3%and88.8%respectively. The method proposed in this study, which optimized the flow rate distributionand the volume distribution of each treatment unit of the process simultaneously, can improvethe TN removal efficiency of the process;
(6) The multi-substrate and multi-species zero-order1-D biofilm kinetic modelconstructed in this study was applicable to simulate the steady operation result of thethree-step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process, and the model can properly simulatethe effluent quality of each treatment unit of the process. When the operation parameter of theprocess was varied, the model can simulate the dynamic variation of the water quality and thebiomass in the reactor which was help for understanding the biochemical phenomenon in thereactor and had practical meaning for guiding the experiment;
(7) Wastewater discharged from the expressway service area was domestic wastewaterwith high-strength COD andNH+4N, and in design of expressway service area wastewatertreatment facilities, the value of the hourly variation factor should not be decided by Code forDesign of Outdoor Wastewater Engineering(GB50014-2006) or that of conventional smallflow rate domestic wastewater. More uniform distribution of the traffic volume into the service area weakened the hourly variation intensity of the wastewater flow rate.
本研究通过建立一种同时对多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的进水流量和反应单元容积进行优化分配的方法，提升了该工艺的运行性能。针对多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺开展了理论分析、试验研究和基于生化反应动力学的数值模拟，基于理论分析及试验研究结果，并根据对运营中的高速公路服务区排放污水水质水量的调查，对处理高速公路服务区污水的多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的运行策略进行了优化。主要得出以下结论：
（1）基于COD与NO_3~-—N按一固定比例进入多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺各段缺氧池的原则对工艺的流量进行分配，可以使该工艺在理论上达到最大的TN去除效率。通过对等流量分配模式和优化模式下工艺出水水质的分析计算，说明按照优化模式对多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的进水流量进行分配可以提高该工艺的TN去除效率。多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的流量分配系数与工艺分段数、进水COD与总凯氏氮（TKN）的比值（C/N比）和缺氧池进水中COD与NO_3~-—N的比值（α，mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N）有关；
（2）多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的最大TN去除效率与进水C/N比（m），回流比（R）和α有关。当进水C/N比较高，即m≥α时，该工艺的最大TN去除效率随着R的增大而增大。当进水C/N比较低，即m＜α时，此时存在一临界回流比R_m，当R＜R_m时，该工艺的最大TN去除效率随R的增大而增大；当R≥R_m时，该工艺的最大TN去除效率为一定值，与R无关；
（3）在多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的进水流量分配和反应单元的容积设计中存在最优α值。基于ASM1模型的数值模拟结果，多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的进水流量和各反应单元容积的设计中可选择α等于7mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N。试验结果表明选择α等于7mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N对工艺的进水流量和各处理单元的容积进行分配是合适的；
（4）等流量分配模式下，回流比对三段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的TN去除效率有一定的影响。当回流比小于3/4时，该工艺的TN去除效率随着回流比的增大而增大；当回流比为1时，该工艺的TN去除效率略低于回流比为3/4时的TN去除效率；
（5）当进水COD和NH+4N浓度分别为1000mg/L和100mg/L时，水力停留时间为36h，回流比为1/3时，等流量分配模式和优化模式下三段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的TN去除效率分别为80.3%和88.8%。本研究中建立的同时对工艺的进水流量和各反应单元容积进行优化分配的方法可以提高多段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的TN去除效率；
（6）本研究中建立的基于ASM模型构架的多基质多种类微生物的零级反应一维生物膜动力学模型适用于三段进水A/O生物膜脱氮工艺的稳态运行结果的模拟，该模型可以较好地模拟各单元出水水质。将模型应用于反应器运行参数变化时的动态模拟，可以预知水质及生物量的变化过程，有助于理解反应器中发生的生化现象，对指导实验过程有很大的实际意义；
（7）高速公路服务区污水属高浓度COD高浓度氨氮生活污水。在设计高速公路服务区污水处理设施时，污水量时变化系数不宜按照《室外排水设计规范》（GB50014-2006）或者按照常规小流量生活污水的时变化系数取值。较均匀的入区车流量随时间的分布，削弱了高速公路服务区排放污水的小时变化强度。
With the rapid development of society and the constant improvement of the standard ofliving in China, nitrogen contamination of water bodies becomes more and more serious.Conventional biological nitrogen removal processes have disadvantages such as a largeamount of excess sludge, high operating cost, large footprint and big investment. Researchersengage in the development of new biological nitrogen removal processes and theimprovement of conventional biological nitrogen removal processes actively. With theadvantages of high total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency, less excess sludge, less investmentand lower operating cost, step feeding Anoxic/Oxic (A/O) biological nitrogen removalprocess has attracted a great deal of interest.
