‘太平洋嘎拉’苹果的生物学特性及配套栽培技术
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摘要
我国是世界上最大的苹果生产国,生产上的主栽品种为富士系,占总栽培面积的65%以上;不同熟期品种比例严重失调,中早熟品种栽培面积极少,这一不协调局面严重制约我国苹果产业健康可持续发展。近年来,在一些产区出现早、中熟品种果实畅销、售价偏高的局面。特别在黄河故道地区,由于夏季高温多雨,晚熟品种的病虫害相对较多,管理成本较其他地区高;且物候期早,种植的早、中熟品种成熟期早,可以早上市,市场销路较好,投入回报快,所以种植早、中熟苹果品种广泛被果农所接受。本研究针对我国主要苹果产区的产业现实,自美国引进嘎拉系苹果新品种‘太平洋嘎拉’,对其综合性状进行了全面评价,并进行了相关标准化生产技术研究,认为‘太平洋嘎拉’综合性状明显超过目前我国主要栽培的‘皇家嘎拉’,可以在生产上大面积开发。同时,本研究建立了生产示范基地,为‘太平洋嘎拉’进一步的开发工作提供了有利的技术支撑。
主要研究结果如下:
1.‘太平洋嘎拉’来源于‘皇家嘎拉’的一个优良的早熟芽变。通过对‘太平洋嘎拉’农艺学性状的评价,发现‘太平洋嘎拉’的大部分植物学性状与‘皇家嘎拉’基本相似。主要差异性状表现为:树势较‘皇家嘎拉’健壮,叶片较‘皇家嘎拉’大。平均单果重212.83g,显著大于‘皇家嘎拉’果实重量。果实着色早且更加艳丽。在良好的栽培条件下,可溶性固形物含量可达15.4%,高于‘皇家嘎拉’,果肉硬度变大。保持了‘皇家嘎拉’良好的早实性与丰产性,并且丰产效果优于‘皇家嘎拉’。抗旱能力优于‘皇家嘎拉’。
2.‘太平洋嘎拉’较‘皇家嘎拉’具有更强的光合效能。晴天条件下,‘太平洋嘎拉’光合速率略高于‘皇家嘎拉’,但差异不显著。在春稍与秋梢生长期,‘太平洋嘎拉’的光合速率也略高于‘皇家嘎拉’。‘太平洋嘎拉’光合速率受气孔限制较小,其它主要光合参数均优于‘皇家嘎拉’。
3.采用高效液相色谱技术、静态顶空和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对‘太平洋嘎拉’风味品质进行了系统评价。检测结果表明:果实主要糖分是果糖,其次为葡萄糖、蔗糖,主要有机酸是苹果酸,其次为琥珀酸、草酸、酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸等,果糖对太平洋嘎拉苹果果实味感影响最大,酸味味感主要受苹果酸影响,综合表现酸甜适度。检测到11种特征香气成分是乙酸己酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、乙酸-2-甲基丁酯、乙酸丁酯、2-甲基丁酸己酯、2-甲基丁酸丁酯、乙酸戊酯、丁酸乙酯、1-丁醇、丙酸丁酯和己醛,果实表现香气浓郁。
4.调查发现,‘太平洋嘎拉’主要病害为斑点落叶病、炭疽病;主要虫害为:金纹细蛾、苹果红蜘蛛、蚜虫。筛选药剂效果如下多氧霉素、戊唑醇、异菌脲对斑点落叶病的效果较好,防效在80.0%以上。25%戊唑醇乳油2000倍液、40%氟硅唑乳油6000倍液对炭疽病的效果较好,防效可达85.0%以上。防治苹果红蜘蛛以15%哒螨灵乳油2500倍液、25%三唑锡可湿性粉剂1500倍液、240克/升螺螨酯悬浮剂5000倍液效果较好,有效控制期在14天以上。氯虫苯甲酰胺35%WG 15000倍液、25%灭幼脲悬浮剂1500倍液对金纹细蛾的防效较好,持效期可达30天。3%啶虫脒乳油2500倍液、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂3000倍液、25%阿克泰WG10000倍液对苹果黄蚜的防治效果较好,有效控制期在10天左右。
根据‘太平洋嘎拉’的生物学习性,研究建立了相关配套栽培技术体系。(1)苗木选择:根系发达,生长势好,芽体饱满,无病虫的优质苗木,有条件的可以选用矮砧苗木;(2)高标准建园:定植前,施足有机肥,株行距以2×4(m)为宜;(3)整形修剪:采用VA树形,幼树期轻剪长放,盛果期注意及时更新回缩;(4)地下管理:合理施肥,秋季早施、重施基肥,并配合增施氮磷钾复合肥和叶面喷肥,以膨果、增糖、促色,提高果实品质;(5)防治病虫害:注重早春以铲除病源和预防为主。
Our country is the biggest country in the world for apple product, and the main variety of apple is‘fuji’which accout for above 65% of total cultivated areas. The proportion seriously imbalance of different maturity and the cultivated area which grow early or medium maturity apple is very small had seriously constrainted the healthy sustainable development of our apple industry. In recent years, in some areas, early or medium maturity apples sell well, and the price is high. Especially in the area of Huanghe River, because of the high temperature and rain in the summer, late maturity apples appears more diseases, the administrative cost is relatively more. What’s more, the phenophase of early or medium maturity apple is early, plant early, sell early, and pay back early, so the varieties have been widely accepted by people. Aiming at the industry situations of the main apple producting areas in our country, this research introduced the 'Pacific Gala' and make a comprehensive evaluation for its properties and standardized procuction technology research. We find that the comprehensive properties of the 'Pacific Gala' is visibly better than our main cultivated apple‘royal gala’, thus we can develop it in large area. At the same time, this research established the production bases, which offer the technical support for a further development of 'Pacific Gala'.
