基于近自然设计的河流生态修复技术研究
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摘要
本文对国内外河流生态修复的研究进展进行了综述,因地制宜的制定了一套适合山区河流生态修复的技术方案体系,并将该方案应用于长春市莲花山受损河道的近自然生态修复实践中。
修复工程于2008年4月28日开工,2008年10月30日完工,分别从河流蜿蜒形态、河道断面、河岸、河床及河流湿地等方面进行修复,构建了一条总长1km米“零水泥生态河道”。整个修复工程遵循防洪安全、生态功能强化、亲水文化空间创造、景观优化提升的理念;运用生物—生态修复、生境修复、水生生物群落修复等技术;采用石块、木桩、植物构件等自然材料和其他废旧材料。
修复后,从防洪功能、水文过程完整性及多样性、生境多样性、亲水性、生态效果、景观效果等方面对修复效果进行了验证,结果表明:
(1)2008年6月～2009年9月,修复工程经历了7场典型洪水的考验,河道泄洪畅通,除了3处遭到轻微损坏外,河流主体部分安全稳固,修补后的受损部分之后再没有出现损坏现象。实践证明,修复后的生态河道完全满足了泄洪要求,河流护岸工程安全性得到了验证。
(2)修复工程恢复了河流与河漫滩的水文连续性,维持了河流水文过程的完整性。洪水期,生态河道能有效缓冲洪水;枯水期,生态河道能有效蓄积河水,使河流不至于干涸、断流,维持了水流的连续性。本次工程采用的生态措施增加了水流流速和水深的多样性,修复前河道的平水期流速范围为0.12m/s～0.34m/s,洪水期流速范围为0.97m/s～1.41m/s;修复后河道的平水期流速范围为0m/s～0.48m/s,洪水期流速范围为0.09m/s～1.27m/s。修复前河道的平水期水深范围为0.16m～0.34m,洪水期水深范围0.31m～0.46m,修复后河道的平水期水深范围为0.05m～0.57m,洪水期水深范围为0.19m～0.72m。
(3)修复一年后A-1区、A-2区、A-3区的河床底质适宜性指数分别由原来的0.20、0.17、0.18提高到0.31、0.35、0.38;未修复的B-1区、B-2区、B-3区的河床底质适宜性指数均在0.21以下。
(4)修复后的A-1区、A-2区、A-3区的植物群落生物多样性指数和底栖动物群落生物多样性指数均高于未修复的B区;修复区内的大型动物如鱼虾类,青蛙,蛇等数目和出现频率均高于未修复区。
(5)修复工程通过降低河岸坡度、设置亲水台阶、搭建亲水平台、铺设沿河步道、建造湿地广场、修建透水堰坝、创造娱乐场所等措施,增加人们的亲水和娱乐机会,提高河流的亲水性。
(6)修复工程重塑了河流的蜿蜒曲折风貌、恢复了河岸线的优美自然景观。修复后的河流景观认同度均从负值变为正值,且远远高于城市河流景观认同度。说明修复后的河流景观有所改善,得到了人们的认可。其中,大湿地和小湿地的认同度最高,因为这两个区域人工构建了湿地,形成一个较大面积的滨水景观区域,说明人们对水域景观的认同度较高。
In this paper, the theory and technologies of river rehabilitation at home and abroad were reviewed. In conjunction with this specific natural conditions (drinking water source in Changchun city), a scheme considering about the local conditions is draw up and applied on the ecological restoration program which is about the damaged rivercourse in Mount Lianhua located at Changchun city.
The project began on April 28, 2008, completed in october 30, 2008. Under the coordination of a unified department at all levels, it takes 6 months to build a "zero-cement ecology river with a length of 1000 meters ".Natural materials such as riprap, wooden blocks, various plants were used in the project; concepts of flood control, landscape, hydrophilic and ecosystem protection were considered; The technology of bio-ecological restoration, habitat restoration, aquatic biological community restoration were also considered.
After the restoration, verification about the ecological river from safety of the river engineering, hydrological process, physical habitat, hydrophilcity ,ecological effects, visual effects and other aspects were carried out.