An optimized method which can distribute the influent and the volume of each treatmentunit of step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process simultaneously was proposed inthis study for improving the performance of the process. Theoretical analysis, experimentalstudy and numerical simulation based on the biochemical reaction kinetics of the process werealso performed. According to the survey data of the quality and quantity of the wastewaterdischarged from an operating expressway service area and the theoretical analysis and theexperimental results of the step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process, the optimizedoperation strategy of the step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process dealing with theexpressway service area wastewater was proposed. The following conclusions were drawn:
(1) The influent of the step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process wasdistributed by the principle of COD andNO_3~-—Nfed into the anoxic units of the processwith a fixed ratio which could make the process achieve the maximum TN removal efficiencyin theory. By comparison the effluent quality of the process under the optimization mode withthat of under the equal flow rate distribution mode, it was indicated that, the influentdistributed with the optimized method could improve the TN removal efficiency of theprocess. Flow rate distribution coefficient of the process was in relation to steps of the process,influent COD-to-TKN ratio (C/N ratio) and COD-to-NO_3~-—Nratio (α，mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N)of the influent of the anoxic unit;
(2) The maximum TN removal efficiency of the step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogenremoval process was in relation to influent C/N ratio, return ratio (R) and α. When the influentC/N ratio was relatively high, namely m≥α, the TN removal efficiency was increased with increasing of R; When the influent C/N ratio was relatively low, namely m＜α, there was acritical return ratio R_m, when R＜R_m, the TN removal efficiency of the process was increasedwith increasing of R, and when R≥R_m, the TN removal efficiency of the process was a fixedvalue and had nothing to do with R;
(3) There was an optimum value of α in the flow rate distribution and the volume designof each treatment unit of the step feeding A/O biological nitrogen removal process. Bynumerical simulation based on the activated sludge model NO.1(ASM1), α could equal to7mgCOD/mgNO_3~-—N. By experimental verification, it was proved that the value of α equaledto7mgCOD/mg was appropriate;
(4) Under the equal flow rate distribution mode, R had certain effects on the TN removalefficiency of the three-step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process. When R was lowerthan3/4, the TN removal efficiency of the process was increased with increasing of R, andwhen R equaled to1, the TN removal efficiency of the process was just a little lower than thatof when R was3/4;
(5) When the COD andNH+4Nconcentration of the influent were1000mg/L and100mg/L respectively, hydraulic retention time was36h, and return ratio was1/3, the TNremoval efficiency of the three-step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process under theequal flow rate distribution mode and the optimization mode were80.3%and88.8%respectively. The method proposed in this study, which optimized the flow rate distributionand the volume distribution of each treatment unit of the process simultaneously, can improvethe TN removal efficiency of the process;
(6) The multi-substrate and multi-species zero-order1-D biofilm kinetic modelconstructed in this study was applicable to simulate the steady operation result of thethree-step feeding A/O biofilm nitrogen removal process, and the model can properly simulatethe effluent quality of each treatment unit of the process. When the operation parameter of theprocess was varied, the model can simulate the dynamic variation of the water quality and thebiomass in the reactor which was help for understanding the biochemical phenomenon in thereactor and had practical meaning for guiding the experiment;
(7) Wastewater discharged from the expressway service area was domestic wastewaterwith high-strength COD andNH+4N, and in design of expressway service area wastewatertreatment facilities, the value of the hourly variation factor should not be decided by Code forDesign of Outdoor Wastewater Engineering(GB50014-2006) or that of conventional smallflow rate domestic wastewater. More uniform distribution of the traffic volume into the service area weakened the hourly variation intensity of the wastewater flow rate.
引文
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