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水资源定价理论与方法及其在区域中的应用
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摘要
1977年,联合国人类环境和世界水会议向世界发出警告:“石油危机之后,下一个危机就是水”。水作为一种重要的自然资源,对社会经济、生态环境起着不可替代的作用。尽管水资源是可再生的资源,但其量不会增加,也不会减少,某个地区在一定时间内能供人们使用的可利用水资源的量总是有一定限度的,随着城市工业化、社会发展和人口增加,人类对水资源的需求愈来愈大,但同时水环境质量的不断恶化和水资源危机的加剧,水资源如何合理有效的开发利用,来确保区域的可持续发展已成为十分重要的课题。
     本文以关中地区为依托,简述水资源价值、价格理论,并针对水资源在市场机制下价值的体现——水价进行探讨,分析关中地区水价现状并给出建议。其主要内容有四部分:第一部分,对国内外水价值、价格理论进行综述,表述了水资源、水价的概念和内涵及其特性,简要介绍了水资源价值、价格的几种理论,其中包括三种理论:劳动价值论、边际效用价值论和存在价值论。本文认为马克思的劳动价值论最适合作为我国的水价制定的理论依据。第二部分先简要介绍了水资源商品的特性、水价制定的目的结构和影响因素,然后根据马克思的劳动价值论,考虑到时间价值和供需关系得出了水价的理论公式和市场公式。第三部分首先介绍关中地区水价的基本情况及所面临的问题,对影响关中地区水价的因素进行分析,以西安市为例,根据前述的公式提出西安市的水价具体调整方案。第四部分提出对关中地区水资源价值、价格改革的具体对策建议。强调要改变对水资源价值的认识,理顺水价管理体系,改变单一的价格结构,建立多层次多元的水价体系,加强政府的宏观调控职能,制定的水价应协调供需利益、社会和经济利益。
In 1977,the Human Environment and the Conference of Water Resource of the United Nations warned to the whole world, "After the crisis of petroleum, water crisis will be the next." Water is one of the important natural resources that play the key role in the social economy and the ecological environment. Though water resource is recoverable, its quantity cannot be increased. In certain area and time, the quantity of the water supplied to the people has a limit. With the industrialization of the urban area, the social development and the population increase, the need on water increases as well; however the continuous deterioration of the water condition, the growing water crisis and the problems as how to develop and utilize water resource to ensure the regional sustainable development have become the crucial task.
    Based on the Guanzhong districts, this thesis discusses values and price theory of water resource, and analyzes and gives suggestion to the present situation of the water price in the Guanzhong district. The paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter summarizes the values of water, its price theory and definition. There are three theories mentioned: laboring axiology, marginal effect axiology and existence axiology. The paper reveals that the theory of laboring axiology discovered by Marx can be used to the theoretical basis of the price making in our country. The second chapter introduces the characteristic of water as commodity, the purpose and affecting elements of the water price making. According to the laboring axiology of Marx and with the consideration of the practical value and the connection between supply and demand, the paper then educes the theoretical formula and market formula of water price. The third chapter introduces the basic complexion of the water price and the present problem in the Guanzhong district, and then brings forward the regulation scheme of the water price in Xi'an city according to the mentioned formula. The fourth chapter puts forward the specific measures in dealing with the problems of the values of the water resource and its price reformation.
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