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澳大利亚授权立法的运行与监督机制研究
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摘要
澳大利亚基本承袭了英国授权立法的传统,议会将制定法律规范的权力授予行政机关、法定机构、仲裁庭及法院都是常见情形。出于公共管理的需要,20世纪70年代起,授权立法的数量激增,但其实施过程中出现了质量不高、内容不透明、审查缺位等问题。作为应对,澳大利亚通过制定新的相关规范、改革原有制度等手段,从“运行控制、议会监督、司法审查”三个方面加强对授权立法的规制,并取得了显著效果。
     澳大利亚沿用了英国传统的法律原则与理论体系,同时也借鉴了美国的联邦政党制度以及三权分立模式,制定了成文宪法,议会主权原则与权力分立思想也相应构成了澳大利亚宪政体制的基本原理。虽然传统的宪政分权理论排斥授权立法,但随着公共行政需求的变化,授权立法由于其能够缓解议会立法的时间压力、灵活应对专业需要或新颖的立法对象,提高争议事项的立法效率等特征,在澳大利亚逐渐被广泛接受。但另一方面,授权立法也面临着干涉议会主权、破坏宪政平衡,乃至侵犯个人权利的指责。为此,澳大利亚各行政辖区都进行了相应改革。首先,以2003年澳大利亚联邦《立法文书法案》确立了澳大利亚的授权立法运行的基础规则。其次,授权立法登记备案制度、议会专门委员会审查机制等实现了议会对授权立法的质量控制。再次,改进的司法审查制度也确保了对授权立法的事后监督。虽然联邦与各州并没有统一的模式,但澳大利亚的授权立法机制正逐渐呈现出制度化与规范化的发展态势。
     澳大利亚授权立法的运行以“必要或便利”的授权条款规则为实质效力依据,以符合法定程序为授权立法质量控制的形式要件。作为一个多法域国家,澳大利亚联邦及各州都制定了规范授权立法的专门性立法。笔者从现行制定法规范入手,通过对澳大利亚联邦、首都地区、昆士兰州等典型的行政辖区的专门性立法进行逐一考察,分析得出其在立法文书内涵、制定机关、起草程序、咨询要求、管制影响声明、公布与登记制度、撤销程序等方面规定的异同。澳大利亚同时也是一个判例法国家,通过选取标志性案例,可以对授权立法的起草与制定、提交与备案、议会驳回与公布等关键程序的适用要点进行解读。不得与基本立法相冲突是授权立法有效的前提,此处的基本立法不仅包括授权法或其他法律,还包括普通法、宪法及已被转化为国内法的国际公约与条约,与之冲突将导致授权立法的推定撤销。此外,法规除设有“保留条款”的情形外,授权条款的撤销也会导致以其为依据而制定的授权立法的被撤销,“日落条款”则确保了经过规定时限的授权立法的撤销。当前,绝大多数行政辖区,授权立法被撤销的效果已由制定法作出相对明确的规定。
     议会监督是英美法系国家对授权立法进行控制的首选途径。在澳大利亚,这主要通过议会对提交备案的授权立法行使驳回权而实现。议会下设审查委员会等专业性立法监督审查机构,负责依据议会设定的标准,对提交至议会备案的授权立法进行审查,向议会作出驳回与否的建议。经过多年的法律实践和制度积累,联邦及各州都形成了各自稳定且有效的审查机构与制度。审查的目的通常在于确保某项文书符合制定法要求,未不当的侵犯个人权利和自由,未不当的要求公民权利与自由必须以未经司法或独立仲裁机构审查的行政决定为依据,以及未包含任何不适宜由议会制定的事项。此外,作为对专门委员会审查的补充,联邦议会及部分州议会还设有议案审查委员会,负责审查呈递给参议院的立法议案,以避免授权立法权力的不当授予或议会审查不充分的情况。随着人权保护意识的增强,近年来澳大利亚议会监督机制也有了新发展。澳大利亚首都地区、维多利亚州及澳大利亚联邦先后通过了人权法案,并分别规定了依据人权原则对立法进行审查的规范机制。
     在普通法传统下,澳大利亚长久以来即将司法审查视作控制行政机关行为的重要手段。而授权立法中的司法审查为监督具有立法权的公共机关立法行为的合法性,防止行政权力过度膨胀,保护公民合法权利发挥着最后防线的作用。经司法审查,授权立法可能因超越授权(简单越权)、不合理或不合比例、缺乏确定性、目的不正当等理由被确认无效。本文通过对澳大利亚及其他英联邦国家判例的考察,对起诉资格、诉讼方式、救济手段、被审查文件的范围、审查理由、排除审查的条款等问题进行了细致梳理。在联邦层面,由于1977年《行政决定(司法审查)法》的适用范围限于行政决定,因此对授权立法只能依据普通法要求进行司法审查,而不能要求制定法上的规定救济,行政机关行政行为与立法行为的微妙界分也变得至关重要。但制定法及司法判例的最新发展表明,两者并非相互排斥的范畴,制定者的同一性也逐渐减弱了这种区分的必要性。
     授权立法应摒除其中立法权异动与行政权扩张的因素,通过使立法与行政的交互过程由传统的行政主导型转向“论证—商谈型(Argumentations-und Diskurstheorie)”,从而营造一个开放结构与理性对话的权力空间。在这期间,探寻授权立法机制中的平衡理念不失为一种理性良治的选择。澳大利亚授权立法制度的理念核心在于多元平衡:分权原则与积极行政的平衡,民主权利与政府职能的平衡,公平正义与社会效率的平衡,权力运行与监督保障的平衡等。相比之下,我国的授权立法制度无论在形式程序上或实体规范上均有所欠缺,反映到具体制度上,便是当前授权立法程序的封闭与监督机制的缺位。而在授权立法题域中,更应体现权力平衡的制度基础,以及利益均衡的价值追求。所以,以授权立法中本应蕴含的平衡理念为引导,遏制传统公权力行为的强制性与单方意志,确保多重社会资源的均衡配置格局,方能实现我国社会转型期正义良善之立法与公平高效之行政的融合,从而在多元利益对立博弈中找到和谐共生,达致自由、民主、平等的宪政精神的最大彰显。