The main findings as following:
1.‘Pacific Gala’is an early-ripening mutant from‘RoyalGala’. Most of the plants and agronomic traits are similar. The main differences include: earlier ripening、more vigorous growth vigor and bigger leaves. Average fruit weight around 212.83g, is heavier than‘Royal Gala’. Coloration is earlier and brighter.,Soluble solid content is up to 15.4% under good cultivation, and flesh firness becomes larger.‘Pacific Gala’not only keeps the traits of early and high yield, its drought resistance but also is stronger than‘RoyalGala’.
2.Using high performance liquid chromatography, static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, the flavor quality of 'Pacific Gala' was systematic evaluated. Test results showed that the main sugar of fruit was fructose, followed by glucose, cane sugar, and the main organic acid is malic acid, followed by succinic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid. Fructose had significant effect on fruit flavor of‘Gala apple’, and sour flavor was contribute to malic acid, and the comprehensive performance was moderately sweet and sour.11 kinds of aroma components were detected that were hexyl acetate,2-methyl ethyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl ester, butyl acetate,2-methyl butyric acid hexylester, 2-methyl-butyric acid butyl ester, pentyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, 1-butanol, butyl propionate and hexanal, The fruits was aroma.
3.The photosynthesis efficiency ofPacific Gala’is higher than‘RoyalGala’.Under sunny condition, the photosynthesis efficiency of‘Pacific Gala’is higher than‘RoyalGala’, but the difference is not significant. During spring and autumn shoot growth period, the photosynthesis efficiency of‘Pacific Gala’is higher than‘RoyalGala’slightly. The photosynthesis efficiency of‘Pacific Gala’has lower stomatal limitation, and other main photosynthesis parameters are better than‘RoyalGala’.
4.According to the result of investgating, The main diseases of‘Pacific Gala’apple have alternaria leaf spot, anthracnose, secondly main diseases have brown spot and powdery mildew, etc; The main pests have asiatic apple leaf miner, apple starscream, aphids, secondary pests have maller apple leaf roller, boat form caterpillars, cockchafer, etc. Baolian, tebuconazole, puhaiyin, yibao had an significant effect on alternaria leaf spot. 50% carbendazim water 600 times liquid, 70% of topstn-methyl water 800 times liquid, 25% tebuconazole cream 2000 times liquid, 40% flusilazole scream 6000 times liquid had an significant effect on anthracnose. 15% of saomanjing scream 2500 times liquid, 25% of azocyclotin water 1500 times liquid,240 g/l spirodiclofen scream 5000 times liquid, 73% propargite scream 2500 times liquid had an significant effect on starscream.25% of chlorbenzuron suspending agent 2000 times liquid,35% of chlorantraniliprole WG 10,000 times liquid, and 2.5% of effective cyhalothrin 2500 times liquid had better effect on apple leaf miner. 3% of acetamiprid scream 2500 times liquid, 10% of imidacloprid water 3000 times liquid, 25% of actara WG10000 times liquid had better effect on apple aphis.
