黄河中游连伯滩湿地景观格局变化研究
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摘要
黄河中游湿地是指从山西省禹门口到河南省和山东省交界处的东坝头这一段呈“L”型的黄河及其沿岸的湿地,河道全长618 km,包括黄河中游的大部分和黄河下游的一部分,其总面积为4.803×10~5hm~2。连伯滩湿地位于黄河中游的中部,良好的气候条件使得该区动植物资源相对比较丰富。本研究结合相关调查数据对黄河中游连伯滩湿地资源现状进行评价,同时利用遥感和GIS技术对连伯滩湿地进行景观格局分析研究,以达到对湿地资源的科学管理、保护和持续利用的目的。
本研究以黄河中游连伯滩湿地1990、1995、2000、2005年四个时相的卫星多波段遥感影像为主要研究资料,通过斑块密度、斑块边缘长度、景观多样性指数、优势度、景观破碎化指数、平均斑块分维数等景观空间格局指数,系统地分析了连伯滩湿地1990年以来湿地景观空间格局变化情况。研究结果发现:
1、从斑块面积变化来看,1990～2005年,草地、耕地、林地斑块面积在增加,而水域和滩地斑块的面积在不断减小。各类型斑块面积的变化不仅与气候、水文有关,同时还受当地农业经营的方针政策、经济利益的直接影响。
2、随着人类干扰活动的增加,景观结构异质性增大。湿地景观多样性指数从1990年的0.9947增加到2005年的1.1247,由于景观类型的增加,优势度指数从1990年的0.3916增加到2000年的0.4847,破碎化指数从1990年1.2785增加到2005年的1.2942。
3、自1990年以来,在人类活动和自然因素的综合作用下,连伯滩湿地发生了较大的变化。斑块数量的增加、斑块密度的增加以及斑块边缘长度的增加等都说明该区域破碎化程度增加。
4、黄河中游连伯滩湿地退化的自然因素主要是长期干旱导致黄河及汾河径流补给大大减少。同时河漫滩出现盐渍化的趋势,柽柳群落的出现指示着湿地水分条件和生态环境的恶化。
5、人口的压力是湿地退化最根本的原因。长期以来,人们未能正确处理社会经济发展与生态环境保护之间的关系,向土地要粮,大搞农田水利建设,从而使湿地补给水源减少,水质受到污染,植被退化,动物栖息地丧失。
针对黄河中游连伯滩湿地退化的原因,本文从加大管理力度、治理区域污染、减轻水土流失、完善保护工程、开展科学研究等方面提出相应对策,以便从根本上保护和恢复湿地生态环境。
The Wetland of Middle Yellow River refers to the "L-shaped" river segment and its wetlands from Yumenkou in Shanxi province to Dongbatou in junction of Henan and Shandong province.The 618- km-long river segment covers the most part of the Middle Yellow River and part of the Lower Yellow River,with the total area of 0.48 million hectare.Lianbo Beach is located in the central part of the Middle Yellow River,where is abundant in flora and fauna partially due to optimal climatic conditions.This study integrated the survey data to evaluate the present wetland resources in Lianbo Beach.Meanwhile,the remote sensing and GIS technology were used to analyze the wetland landscape pattern in an effort to realize the scientifically-sound management,conservation and sustainable utilization of wetland resources.
This study examined the data extracted from the multi-band satellite remote sensing images of Lianbo Beach at four phases of 1990,1995,2000 and 2005.The analyses employed a series of spatial landscape pattern indices such as patch density,length of patch edge,landscape diversity index,species dominance,landscape fragmentation index,and the mean fractal dimension index to systematically scrutinize the spatial alteration patterns of the wetland landscape at Lianbo Beach since 1990.The results are as follows.
1.The changes in patch areas from 1990 to 2005 show the increase in grassland,farmland and woodland but the decrease in water bodies and beaches.Such changes were related to climate and hydrology features and heavily depended on local agricultural policies and economic interests.
2.The intensive anthropogenic activities corresponded to the enlarged landscape heterogeneity as demonstrated by the increase of wetland landscape diversity index of 0.9947～1.1247 between 1990 and 2005. Consequently the growing landscape types led to the increase in dominance index of 0.3619～0.4847 between 1990 and 2000,and the fragment index of 1.2785～1.2942 between 1990 and 2005.
3.The significant alterations of Lianbo Beach wetland occurred after 1990 when it coincided with ever-intensive anthropogenic activities and the changing natural factors.This is shown in the increases of patch numbers, patch density and the length of patch edge,all indicating the enhanced degree of fragmentation in this region.
4.The major natural factor to wetland degradation at Lianbo Beach is the significantly reduction of runoffs along the Fenhe River to and the Yellow River due to long-lasting drought.The salinization tendency in the floodplain is also noted,where the emergence of Chinese tamarisk community shows the deteriorating and worsening conditions in water content and the overall ecological environment in the wetland area.
5.The population pressure serves as the ultimate cause for wetland degradation.For a long time,people failed to properly deal with the relationship between socio-economic development and the protection of ecological environment.The over-farming activities and the extensive works of water resources all contributed to reduction of water discharge to wetland, along with the water pollution,flora degradation,and fauna habituate loss.