This thesis focuses on the operation and review mechanism of Australian delegated legislation. Adopting the tradition of delegated legislation from the U.K, it is a commonplace in Australia for the parliament to delegate legislative power to the executive branch, statutory authorities, tribunals and courts. Due to the increased demand of public management, the amount of delegated legislative instruments had been soaring dramatically since the1970s. Moreover, problems such as low quality, lack of transparency and insufficient supervision were also prevalent. In response to these issues, the Australian government has enacted new statutes and reformed the former review mechanisms to reinforce the supervision of delegated legislation from three perspectives, namely operational control, parliamentary scrutiny, and judicial review. These measures significantly took effect.
     While inheriting the English legal principles and taking the American political system based on which it drafted its own constitution, Australian constitutional theory is made up of parliamentary sovereignty and separation of powers as its fundamental principles. Despite the fact that such principles are in contravention of delegation of legislative power, the reality triumphs. Delegated legislation becomes widely accepted because of its ability of lessening the time pressure on parliament, responding to technical or novel issues with flexibility, and increasing efficiency in the face of controversial subjects. However, delegated legislation is also accused of undermining parliamentary sovereignty, disrupting constitutional balance, and even violating personal rights. As a result, each and every jurisdiction in Australia went through various reforms. Currently, the Legislative Instruments Act2003(Cth) establishes ground rules for the operation of delegated legislation. The tabling and laying before parliament requirement strengthens controlling of legislation quality. The reformed judicial review system ensures the post legislation supervision. Although there is no uniform mechanism for the federal or states levels, there is indeed a tendency toward institutionalization and governed by law.