This research proposed the main point of cultural technique of‘pacific gala’:(1)Garden selection: The suitable garden is drainage well, water conveniently and the soil was loose and fertile.(2)Construct the garden at high standard: Fertilize enough organic fertilizer before planting. The planting space is 2×4 (m). (3).The pruning: This variety uses VA type (4)Field management: Apply fertilizer rationally, fertilize early in autumn, fertilize the base fertilizer, and increase NPK compound fat. (5)Insect disease prevention: The main work was preventing and uprooting insect disease in early spring.
主要研究结果如下:
1.‘太平洋嘎拉’来源于‘皇家嘎拉’的一个优良的早熟芽变。通过对‘太平洋嘎拉’农艺学性状的评价,发现‘太平洋嘎拉’的大部分植物学性状与‘皇家嘎拉’基本相似。主要差异性状表现为:树势较‘皇家嘎拉’健壮,叶片较‘皇家嘎拉’大。平均单果重212.83g,显著大于‘皇家嘎拉’果实重量。果实着色早且更加艳丽。在良好的栽培条件下,可溶性固形物含量可达15.4%,高于‘皇家嘎拉’,果肉硬度变大。保持了‘皇家嘎拉’良好的早实性与丰产性,并且丰产效果优于‘皇家嘎拉’。抗旱能力优于‘皇家嘎拉’。
2.‘太平洋嘎拉’较‘皇家嘎拉’具有更强的光合效能。晴天条件下,‘太平洋嘎拉’光合速率略高于‘皇家嘎拉’,但差异不显著。在春稍与秋梢生长期,‘太平洋嘎拉’的光合速率也略高于‘皇家嘎拉’。‘太平洋嘎拉’光合速率受气孔限制较小,其它主要光合参数均优于‘皇家嘎拉’。
3.采用高效液相色谱技术、静态顶空和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对‘太平洋嘎拉’风味品质进行了系统评价。检测结果表明:果实主要糖分是果糖,其次为葡萄糖、蔗糖,主要有机酸是苹果酸,其次为琥珀酸、草酸、酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸等,果糖对太平洋嘎拉苹果果实味感影响最大,酸味味感主要受苹果酸影响,综合表现酸甜适度。检测到11种特征香气成分是乙酸己酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、乙酸-2-甲基丁酯、乙酸丁酯、2-甲基丁酸己酯、2-甲基丁酸丁酯、乙酸戊酯、丁酸乙酯、1-丁醇、丙酸丁酯和己醛,果实表现香气浓郁。
4.调查发现,‘太平洋嘎拉’主要病害为斑点落叶病、炭疽病;主要虫害为:金纹细蛾、苹果红蜘蛛、蚜虫。筛选药剂效果如下多氧霉素、戊唑醇、异菌脲对斑点落叶病的效果较好,防效在80.0%以上。25%戊唑醇乳油2000倍液、40%氟硅唑乳油6000倍液对炭疽病的效果较好,防效可达85.0%以上。防治苹果红蜘蛛以15%哒螨灵乳油2500倍液、25%三唑锡可湿性粉剂1500倍液、240克/升螺螨酯悬浮剂5000倍液效果较好,有效控制期在14天以上。氯虫苯甲酰胺35%WG 15000倍液、25%灭幼脲悬浮剂1500倍液对金纹细蛾的防效较好,持效期可达30天。3%啶虫脒乳油2500倍液、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂3000倍液、25%阿克泰WG10000倍液对苹果黄蚜的防治效果较好,有效控制期在10天左右。
根据‘太平洋嘎拉’的生物学习性,研究建立了相关配套栽培技术体系。(1)苗木选择:根系发达,生长势好,芽体饱满,无病虫的优质苗木,有条件的可以选用矮砧苗木;(2)高标准建园:定植前,施足有机肥,株行距以2×4(m)为宜;(3)整形修剪:采用VA树形,幼树期轻剪长放,盛果期注意及时更新回缩;(4)地下管理:合理施肥,秋季早施、重施基肥,并配合增施氮磷钾复合肥和叶面喷肥,以膨果、增糖、促色,提高果实品质;(5)防治病虫害:注重早春以铲除病源和预防为主。
Our country is the biggest country in the world for apple product, and the main variety of apple is‘fuji’which accout for above 65% of total cultivated areas. The proportion seriously imbalance of different maturity and the cultivated area which grow early or medium maturity apple is very small had seriously constrainted the healthy sustainable development of our apple industry. In recent years, in some areas, early or medium maturity apples sell well, and the price is high. Especially in the area of Huanghe River, because of the high temperature and rain in the summer, late maturity apples appears more diseases, the administrative cost is relatively more. What’s more, the phenophase of early or medium maturity apple is early, plant early, sell early, and pay back early, so the varieties have been widely accepted by people. Aiming at the industry situations of the main apple producting areas in our country, this research introduced the 'Pacific Gala' and make a comprehensive evaluation for its properties and standardized procuction technology research. We find that the comprehensive properties of the 'Pacific Gala' is visibly better than our main cultivated apple‘royal gala’, thus we can develop it in large area. At the same time, this research established the production bases, which offer the technical support for a further development of 'Pacific Gala'.
