胶州湾及邻近海区沉积动力学
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摘要
本文通过在胶州湾及邻近海区的野外调查，其中包括海底表层沉积物采集、
海水样采集、浊度测量、ADCP走航式测量，获得大量数据；结合历史资料，用
如下方法研究了胶州湾及邻近海区的沉积动力学：（1）以地貌单元完整性和特征
距离一致性为依据，将研究区划分为若干小区；采用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析
模型提取海底沉积物净搬运方向的信息，并寻找天然示踪沉积物方面的证据；（2）
通过现代声学理论分析，获得了用ADCP进行走航式悬沙浓度测量的方法；（3）
用~(210)Pb方法和沉积物平衡法计算百年尺度的沉积速率；（4）通过对原始水槽试验
数据的重新分析，获得了用于沉积物搬运率计算的经典公式之一—Bagnold型
方程的系数校正公式。
胶州湾及邻近海区海底沉积物种类繁多，而且呈现斑状分布特征。沉积物
粒径趋势结果显示，胶州湾内的大型垄脊和口门延伸至外海的深槽尾部是两个主
要的沉积物汇聚区，这不仅与地貌及水动力相吻合，还与根据重矿物扩散趋势一
致；与颗石藻化石空间分布型式亦有一定的相关性。对于相同的沉积物样品来说，
基于不同粒度分析方法所获得的粒径趋势矢量具有一致性。因此，粒径趋势分析
模型不仅可用于采样间距不一致、沉积物类型复杂的深水海湾；也可用于传统方
法获得的历史粒度资料的处理。胶州湾沙滩供沙的主要机制是通过风暴潮期间强
烈的动力作用，使沙滩沉积物以悬移质、底移质形式向深水区扩散或搬运。
胶州湾悬沙浓度的时空变化主要与水动力状况、陆地径流和天气状况有关。
野外实测悬沙浓度和用卫星图像遥感算法获得的结果均表明，胶州湾西北部潮滩
外缘海域悬沙浓度较高，海湾东部和邻近海区悬沙浓度较低。悬沙浓度的年变化、
季节变化均较为显著。春季、冬季风浪大，悬沙浓度较高；夏季风暴潮通常导致
悬沙浓度急剧升高。
理论分析获得了海水中悬沙浓度与ADCP输出的回声强度之间的函数关系
式；在胶州湾口门进行走航式测量，同步采水样进行现场校正来率定相应的ADCP
声学信号，获得了计算悬沙浓度的半经验公式；进而得到走航断面准同步的悬沙
浓度剖面。结果发现，胶州湾口门断面流速沿水深呈垂向均匀分布的特征较显著；
悬沙浓度具有一定的水平成层分布特征，水流流速的增大有利于悬沙浓度的提
高。在普通大潮潮周期内，胶州湾悬移质输向外海。多种研究方法表明，胶州湾
沉积速率较小，其量级为10~0mm yr~(-1)；这主要与胶州湾沉积物来源较少有关。
Sediment transport and deposition patterns of Jiaozhou Bay and adjoining
areas, Shandong Peninsula, are investigated in the present study. The
approaches adopted are as follows. (1) Grain size trends are identified to
delineate sediment transport pathways on the basis of the Gao-Collins model,
which are consistent with evidence from natural tracer dispersal patterns. (2) A
technique is developed to measure suspended sediment concentrations using
ADCP mounted on a moving vessel, based upon contemporary acoustic theory.
(3) Rates of sediment accumulation are derived, by 210Pb dating and sediment
balance calculations on a temporal scale of 100 years. (4) A formula for the
calibration coefficient contained in Bagnold-type bed-load equations is
modified and improved, on the basis of re-analysis of original flume
experiment data. The data sets used for the study are obtained from analyses of
sediment and water samples and turbidity and ADCP measurements, and
collation of historical data.
The patchy distribution patterns of seabed material, with many sediment
types, indicate a multi-source nature of sediment supply and complex
hydrodynamic conditions in the study area. Grain size trends show sediment
transport towards the central sandbank within the embayment and the seaward
end of the deep channel at the entrance. Such patterns are highly consistent
with the characteristics of current velocities and geomorphology; they are also
in good agreement with heavy mineral movement and spatial distribution
patterns of calcareous nannofoss its. The surficial sediment samples are
analyzed using a laser particle analyzer and pipette/sieving method to obtain
grain size data. It is found that grain size trend patterns derived from the two
methods are compatible with each other. The grain size trend model is not only
applicable for coastal areas with complex sediment distributions and irregular
sediment sampling grids, but also for the use of historical grain size data
(which are not obtained with laser techniques), with a potential for studies in
the evolution of the embayment. The nearby beaches may supply sediment for
the embayment during storm surges, by causing bed-load and suspended-load
transport of the beach material towards deeper waters.
Suspended sediment concentrations, obtained by field measurements and
estimated by a remote sensing algorithm using TM satellite images, are high in
the waters of northwestern Jiaozhou Bay and low in its eastern part. Variations
in suspended sediment concentrations are significant on annual and seasonal
scales; this is associated with local weather, hydrodynamics and river
discharges. Strong wind waves during spring and winter result in high
concentrations, and the concentration can increase rapidly in response to
resuspension during summer storm surges.
An equation is derived by theoretical analysis, to establish a relationship
between suspended sediment concentrations and ADCP echo intensity output.