With the knowledge of the causes for the wetland degradation at Lianbo Beach of Middle Yellow River,this paper proposed conservation strategies, including strengthening management,regional pollution control,soil erosion reduction,improvement in conservation projects,and intensive scientific research,aiming at the fundamental protection and restoration of the wetland ecological environment.
本研究以黄河中游连伯滩湿地1990、1995、2000、2005年四个时相的卫星多波段遥感影像为主要研究资料,通过斑块密度、斑块边缘长度、景观多样性指数、优势度、景观破碎化指数、平均斑块分维数等景观空间格局指数,系统地分析了连伯滩湿地1990年以来湿地景观空间格局变化情况。研究结果发现:
1、从斑块面积变化来看,1990～2005年,草地、耕地、林地斑块面积在增加,而水域和滩地斑块的面积在不断减小。各类型斑块面积的变化不仅与气候、水文有关,同时还受当地农业经营的方针政策、经济利益的直接影响。
2、随着人类干扰活动的增加,景观结构异质性增大。湿地景观多样性指数从1990年的0.9947增加到2005年的1.1247,由于景观类型的增加,优势度指数从1990年的0.3916增加到2000年的0.4847,破碎化指数从1990年1.2785增加到2005年的1.2942。
3、自1990年以来,在人类活动和自然因素的综合作用下,连伯滩湿地发生了较大的变化。斑块数量的增加、斑块密度的增加以及斑块边缘长度的增加等都说明该区域破碎化程度增加。
4、黄河中游连伯滩湿地退化的自然因素主要是长期干旱导致黄河及汾河径流补给大大减少。同时河漫滩出现盐渍化的趋势,柽柳群落的出现指示着湿地水分条件和生态环境的恶化。
5、人口的压力是湿地退化最根本的原因。长期以来,人们未能正确处理社会经济发展与生态环境保护之间的关系,向土地要粮,大搞农田水利建设,从而使湿地补给水源减少,水质受到污染,植被退化,动物栖息地丧失。
针对黄河中游连伯滩湿地退化的原因,本文从加大管理力度、治理区域污染、减轻水土流失、完善保护工程、开展科学研究等方面提出相应对策,以便从根本上保护和恢复湿地生态环境。
The Wetland of Middle Yellow River refers to the "L-shaped" river segment and its wetlands from Yumenkou in Shanxi province to Dongbatou in junction of Henan and Shandong province.The 618- km-long river segment covers the most part of the Middle Yellow River and part of the Lower Yellow River,with the total area of 0.48 million hectare.Lianbo Beach is located in the central part of the Middle Yellow River,where is abundant in flora and fauna partially due to optimal climatic conditions.This study integrated the survey data to evaluate the present wetland resources in Lianbo Beach.Meanwhile,the remote sensing and GIS technology were used to analyze the wetland landscape pattern in an effort to realize the scientifically-sound management,conservation and sustainable utilization of wetland resources.
This study examined the data extracted from the multi-band satellite remote sensing images of Lianbo Beach at four phases of 1990,1995,2000 and 2005.The analyses employed a series of spatial landscape pattern indices such as patch density,length of patch edge,landscape diversity index,species dominance,landscape fragmentation index,and the mean fractal dimension index to systematically scrutinize the spatial alteration patterns of the wetland landscape at Lianbo Beach since 1990.The results are as follows.
1.The changes in patch areas from 1990 to 2005 show the increase in grassland,farmland and woodland but the decrease in water bodies and beaches.Such changes were related to climate and hydrology features and heavily depended on local agricultural policies and economic interests.
2.The intensive anthropogenic activities corresponded to the enlarged landscape heterogeneity as demonstrated by the increase of wetland landscape diversity index of 0.9947～1.1247 between 1990 and 2005. Consequently the growing landscape types led to the increase in dominance index of 0.3619～0.4847 between 1990 and 2000,and the fragment index of 1.2785～1.2942 between 1990 and 2005.
3.The significant alterations of Lianbo Beach wetland occurred after 1990 when it coincided with ever-intensive anthropogenic activities and the changing natural factors.This is shown in the increases of patch numbers, patch density and the length of patch edge,all indicating the enhanced degree of fragmentation in this region.
4.The major natural factor to wetland degradation at Lianbo Beach is the significantly reduction of runoffs along the Fenhe River to and the Yellow River due to long-lasting drought.The salinization tendency in the floodplain is also noted,where the emergence of Chinese tamarisk community shows the deteriorating and worsening conditions in water content and the overall ecological environment in the wetland area.
5.The population pressure serves as the ultimate cause for wetland degradation.For a long time,people failed to properly deal with the relationship between socio-economic development and the protection of ecological environment.The over-farming activities and the extensive works of water resources all contributed to reduction of water discharge to wetland, along with the water pollution,flora degradation,and fauna habituate loss.
With the knowledge of the causes for the wetland degradation at Lianbo Beach of Middle Yellow River,this paper proposed conservation strategies, including strengthening management,regional pollution control,soil erosion reduction,improvement in conservation projects,and intensive scientific research,aiming at the fundamental protection and restoration of the wetland ecological environment.
引文
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