The main findings as following:
1.‘Pacific Gala’is an early-ripening mutant from‘RoyalGala’. Most of the plants and agronomic traits are similar. The main differences include: earlier ripening、more vigorous growth vigor and bigger leaves. Average fruit weight around 212.83g, is heavier than‘Royal Gala’. Coloration is earlier and brighter.,Soluble solid content is up to 15.4% under good cultivation, and flesh firness becomes larger.‘Pacific Gala’not only keeps the traits of early and high yield, its drought resistance but also is stronger than‘RoyalGala’.
2.Using high performance liquid chromatography, static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, the flavor quality of 'Pacific Gala' was systematic evaluated. Test results showed that the main sugar of fruit was fructose, followed by glucose, cane sugar, and the main organic acid is malic acid, followed by succinic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid. Fructose had significant effect on fruit flavor of‘Gala apple’, and sour flavor was contribute to malic acid, and the comprehensive performance was moderately sweet and sour.11 kinds of aroma components were detected that were hexyl acetate,2-methyl ethyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl ester, butyl acetate,2-methyl butyric acid hexylester, 2-methyl-butyric acid butyl ester, pentyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, 1-butanol, butyl propionate and hexanal, The fruits was aroma.
3.The photosynthesis efficiency ofPacific Gala’is higher than‘RoyalGala’.Under sunny condition, the photosynthesis efficiency of‘Pacific Gala’is higher than‘RoyalGala’, but the difference is not significant. During spring and autumn shoot growth period, the photosynthesis efficiency of‘Pacific Gala’is higher than‘RoyalGala’slightly. The photosynthesis efficiency of‘Pacific Gala’has lower stomatal limitation, and other main photosynthesis parameters are better than‘RoyalGala’.
4.According to the result of investgating, The main diseases of‘Pacific Gala’apple have alternaria leaf spot, anthracnose, secondly main diseases have brown spot and powdery mildew, etc; The main pests have asiatic apple leaf miner, apple starscream, aphids, secondary pests have maller apple leaf roller, boat form caterpillars, cockchafer, etc. Baolian, tebuconazole, puhaiyin, yibao had an significant effect on alternaria leaf spot. 50% carbendazim water 600 times liquid, 70% of topstn-methyl water 800 times liquid, 25% tebuconazole cream 2000 times liquid, 40% flusilazole scream 6000 times liquid had an significant effect on anthracnose. 15% of saomanjing scream 2500 times liquid, 25% of azocyclotin water 1500 times liquid,240 g/l spirodiclofen scream 5000 times liquid, 73% propargite scream 2500 times liquid had an significant effect on starscream.25% of chlorbenzuron suspending agent 2000 times liquid,35% of chlorantraniliprole WG 10,000 times liquid, and 2.5% of effective cyhalothrin 2500 times liquid had better effect on apple leaf miner. 3% of acetamiprid scream 2500 times liquid, 10% of imidacloprid water 3000 times liquid, 25% of actara WG10000 times liquid had better effect on apple aphis.
This research proposed the main point of cultural technique of‘pacific gala’:(1)Garden selection: The suitable garden is drainage well, water conveniently and the soil was loose and fertile.(2)Construct the garden at high standard: Fertilize enough organic fertilizer before planting. The planting space is 2×4 (m). (3).The pruning: This variety uses VA type (4)Field management: Apply fertilizer rationally, fertilize early in autumn, fertilize the base fertilizer, and increase NPK compound fat. (5)Insect disease prevention: The main work was preventing and uprooting insect disease in early spring.
引文
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杨振英,薛光荣,苏佳明,迟福梅,牛建哲,丛佩华.富士花药培养选育出苹果新品种华富[J].园艺学报,2005,32( 1): 172.