The results show that:
(1) After several floods, 2008.6.30, 2008.7.9, 2008.7.16, 2008.7.29 etc. The result shows that the ecological river fully meets the needs of the safty on flood. The river bank protection works has ensured the safety of people's lives and property.
(2) During flood season, ecological rivercourse can buffer the power of floods, reduce erosion intensity on the river. During dry season, ecological rivercourse can accumulate water, making the river on the condition of not being too dry or water interception, to maintain the integrity of the river hydrological processes. A series of measures of ecological restoration were used to increase the range of flow velocity and water depth.The original river flow rates range of levellers period from 0.12m / s to 0.34m / s, flow range of flood period from 0.97 m / s to 1.41m / s.After restoration, the flow velocity range of levellers period from 0m / s to 0.48m / s, flow range of flood period from 0.09 m / s to 1.27m / s. The original river-flow water depths range of levellers period from 0.16 m to 0.34m, water depths ranging of flood period from0.31 m to 0.46m. After restoration, the water depths range of levellers’period is from 0.05 m to 0.57m, water depths range of flood period is from 0.19 m to 0.72m.
(3) After restoration, the river bed substrate suitability indices were increased. The index of river bed substrate suitability of A-1 area, A-2 area, A-3 area has changed from the original numerical value 0.20, 0.17, and 0.18 to 0.31, 0.35, 0.38. However, the index of river bed substrate suitability of unrepaired area changed little.
(4) The diversity index of vegetation and benthonic animal on restoration area (A-1, A-2, A-3) are higher than the diversity index of unrepaired area (area B). The number and frequency of the large animals such as fish, frog, snake in repaired area are higher than in unrepaired area(area B).
(5) After the repair, by reducing bank slope, paveing trail along the river, setting the hydrophilic step, building the embankments and hydrophilic platform for the purpose of entertainment and other measures, the hydrophilicity of the river has increased remarkably.
(6) After the restoration, the recognition degree of the landscape was changed from negative to positive. The landscape of typical restored ecological river is much better than the landscape of typical urban river which is not repaired. The results show that the recognition degree of the landscape has been admitted by the people.. Large wetland and small wetland obtain the highest recognition, because these two regions have artificial wetlands which form a larger area of the waterfront landscape.
修复工程于2008年4月28日开工,2008年10月30日完工,分别从河流蜿蜒形态、河道断面、河岸、河床及河流湿地等方面进行修复,构建了一条总长1km米“零水泥生态河道”。整个修复工程遵循防洪安全、生态功能强化、亲水文化空间创造、景观优化提升的理念;运用生物—生态修复、生境修复、水生生物群落修复等技术;采用石块、木桩、植物构件等自然材料和其他废旧材料。
修复后,从防洪功能、水文过程完整性及多样性、生境多样性、亲水性、生态效果、景观效果等方面对修复效果进行了验证,结果表明:
(1)2008年6月～2009年9月,修复工程经历了7场典型洪水的考验,河道泄洪畅通,除了3处遭到轻微损坏外,河流主体部分安全稳固,修补后的受损部分之后再没有出现损坏现象。实践证明,修复后的生态河道完全满足了泄洪要求,河流护岸工程安全性得到了验证。
(2)修复工程恢复了河流与河漫滩的水文连续性,维持了河流水文过程的完整性。洪水期,生态河道能有效缓冲洪水;枯水期,生态河道能有效蓄积河水,使河流不至于干涸、断流,维持了水流的连续性。本次工程采用的生态措施增加了水流流速和水深的多样性,修复前河道的平水期流速范围为0.12m/s～0.34m/s,洪水期流速范围为0.97m/s～1.41m/s;修复后河道的平水期流速范围为0m/s～0.48m/s,洪水期流速范围为0.09m/s～1.27m/s。修复前河道的平水期水深范围为0.16m～0.34m,洪水期水深范围0.31m～0.46m,修复后河道的平水期水深范围为0.05m～0.57m,洪水期水深范围为0.19m～0.72m。
(3)修复一年后A-1区、A-2区、A-3区的河床底质适宜性指数分别由原来的0.20、0.17、0.18提高到0.31、0.35、0.38;未修复的B-1区、B-2区、B-3区的河床底质适宜性指数均在0.21以下。
(4)修复后的A-1区、A-2区、A-3区的植物群落生物多样性指数和底栖动物群落生物多样性指数均高于未修复的B区;修复区内的大型动物如鱼虾类,青蛙,蛇等数目和出现频率均高于未修复区。
(5)修复工程通过降低河岸坡度、设置亲水台阶、搭建亲水平台、铺设沿河步道、建造湿地广场、修建透水堰坝、创造娱乐场所等措施,增加人们的亲水和娱乐机会,提高河流的亲水性。
(6)修复工程重塑了河流的蜿蜒曲折风貌、恢复了河岸线的优美自然景观。修复后的河流景观认同度均从负值变为正值,且远远高于城市河流景观认同度。说明修复后的河流景观有所改善,得到了人们的认可。其中,大湿地和小湿地的认同度最高,因为这两个区域人工构建了湿地,形成一个较大面积的滨水景观区域,说明人们对水域景观的认同度较高。
