大豆硫素营养及硫肥肥效研究
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摘要
硫素不仅是蛋白质和氨基酸组成成分,还是许多酶、辅酶和硫胺类等生理活性物质的组成成分。它们参于有氧呼吸作用、氮素代谢、脂肪代谢、淀粉合成和生物固氮作用等重要生理生化过程,能调节植物代谢,提高作物的产量和改进农产品品质。因此,硫素在植物生长发育及代谢过程中具有重要的生理功能,硫素肥料已被认为是继氮、磷、钾后的第四大营养元素肥料。
大豆属于需硫量较高的作物。近几年,大豆对硫素需求及硫素在大豆生长及生理生化过程中的作用已成为硫素研究方面的重要内容。本文采用砂培试验、土培试验和田间小区试验来系统研究大豆硫素营养生理及高效施肥技术,利用土壤学、肥料学、生理生物化学和电镜等基础理论和先进技术研究硫素对大豆营养生长、生殖生长和硫胁迫下大豆植株器官及细胞组织超微结构的影响,探明辽宁省大豆主产区土壤硫素状况及硫肥肥效。主要结论如下:
1.硫素能够促进大豆植株生长发育,提高生物量积累和叶面积增长速率。硫胁迫下大豆植株生长受阻,生物量积累、叶面积增长速率下降。
2.介质中硫素浓度增加,大豆吸硫量增多,大豆对硫素的吸收符合养分报酬递减率。大豆吸硫速率出现两个高峰,分别为分枝期至盛花期和鼓粒期至成熟期。施用硫素降低了大豆硫素收获指数。
3.适量硫素能够促进大豆对氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收利用。硫素过高,不利于氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收。介质中硫素增加,大豆N:S值下降,施硫能够促进氮素转化。
4.适宜的硫素能够提高大豆叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、大豆根瘤固氮活性和酰脲含量;硫素能增加大豆体内硝酸还原酶活性,降低硝态氮含量。
5.硫胁迫下大豆叶片、根和茎结构发育不完整,叶片上气孔少,开张不好;大豆叶片和根细胞结构受损,细胞核不完整,细胞质壁分离,细胞质内叶绿体膜结构发育不好,线粒体膜不清晰,淀粉粒积累量增加。
6.辽宁省大豆主产区土壤全硫平均含量0.25g/kg;有效硫含量平均值为24.39mg/kg,有效硫含量低于临界值(21.1 mg/kg)的土壤占53.8%。草甸
The sulfur is not only the components of proteins and amino acids, but also the constituents of many enzymes, coenzymes, sulphanilamides and others with physiological activities. It takes part in the physiological processes of respiration, nitrogen metabolism, fat metabolism, starch synthesis and biological nitrogen fixation. It also regulates the plant metabolism, increases the crop yield and improves the qualities of agricultural products. Therefore, sulfur has many important physiological functions in the plant growth, development and metabolism. And the sulfur fertilizer is considered as the fourth fertilizer after the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Soybean is belonged to one of crops with more sulfur. So in recent years, the requirement of soybean to sulfur and the roles of sulfur on soybean growth, metabolized process are the important research contents in recent years. The sand culture, soil culture, field experiment and electrical microscope are used to study the effects of sulfur on the soybean nutrition growth, the reproduce growth and the microstructures of organs and cells of soybean plant under the stress of sulfur. At the same times, the sulfur conditions and the fertilization techniques are researched on in the extensive soybean-planting soils in Liaoning Province. The main results obtained from the experiments are as follows:
1. Sulfur promotes the growth and development of soybean plant, increase the accumulation of biomass and rate of leaf area of soybean. The growth of functional leaf and the rates of leaf area and biomass accumulation of soybean declined under the stress of sulfur in soil. The symptoms of sulfur stress is typical in this test. Lose of green and brown spots in the lower leafs are obviously too.
2. The content of sulfur in the soybean was greatly affected by environment. The more the contents of sulfur increases in the medium,
大豆属于需硫量较高的作物。近几年,大豆对硫素需求及硫素在大豆生长及生理生化过程中的作用已成为硫素研究方面的重要内容。本文采用砂培试验、土培试验和田间小区试验来系统研究大豆硫素营养生理及高效施肥技术,利用土壤学、肥料学、生理生物化学和电镜等基础理论和先进技术研究硫素对大豆营养生长、生殖生长和硫胁迫下大豆植株器官及细胞组织超微结构的影响,探明辽宁省大豆主产区土壤硫素状况及硫肥肥效。主要结论如下:
1.硫素能够促进大豆植株生长发育,提高生物量积累和叶面积增长速率。硫胁迫下大豆植株生长受阻,生物量积累、叶面积增长速率下降。
2.介质中硫素浓度增加,大豆吸硫量增多,大豆对硫素的吸收符合养分报酬递减率。大豆吸硫速率出现两个高峰,分别为分枝期至盛花期和鼓粒期至成熟期。施用硫素降低了大豆硫素收获指数。
3.适量硫素能够促进大豆对氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收利用。硫素过高,不利于氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收。介质中硫素增加,大豆N:S值下降,施硫能够促进氮素转化。
4.适宜的硫素能够提高大豆叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、大豆根瘤固氮活性和酰脲含量;硫素能增加大豆体内硝酸还原酶活性,降低硝态氮含量。
5.硫胁迫下大豆叶片、根和茎结构发育不完整,叶片上气孔少,开张不好;大豆叶片和根细胞结构受损,细胞核不完整,细胞质壁分离,细胞质内叶绿体膜结构发育不好,线粒体膜不清晰,淀粉粒积累量增加。
6.辽宁省大豆主产区土壤全硫平均含量0.25g/kg;有效硫含量平均值为24.39mg/kg,有效硫含量低于临界值(21.1 mg/kg)的土壤占53.8%。草甸
The sulfur is not only the components of proteins and amino acids, but also the constituents of many enzymes, coenzymes, sulphanilamides and others with physiological activities. It takes part in the physiological processes of respiration, nitrogen metabolism, fat metabolism, starch synthesis and biological nitrogen fixation. It also regulates the plant metabolism, increases the crop yield and improves the qualities of agricultural products. Therefore, sulfur has many important physiological functions in the plant growth, development and metabolism. And the sulfur fertilizer is considered as the fourth fertilizer after the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Soybean is belonged to one of crops with more sulfur. So in recent years, the requirement of soybean to sulfur and the roles of sulfur on soybean growth, metabolized process are the important research contents in recent years. The sand culture, soil culture, field experiment and electrical microscope are used to study the effects of sulfur on the soybean nutrition growth, the reproduce growth and the microstructures of organs and cells of soybean plant under the stress of sulfur. At the same times, the sulfur conditions and the fertilization techniques are researched on in the extensive soybean-planting soils in Liaoning Province. The main results obtained from the experiments are as follows:
1. Sulfur promotes the growth and development of soybean plant, increase the accumulation of biomass and rate of leaf area of soybean. The growth of functional leaf and the rates of leaf area and biomass accumulation of soybean declined under the stress of sulfur in soil. The symptoms of sulfur stress is typical in this test. Lose of green and brown spots in the lower leafs are obviously too.
2. The content of sulfur in the soybean was greatly affected by environment. The more the contents of sulfur increases in the medium,
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