田建保,程恩明,孙俊杰,张贵平,樊新萍,韩凤,张华.杂交苹果新品种绯霞的选育[J].果树学报,2005,22(1): 87-88.
赵永波,董文成,付友.苹果新品种—昌红[J].园艺学报,2004,31(6): 830. 程存刚,丛佩华,满书铎,王强,康国栋.苹果新品种—华金[J].园艺学报,2004,31(6): 829.
孟庆杰,王光全,李强.特早熟苹果新品种早香玉[J].园艺学报,2003 , 30 (5) : 632.
王国华,张国华.苹果新品种云早红的选育[J].中国果树,2003(1): 1-3.
杨丽媛,史秀兰,徐秀丽,陈寒,蒋海丰.苹果新品种丰富1号[J].中国果树,2003(3): 13-15.
杨建明,李林光,周先迅,王平祥,李勃,随从义.早熟苹果新品种早翠绿[J].园艺学报,2003,30(4): 496.
王慎喜,殷志强,张志恩,李泉清.苹果新品种天富1号选育初报[J].甘肃农业科技,2002(5): 24-25.
卢本荣,任玉汉,汪心泉.苹果新品种—新玫瑰红(暂定名)[J].落叶果树,2001(4): 20.
王清美,邵达元,王吉祥,李晓萍,孙绍强.苹果新品种烟嘎1号和烟嘎2号[J].中国果树,2001(4): 1-3.
辛培刚,张太岩.极早熟苹果新品系—早丰甜[J].山西果树,2001(4): 34.
满书铎,丛佩华.我国苹果新品种选育进展[J].果树科学,1995,12(4): 253-257.
辽宁果树所苹果育种课题组.特早熟苹果新品种辽伏有了较大的发展[J].北方果树,1990(1): 40-42.
隋从义,魏国华,王金政,杨建明,王强生,石荫坪.早中熟苹果新品种—岱绿[J].中国果树, 1992(3): 1-3.
王田利.目前西北苹果品种组成中存在的问题及调整方向[J].果农之友,2007(11):4.
姜中武,宋来庆.烟台苹果生产中存在的问题及解决对策[R].国家现代苹果产业技术体系技术简报汇编,2009: 99-102.
徐继忠.保定苹果生产成本及效益分析[R].国家现代苹果产业技术体系技术简报汇编,20099: 77-78
王宇霖.关于我国苹果育种研究工作的几点想法[J].果树学报,2008, 25 (3): 559-565.
王海波,李林光,陈学森,李慧峰,杨建明,刘嘉芬,王超.中早熟苹果品种的风味物质和风味品质[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(11):2300-2306.
赵德英,吕德国,刘国成等.冷凉气候区
伊凯,刘志,高树清,杨华.辽宁省苹果产销情况调查报告[R].国家现代苹果产业技术体系技术简报汇编, 2008: 221-224.
王金政,路超.山东省栖霞市苹果产业状况调查[R].国家现代苹果产业技术体系技术简报汇编,2008: 181-184.
赵政阳,梅立新.陕西白水县苹果生产技术应用现状调查分析[R].国家现代苹果产业技术体系技术简报汇编,2008: 251-254.
韩立新,王红艳.三门峡苹果产销情况调查报告[R].国家现代苹果产业技术体系技术简报汇编,2008: 241-244.
王金政,薛晓敏,戴洪义,祝军.江苏省苹果产业考察调研报告[R].国家现代苹果产业技术体系技术简报汇编,2008: 237-240.
伊凯,沙守峰,刘志,王冬梅,杨峰,张景娥.我国苹果育种的回顾与展望[J].果树学报,2005,22(专刊): 17-19.
过国南,阎振立,张顺妮.我国建国以来苹果品种选育研究的回顾及今后育种的发展方向[J].果树学报,2003, 20(2): 127-134.
王金政,薛晓敏,苏桂林.山东省苹果育种五十年回顾与展望[J].落叶果树,2008(4): 27-32.
高华,赵政阳,梁俊,王雷存.陕西苹果品种发展历史、现状及育种进展[J].西北林学院学报,2008, 23 (1): 130-133.
程存刚,康国栋,丛佩华,王强,满书铎,杨玲.苹果新品种—华兴的选育[J].果树学报,2008,25(5): 774-775.
