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盐湖盆地沉积特征与岩性油气藏勘探
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摘要
柴西南位于柴达木盆地柴西断陷南部,是柴达木盆地的富油气凹陷,由昆北断阶带、尕斯断陷带和狮子沟油砂山断阶带组成;古近系地层以碎屑岩沉积为主,夹碳酸盐岩、膏岩、盐岩薄层,为典型的盐湖沉积建造;烃源岩主要为下干柴沟组上段盐湖相泥岩(E_3~2),具有自生自储和下生上储的多套储盖组合。
     以柴西南古近系为主要研究目的层,分析盐湖盆地的形成条件、古地理环境和沉积演化特征,建立了层序地层格架,认为中期旋回控制了岩性圈闭的发育。通过盐湖盆地岩性油气藏类型、主控因素和成藏有利条件研究,预测有利岩性储层发育带,指出有利勘探领域和区带,指导盐湖盆地岩性油气藏勘探。
     柴西南古近纪盐湖盆地层序划分为三个超长期基准面旋回,9个长期基准面旋回,其中LSC1、LSC2、LSC3形成于湖盆发育初期,LSC4、LSC5形成于湖盆扩张期,LSC8、LSC9形成于湖盆消亡期。层序组合控制了岩性圈闭的分布,有利储层主要发育在旋回结构向上“变深”的非对称型、上升半旋回厚度远大于下降半旋回的不完全对称型两种中期旋回类型中。
     柴西南古近纪盐湖盆地盆缘发育阿尔金山前陡坡型沉积体系(干柴沟地区)和断层陡坡型沉积体系(七个泉地区),为短物源的冲积扇—扇三角洲—滨浅湖沉积体系组合;南部昆仑山前主要发育缓坡型沉积体系(阿拉尔—跃进地区),为长物源的河流—三角洲—滨浅湖沉积体系组合。盆内滨浅湖形成细粒碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩混合沉积,沉积中心(狮子沟及邻区)为膏盐岩—碳酸盐岩—泥质岩沉积区。盐湖盆地储集层类型多,物性差异较大。
     柴西南古近纪盐湖盆地岩性油气藏的形成受烃源岩分布、沉积体系展布、构造背景和油气运移通道的控制,源内和源下的储层岩性体成藏条件好。尕斯东南斜坡和跃进4号斜坡是岩性油气藏勘探的重点领域,斜坡背景的宽缓带是岩性油气藏的富集带。应用精细沉积微相研究和储层横向预测技术,预测了碎屑岩储集体和藻灰岩岩性体勘探目标。
     论文创新点在于首次应用综合资料论证柴西南古近系盐湖盆地沉积特征,提出盐湖盆地碎屑岩滩坝砂体、碳酸盐岩藻灰岩体是岩性油气藏勘探的主要领域。
The study area, Southwest of Qaidam basin, in south part of the west Qaidam fault depression, is one of fuel-rich depressions of Qaidam basin. It includes the North Kunlun fault-step belt, Gasi fault-depression belt and Shizigou-youshashan fault-step belt etc. The Eogene in southwest of Qaidam basin, mainly consisted of clastic rock and mingled with thin beds of carbonatite, gyprock and saltrock, is a typical depositional framework of salt lake basin. The lacustrine mudstone (E_3~2) of the upper segment within the lower Ganchaigou formation is the hydrocarbon source rock. This formation forms several reservoir-seal assemblages of self generation - self accumulation and lower generation - upper accumulation.
    Take Eogene of the southwest of Qaidam basin as the main target stratum, the formation condition, environment of palaeogeography and sedimentation evolution of salt lake basin were systemic studied and established the framework of sequence stratigraphy. The study shows that the medium cycle controls the formation of lithologic traps. After the study of lithologic reservoir types, key controlling factors and favorable accumulation condition in salt lake basin, the favorable reservoir zones, the prospecting exploration domains and zones are totally predicted. The above studies systemically guided the lithologic reservoirs exploration in salt lake basin.
    The salt sequence stratigraphy of Eogene in southwest of Qaidam basin are divided into 3 super-long-period datum level cycles or 9 long-period datum level cycles, the LSC1, LSC2 and LSC3 generated in the early developmental phase, LSC4 and LSC5, in the expand phase and LSC8, LSC9 in the extinct phase of lake basin. The Sequence assemblages controlled the distribution of lithologic traps. The favorable reservoir mainly situated in the following medium cycles, which are the asymmetry cyclic arrangement deepen upward in facies and inadequacy symmetry cyclic arrangement where the thickness of the upper hemicycle is much greater than the down hemicycle.
    The Altun Mt. front abrupt slope type depositional system (in Ganchaigou) and fault abrupt slope type depositional system (in Qigequan), in the border of Eogene salt lake of southwest Qaidam basin, are alluvial fan - fan delta — shore to meare short source depositional system. But in the Kunlun Mt. front, the gentle slope depositional systems (in Alaer-yuejin) are fluvial - delta -shore to meare long source depositional system. In salt lake basin, the shore to meare are the mingled deposition of fine grained clastic and carbonate, but in the depocenter (in Shizigou and adjacent area), the assemblage are gyprock, carbonate and mudstone etc. so various types of reservoir are formed in salt lake basin, and the porosity and permeability are different.
    The formation of lithologic reservoirs in Eogene of salt lake basin of southwest Qaidam basin are controlled by the distribution of source rock, the distribution of depositional system, structural background and migration pathway. The reservoirs within and under the source are effective for petroleum accumulation. The southeast slope of Gasi and slope of Yuejin 4 are the prospecting domains and the slope background and broad belt are prolific zones for lithologic reservoir exploration. Fine micorfacies analysis and reservoir lateral prediction show that clastic and algal limestone are favorable reservoirs for lithologic reservoir exploration.
    The innovative point of this dissertation is to study the sedimentation of Eogene in salt lake of the southwest in Qaidam basin with synthetic data of geology and geophysics for the first time and point out that the strand-bar sand bodies of clastic and algal limestone of carbonatite in salt lake basin are the main domains for lithologic reservoir exploration.
引文
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