     Being made in accordance with the prescribed procedure, under a "necessary or convenient" empowering clause is the formal requirements for quality control of delegated legislation. As a multi-jurisdiction regime, every parliament in Australia has passed a specific statute for the regulation of delegation. Beginning with the existing statutory provisions of several representative jurisdictions, this part summarizes the scope of legislating authority, the drafting steps, consultation requirements, publication and the repeal procedure. The prerequisite for validity is no conflict with other laws. Here the law refers not only to the empowering act and other existing act, but also the constitution, the common law, and international treaties or conventions that have been transformed into domestic laws. Beside that, the repeal of the empowering act will lead to the repeal of all legislations made under it, unless it contains a saving clause. The sun-setting mechanism ensures that outdated legislations are repealed. In most jurisdictions, the effect of repealed delegated legislation is provided for in statutes.
     Parliamentary scrutiny is the practical choice of every common law countries where this is mostly realized by the parliament to disallow the legislation laid before it. Specifically, the parliament has select committees under it, which are responsible for the review of legislations based on prescribed standards, making the suggestions about disallowance. All jurisdictions have developed efficient and stable reviewing systems, the archetype of which is the Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances at federal level. The general purpose of these committees is to scrutinize each instrument to ensure that it is in accordance with the statute; that it does not trespass unduly on personal rights and liberties; that it does not unduly make the rights and liberties of citizens dependent upon administrative decisions which are not subject to review of their merits by a judicial or other independent tribunal; and that it does not contain matter more appropriate for parliamentary enactment. In supplement to the select committees, certain parliament has also established committee for the scrutiny of bills. Moreover, as a reflection of the increased importance attached to human rights, three jurisdictions has passed human rights acts which nominates specific committees to scrutinize legislation for human rights protections.
     Pursuant to the English common law tradition, Australia has regarded judicial review as a crucial for the control of executive decisions against violation of civil rights. An instrument may be declared invalid for reasons including simple ultra vires, unreasonableness, uncertainty or improper purpose. After an exploration in case law, this text offers a detailed discussion on the standing to sue, remedies, scope of application, grounds for review, as well as ousting clauses. At the federal level, due to the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act1977solely applying to executive decisions, review of delegated legislation can only be sought on common law grounds rather than statutory remedies. The fine line between administrative and legislative decisions is crucial in this account. However, the later enactment and case law seem to suggest that the two categories are not necessarily exclusive, and the significance of the dichotomy is lessening.
     On this basis, it puts forward advices, in terms of procedural control and external supervision. It concludes that the core notion of the Australian delegated legislation system is multi-faceted balance:that between the separation of powers and positive administration; between civil rights and governmental functions; between justice and fairness and social efficiency; between operation of powers and supervision. By contrast, the existing Chinese delegated legislation system seems to be lacking in the points mentioned above. In a micro perspective, that is evidenced by the non-transparency of legislative procedures and the absence of proper supervision. A balance of powers is the fundamental to good governance, while the balance of interests is the value orientation. It might be preferable to take the balance idea as the guidance to the end that the compulsion and arbitrariness discarded to create a chance for an open and rational dialogue within different interests. Only in this way could a fusion system of social justice with fair legislation and efficient administration be realized and the constitutional spirit of equality and freedom achieved during the transitional period in China.