In this paper, the theory and technologies of river rehabilitation at home and abroad were reviewed. In conjunction with this specific natural conditions (drinking water source in Changchun city), a scheme considering about the local conditions is draw up and applied on the ecological restoration program which is about the damaged rivercourse in Mount Lianhua located at Changchun city.
The project began on April 28, 2008, completed in october 30, 2008. Under the coordination of a unified department at all levels, it takes 6 months to build a "zero-cement ecology river with a length of 1000 meters ".Natural materials such as riprap, wooden blocks, various plants were used in the project; concepts of flood control, landscape, hydrophilic and ecosystem protection were considered; The technology of bio-ecological restoration, habitat restoration, aquatic biological community restoration were also considered.
After the restoration, verification about the ecological river from safety of the river engineering, hydrological process, physical habitat, hydrophilcity ,ecological effects, visual effects and other aspects were carried out.
The results show that:
(1) After several floods, 2008.6.30, 2008.7.9, 2008.7.16, 2008.7.29 etc. The result shows that the ecological river fully meets the needs of the safty on flood. The river bank protection works has ensured the safety of people's lives and property.
(2) During flood season, ecological rivercourse can buffer the power of floods, reduce erosion intensity on the river. During dry season, ecological rivercourse can accumulate water, making the river on the condition of not being too dry or water interception, to maintain the integrity of the river hydrological processes. A series of measures of ecological restoration were used to increase the range of flow velocity and water depth.The original river flow rates range of levellers period from 0.12m / s to 0.34m / s, flow range of flood period from 0.97 m / s to 1.41m / s.After restoration, the flow velocity range of levellers period from 0m / s to 0.48m / s, flow range of flood period from 0.09 m / s to 1.27m / s. The original river-flow water depths range of levellers period from 0.16 m to 0.34m, water depths ranging of flood period from0.31 m to 0.46m. After restoration, the water depths range of levellers’period is from 0.05 m to 0.57m, water depths range of flood period is from 0.19 m to 0.72m.
(3) After restoration, the river bed substrate suitability indices were increased. The index of river bed substrate suitability of A-1 area, A-2 area, A-3 area has changed from the original numerical value 0.20, 0.17, and 0.18 to 0.31, 0.35, 0.38. However, the index of river bed substrate suitability of unrepaired area changed little.
(4) The diversity index of vegetation and benthonic animal on restoration area (A-1, A-2, A-3) are higher than the diversity index of unrepaired area (area B). The number and frequency of the large animals such as fish, frog, snake in repaired area are higher than in unrepaired area(area B).
(5) After the repair, by reducing bank slope, paveing trail along the river, setting the hydrophilic step, building the embankments and hydrophilic platform for the purpose of entertainment and other measures, the hydrophilicity of the river has increased remarkably.
(6) After the restoration, the recognition degree of the landscape was changed from negative to positive. The landscape of typical restored ecological river is much better than the landscape of typical urban river which is not repaired. The results show that the recognition degree of the landscape has been admitted by the people.. Large wetland and small wetland obtain the highest recognition, because these two regions have artificial wetlands which form a larger area of the waterfront landscape.
引文
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