For the survey at the entrance to Jiaozhou Bay, an ADCP is mounted on a
moving vessel; the calibration coefficient in the equation is determined by in
situ measurement. Then, a semi-empirical formula is obtained and used to
calculate suspended sediment concentration profiles along several cross-
II
sections. Stratification in terms of the concentration is observed, which is
probably in response to sediment settling processes. The current velocities are
海水样采集、浊度测量、ADCP走航式测量，获得大量数据；结合历史资料，用
如下方法研究了胶州湾及邻近海区的沉积动力学：（1）以地貌单元完整性和特征
距离一致性为依据，将研究区划分为若干小区；采用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析
模型提取海底沉积物净搬运方向的信息，并寻找天然示踪沉积物方面的证据；（2）
通过现代声学理论分析，获得了用ADCP进行走航式悬沙浓度测量的方法；（3）
用~(210)Pb方法和沉积物平衡法计算百年尺度的沉积速率；（4）通过对原始水槽试验
数据的重新分析，获得了用于沉积物搬运率计算的经典公式之一—Bagnold型
方程的系数校正公式。
胶州湾及邻近海区海底沉积物种类繁多，而且呈现斑状分布特征。沉积物
粒径趋势结果显示，胶州湾内的大型垄脊和口门延伸至外海的深槽尾部是两个主
要的沉积物汇聚区，这不仅与地貌及水动力相吻合，还与根据重矿物扩散趋势一
致；与颗石藻化石空间分布型式亦有一定的相关性。对于相同的沉积物样品来说，
基于不同粒度分析方法所获得的粒径趋势矢量具有一致性。因此，粒径趋势分析
模型不仅可用于采样间距不一致、沉积物类型复杂的深水海湾；也可用于传统方
法获得的历史粒度资料的处理。胶州湾沙滩供沙的主要机制是通过风暴潮期间强
烈的动力作用，使沙滩沉积物以悬移质、底移质形式向深水区扩散或搬运。
胶州湾悬沙浓度的时空变化主要与水动力状况、陆地径流和天气状况有关。
野外实测悬沙浓度和用卫星图像遥感算法获得的结果均表明，胶州湾西北部潮滩
外缘海域悬沙浓度较高，海湾东部和邻近海区悬沙浓度较低。悬沙浓度的年变化、
季节变化均较为显著。春季、冬季风浪大，悬沙浓度较高；夏季风暴潮通常导致
悬沙浓度急剧升高。
理论分析获得了海水中悬沙浓度与ADCP输出的回声强度之间的函数关系
式；在胶州湾口门进行走航式测量，同步采水样进行现场校正来率定相应的ADCP
声学信号，获得了计算悬沙浓度的半经验公式；进而得到走航断面准同步的悬沙
浓度剖面。结果发现，胶州湾口门断面流速沿水深呈垂向均匀分布的特征较显著；
悬沙浓度具有一定的水平成层分布特征，水流流速的增大有利于悬沙浓度的提
高。在普通大潮潮周期内，胶州湾悬移质输向外海。多种研究方法表明，胶州湾
沉积速率较小，其量级为10~0mm yr~(-1)；这主要与胶州湾沉积物来源较少有关。
Sediment transport and deposition patterns of Jiaozhou Bay and adjoining
areas, Shandong Peninsula, are investigated in the present study. The
approaches adopted are as follows. (1) Grain size trends are identified to
delineate sediment transport pathways on the basis of the Gao-Collins model,
which are consistent with evidence from natural tracer dispersal patterns. (2) A
technique is developed to measure suspended sediment concentrations using
ADCP mounted on a moving vessel, based upon contemporary acoustic theory.
(3) Rates of sediment accumulation are derived, by 210Pb dating and sediment
balance calculations on a temporal scale of 100 years. (4) A formula for the
calibration coefficient contained in Bagnold-type bed-load equations is
modified and improved, on the basis of re-analysis of original flume
experiment data. The data sets used for the study are obtained from analyses of
sediment and water samples and turbidity and ADCP measurements, and
collation of historical data.
The patchy distribution patterns of seabed material, with many sediment
types, indicate a multi-source nature of sediment supply and complex
hydrodynamic conditions in the study area. Grain size trends show sediment
transport towards the central sandbank within the embayment and the seaward
end of the deep channel at the entrance. Such patterns are highly consistent
with the characteristics of current velocities and geomorphology; they are also
in good agreement with heavy mineral movement and spatial distribution
patterns of calcareous nannofoss its. The surficial sediment samples are
analyzed using a laser particle analyzer and pipette/sieving method to obtain
grain size data. It is found that grain size trend patterns derived from the two
methods are compatible with each other. The grain size trend model is not only
applicable for coastal areas with complex sediment distributions and irregular
sediment sampling grids, but also for the use of historical grain size data
(which are not obtained with laser techniques), with a potential for studies in
the evolution of the embayment. The nearby beaches may supply sediment for
the embayment during storm surges, by causing bed-load and suspended-load
transport of the beach material towards deeper waters.
Suspended sediment concentrations, obtained by field measurements and
estimated by a remote sensing algorithm using TM satellite images, are high in
the waters of northwestern Jiaozhou Bay and low in its eastern part. Variations
in suspended sediment concentrations are significant on annual and seasonal
scales; this is associated with local weather, hydrodynamics and river
discharges. Strong wind waves during spring and winter result in high
concentrations, and the concentration can increase rapidly in response to
resuspension during summer storm surges.
An equation is derived by theoretical analysis, to establish a relationship
between suspended sediment concentrations and ADCP echo intensity output.
For the survey at the entrance to Jiaozhou Bay, an ADCP is mounted on a
moving vessel; the calibration coefficient in the equation is determined by in
situ measurement. Then, a semi-empirical formula is obtained and used to
calculate suspended sediment concentration profiles along several cross-
II
sections. Stratification in terms of the concentration is observed, which is
probably in response to sediment settling processes. The current velocities are
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