有机钙同时脱硫脱硝的机理研究
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摘要
燃煤锅炉排放出的SO_2和NO_x严重危害生态平衡，脱硫脱硝成为污染物治理的必然趋势。本文通过大量机理试验和半工业试验，系统研究有机钙的脱硫脱硝特性。
有机钙煅烧析出大量有机气体，热力平衡计算显示，有机气体高温下热解生成以CH_4、CO、H_2为主的强还原性物质。氮吸附试验表明，有机钙高温煅烧后，其孔隙丰富，具有较大的比表面积，高温烧结程度轻。有机钙析出有机气体快于煤样析出挥发份。添加有机钙后，煤粉燃烧过程中挥发份析出时间提前，煤粉易于着火，燃烧稳定，整体燃烧性能优于原煤。其中，醋酸钙镁的助燃效果最好。
燃烧初期，煤中部分硫与煤中钙、铁等结合，以FeS和CaS等金属硫化物的形式存在。而在添加钙基后，燃烧初期，煤中硫主要以CaS的形式存在。CaS的生成以及随后的氧化，造成燃烧过程硫析出曲线变化。热力平衡计算预测了燃烧过程中含硫物相的分布，气氛决定了FeS、CaS、H_2S等含硫物相的分布规律。CaS按两个平行反应进行氧化，生成CaO和CaSO_4，温度、氧气浓度、产物层扩散阻力决定了氧化反应的进程。煤焦燃烧过程CaS向CaSO_4的转化率远远高于热天平实验上的转化率。
定碳炉试验表明，普通CaO对NO的生成和分解都有微弱的催化还原效果，而有机钙析出的有机气体在燃烧初期可以直接还原NO。贫氧环境有利于获得较高的脱硝率，随温度升高醋酸钙镁的脱硝率增大，而醋酸钙在1150℃下表现出最好的脱硝效果。
一维沉降炉有机钙脱硫脱硝试验表明，温度是影响有机钙同时脱硫脱硝效果的重要因素。1200℃，过量空气系数为1.0工况下醋酸钙镁获得最大脱硝率57.78％；在1100℃，过量空气系数为1.6的工况下醋酸钙镁获得最大脱硫率73.1％。有机钙中醋酸钙镁表现出最佳的脱硫脱硝效果。低过量空气系数可以提高有机钙的脱硝效果，而高过量空气系数可以提高有机钙的脱硫效果。
同时考虑碳氢化合物、含氮气体、含硫气体的相互反应，采用Chemkin模拟燃料型NO的生成、SO_2与NO的相互反应机理、丙酮还原NO机理。模型计算结果表明：自由基在燃料型NO生成过程中起决定性作用；贫氧条件下SO_2的加入，抑制了燃料型NO的生成；在一维炉沿程，SN和SH等含硫物相促进了NO的分解，明显降低NO的浓度；丙酮快速分解生成大量的CH_2CO，CH_2CO继续分解为H、HO_2、HCCO等物质，这些物质直接和NO反应，降低NO浓度。
The combustion of coal generate of SO_2 and NO_X emissions, which pollute entironment badly. It is significantly important for Simultaneous reduction of NO_X and SO_2 emissions. In this article,the mechanism of pollutions control with organic calcium was discussed in detail with large amounts of theory analysis and experimentl test.
Organic gas released during calcinations of organic calcium and the calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium found that the pyrolysis productions of organic gas were reducing gas such as CH_4,CO,H_2. Organic calcium developed a high porous cenospheric structure during its calcinations at high temperature. The surface area of the particle, measured by N_2 physisorption, was more biger than common calcium. As the organic gas released more first than volatile during combustion of coal, Organic calcium promote the ignition property of coal , improved whole combustion characteristics. Calcium magnesium acetate was the best additive as for the combustion-supporting character.
Sulphur combined with Fe,Ca into FeS and CaS during initial period of combustion. CaS was the chief form after calcium addition . The change of SO_2 emission could be explained by the formation and oxidation of CaS at different period . Calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium forecasted the distribution of sulphur during combustion and it contribute the difference in distribution of species contained sulphur to atmosphere. The oxidation mechanism of CaS could be explained by Parallelism between the oxidation reaction of calcium sulphide and that of cailcium sulphite. Temperature,Concentraton of oxygen and diffusion resistance of product layer were dominant factors during the oxidation of CaS. The conversion of CaS to CaSO_4 during combustion with Char was greater than that of thermogravimetric experiment.
Common calcium had weakly catalytic effect on the production and reduction of NO, which was proved by experiments in fixed-bed .However, organic calcium could reduce NO effectively by organic gas . NO control was best performed in poor oxygen. As for calcium magnesium acetate, the reduction efficency of NO increased with increasing temperarue, but for Calcium acetate the best reduction efficency of NO was achieved at 1150℃.
Experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanism of simultaneous
有机钙煅烧析出大量有机气体，热力平衡计算显示，有机气体高温下热解生成以CH_4、CO、H_2为主的强还原性物质。氮吸附试验表明，有机钙高温煅烧后，其孔隙丰富，具有较大的比表面积，高温烧结程度轻。有机钙析出有机气体快于煤样析出挥发份。添加有机钙后，煤粉燃烧过程中挥发份析出时间提前，煤粉易于着火，燃烧稳定，整体燃烧性能优于原煤。其中，醋酸钙镁的助燃效果最好。
燃烧初期，煤中部分硫与煤中钙、铁等结合，以FeS和CaS等金属硫化物的形式存在。而在添加钙基后，燃烧初期，煤中硫主要以CaS的形式存在。CaS的生成以及随后的氧化，造成燃烧过程硫析出曲线变化。热力平衡计算预测了燃烧过程中含硫物相的分布，气氛决定了FeS、CaS、H_2S等含硫物相的分布规律。CaS按两个平行反应进行氧化，生成CaO和CaSO_4，温度、氧气浓度、产物层扩散阻力决定了氧化反应的进程。煤焦燃烧过程CaS向CaSO_4的转化率远远高于热天平实验上的转化率。
定碳炉试验表明，普通CaO对NO的生成和分解都有微弱的催化还原效果，而有机钙析出的有机气体在燃烧初期可以直接还原NO。贫氧环境有利于获得较高的脱硝率，随温度升高醋酸钙镁的脱硝率增大，而醋酸钙在1150℃下表现出最好的脱硝效果。
一维沉降炉有机钙脱硫脱硝试验表明，温度是影响有机钙同时脱硫脱硝效果的重要因素。1200℃，过量空气系数为1.0工况下醋酸钙镁获得最大脱硝率57.78％；在1100℃，过量空气系数为1.6的工况下醋酸钙镁获得最大脱硫率73.1％。有机钙中醋酸钙镁表现出最佳的脱硫脱硝效果。低过量空气系数可以提高有机钙的脱硝效果，而高过量空气系数可以提高有机钙的脱硫效果。
同时考虑碳氢化合物、含氮气体、含硫气体的相互反应，采用Chemkin模拟燃料型NO的生成、SO_2与NO的相互反应机理、丙酮还原NO机理。模型计算结果表明：自由基在燃料型NO生成过程中起决定性作用；贫氧条件下SO_2的加入，抑制了燃料型NO的生成；在一维炉沿程，SN和SH等含硫物相促进了NO的分解，明显降低NO的浓度；丙酮快速分解生成大量的CH_2CO，CH_2CO继续分解为H、HO_2、HCCO等物质，这些物质直接和NO反应，降低NO浓度。
The combustion of coal generate of SO_2 and NO_X emissions, which pollute entironment badly. It is significantly important for Simultaneous reduction of NO_X and SO_2 emissions. In this article,the mechanism of pollutions control with organic calcium was discussed in detail with large amounts of theory analysis and experimentl test.
Organic gas released during calcinations of organic calcium and the calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium found that the pyrolysis productions of organic gas were reducing gas such as CH_4,CO,H_2. Organic calcium developed a high porous cenospheric structure during its calcinations at high temperature. The surface area of the particle, measured by N_2 physisorption, was more biger than common calcium. As the organic gas released more first than volatile during combustion of coal, Organic calcium promote the ignition property of coal , improved whole combustion characteristics. Calcium magnesium acetate was the best additive as for the combustion-supporting character.
Sulphur combined with Fe,Ca into FeS and CaS during initial period of combustion. CaS was the chief form after calcium addition . The change of SO_2 emission could be explained by the formation and oxidation of CaS at different period . Calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium forecasted the distribution of sulphur during combustion and it contribute the difference in distribution of species contained sulphur to atmosphere. The oxidation mechanism of CaS could be explained by Parallelism between the oxidation reaction of calcium sulphide and that of cailcium sulphite. Temperature,Concentraton of oxygen and diffusion resistance of product layer were dominant factors during the oxidation of CaS. The conversion of CaS to CaSO_4 during combustion with Char was greater than that of thermogravimetric experiment.
Common calcium had weakly catalytic effect on the production and reduction of NO, which was proved by experiments in fixed-bed .However, organic calcium could reduce NO effectively by organic gas . NO control was best performed in poor oxygen. As for calcium magnesium acetate, the reduction efficency of NO increased with increasing temperarue, but for Calcium acetate the best reduction efficency of NO was achieved at 1150℃.
Experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanism of simultaneous
引文
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