陈学森,辛培刚,张太岩,张艳敏,彭福田,周朝华,姜远茂,陈晓流,王海波.极早熟苹果品种泰山早霞[J].园艺学报,2008,35(1):
阎振立,张顺妮,过国南,马庆州,李玉萍,赵锁印.苹果新品种—早红的选育[J].果树学报,2007,24(2): 248-249.
张景娥,伊凯,刘志,王冬梅,杨峰,闫忠业,刘延杰.苹果抗寒早熟鲜食与加工兼用新品种—七月鲜的选育[J].果树学报,2007, 24( 6): 865-866.
张林森,康慨,李丙智,韩明玉,马锋旺.苹果早熟新品种—富红早嘎的选育[J].果树学报2007, 24(6): 863-864.
张文,朱元娣,王涛,胡建芳,李光晨.芭蕾苹果新品种金蕾1号和金蕾2号的选育[J].中国果树,2007(1): 1-4.
张顺妮,阎振立,过国南,张全军,王俊,李玉萍.苹果新品种—华美的选育[J].果树学报,2006,23(4): 646-647.
伊凯,刘志,王冬梅,杨峰,闫忠业,张景娥,贾荣奎.苹果新品种—望山红选育报告[J].北方果树,2006,(4): 6-10.
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张维民,任宏涛.苹果新品种天汪1号[J].园艺学报,2006,33(2): 453.
王冬梅,伊凯,刘志,张景娥,杨峰.苹果新品种—绿帅的选育[J].果农之友,2005(5): 12-13.
李丙智,张林森,栾东珍,韩明玉,安贵阳,曹儒,王焕劳.苹果新品种红香脆[J].园艺学报2005, 32 (6): 632.
杨振英,薛光荣,苏佳明,迟福梅,牛建哲,丛佩华.富士花药培养选育出苹果新品种华富[J].园艺学报,2005,32( 1): 172.
田建保,程恩明,孙俊杰,张贵平,樊新萍,韩凤,张华.杂交苹果新品种绯霞的选育[J].果树学报,2005,22(1): 87-88.
赵永波,董文成,付友.苹果新品种—昌红[J].园艺学报,2004,31(6): 830. 程存刚,丛佩华,满书铎,王强,康国栋.苹果新品种—华金[J].园艺学报,2004,31(6): 829.
孟庆杰,王光全,李强.特早熟苹果新品种早香玉[J].园艺学报,2003 , 30 (5) : 632.
王国华,张国华.苹果新品种云早红的选育[J].中国果树,2003(1): 1-3.
杨丽媛,史秀兰,徐秀丽,陈寒,蒋海丰.苹果新品种丰富1号[J].中国果树,2003(3): 13-15.
杨建明,李林光,周先迅,王平祥,李勃,随从义.早熟苹果新品种早翠绿[J].园艺学报,2003,30(4): 496.
王慎喜,殷志强,张志恩,李泉清.苹果新品种天富1号选育初报[J].甘肃农业科技,2002(5): 24-25.
卢本荣,任玉汉,汪心泉.苹果新品种—新玫瑰红(暂定名)[J].落叶果树,2001(4): 20.
王清美,邵达元,王吉祥,李晓萍,孙绍强.苹果新品种烟嘎1号和烟嘎2号[J].中国果树,2001(4): 1-3.
辛培刚,张太岩.极早熟苹果新品系—早丰甜[J].山西果树,2001(4): 34.
满书铎,丛佩华.我国苹果新品种选育进展[J].果树科学,1995,12(4): 253-257.
辽宁果树所苹果育种课题组.特早熟苹果新品种辽伏有了较大的发展[J].北方果树,1990(1): 40-42.
隋从义,魏国华,王金政,杨建明,王强生,石荫坪.早中熟苹果新品种—岱绿[J].中国果树, 1992(3): 1-3.
王田利.目前西北苹果品种组成中存在的问题及调整方向[J].果农之友,2007(11):4.
姜中武,宋来庆.烟台苹果生产中存在的问题及解决对策[R].国家现代苹果产业技术体系技术简报汇编,2009: 99-102.
徐继忠.保定苹果生产成本及效益分析[R].国家现代苹果产业技术体系技术简报汇编,20099: 77-78
王宇霖.关于我国苹果育种研究工作的几点想法[J].果树学报,2008, 25 (3): 559-565.
王海波,李林光,陈学森,李慧峰,杨建明,刘嘉芬,王超.中早熟苹果品种的风味物质和风味品质[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(11):2300-2306.
赵德英,吕德国,刘国成等.冷凉气候区