引文
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    ① 这一点可以同G.Sawer教授在“The Separation of Powers in Australian Federalism" (1961) 35 Australian Law Journal177一文中较为激进的观点形成比较。Sawer教授认为,枢密院在Attorney-General v. R (The Boilermakers Case)[1957]AC 288案中的判决与高等法院在Meakes v. Dignan案中的论断存在矛盾。然而,Kenneth Bailey爵士在其对Saw观点的评论文章(35 Australian Law Journal 185)中明确指出,枢密院特别表明了其并未试图质疑以Dignan案为基础的判例立场。
    ② 关于议会进行授权立法的深入讨论还有D Malcolm, The Limitations, if Any, On the Powers of Parliament to Delegate the Power to Legislate, (1992) 66 Australian Law Journal 247; D Myerson, Rethinking the Constitutionality of Delegated Legislation (2003) 11 Australian Journal of Administrative Law 45;
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    ② 王名扬:《美国行政法》,北京:中国法制出版社1995年版,第546页。第一,现代社会变迁迅速,立法机关很难预见未来的发展变化,只能授权行政机关根据各种可能出现的情况作出决定;第二,现代社会极为复杂,行政机关必须根据具体情况作出具体决定,法律不能严格规定强求一致;第三,现代行政技术性高,议会缺乏能力制定专业性的法律,只能规定需要完成的任务或目的,由行政机关采取适当的执行方式;第四,现代行政范围大,国会无力制定行政活动所需要的全部法律,不得不扩大行政机关的决定权力;第五,现代行政开拓众多的新活动领域,无经验可以参考,行政机关必须作出试探性的决定,积累经验,不能受法律严格限制;第六,制定一个法律往往涉及不同的价值判断。从理论上说,价值判断应由立法机关决定,然而由于议员来自不同的党派,议员的观点和所代表的利益互相冲突,议会有时不能协调各种利益和综合各种观点,得出一个能为多数人接受的共同认识,为了避免这种困难,议会可能授权行政机关,根据公共利益或需要,采取必要的或适当的措施。
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    ⑥ Aronson, note 9 above, p178.
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    ⑤ Lord Hewart of Bury, The New Despotism, Ernest Benn, London,1929,p14.
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    ① 姜明安:《澳大利亚委任立法制度的理论与实践》,载《中国法学》1995年第1期。
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    ③ Freund, Administrative Powers over Persons and Property, A Comparative Survey, University of Chicago Press, p219.
    ④ See Lord Greene MR, Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223.
    ⑤ 如Wednesbury案中,Lord Greene认为证明不合理性需要“压倒性(overwhelming) "的证据,而Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for Civil Services案中,Lord Diplock将不合理性定义为“如此严重地与逻辑或道德准则相悖,以至于任何一个明智的人在考虑相同问题时都不会做出同样决定。”
    ① See Beatson, Matthews and Elliott, Administrative Law:Text and Materials,4th edition, Oxford University Press,2011, p256.
    ② Sir Thomas Bingham MR, Rv. Ministry of Defence, ex p Smith (1996) QB 517 at 554 E-G.
    ③ See M.Allen and B.Thompson, Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, Oxford University Press,2011, p.490; P.Craig, Unreasonableness and Proportionality in UK Law, in Ellis (ed.) The Principle of Proportionality in the Laws of Europe (1999), p85-106.
    ④ H.Burnester and M.Bezzi, Proportionality:A Fashionable and Dangerous Doctrine, or an Essential Safeguard Against Abuse of Power", and S Kneebone, " A Commentary on Proportionality:Protection of Common Law" in L Pearson (ed). Administrative Law:Setting the Pace or Being Left Behind, Papers of the 1996 Administrative Law Forum, Australian Institute of Administrative Law,1997. 另见Kirby P 在 the New South Wales v. Macquarie Bank Ltd (1992) 30 NSWLR307案中的判决其中讨论了该标准在欧洲的渊源,以及在其他国家的反应。
    ⑤ 彭錞:《变迁中的英国司法审查—背景、判例及趋势》,载《行政法论丛》2010年第13卷。
    ⑥ 叶赞平:《中外法院制度散论》,北京:法律出版社2012年版,第113页。⑦ Christopher Forsyth, Judicial Review and the Constitution, Hart Publishing,2000, p116.
    ① 陈伯礼:《授权立法研究》,北京:法律出版社2000年版,第245页。
    ② 叶赞平:《中外法院制度散论》,北京:法律出版社2012年版,第111-114页
    ③ 任进:《澳大利亚制定法上的司法审查》,载中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/shownews.asp?id=9217,访问日期:2012年10月17日。
    ④ Richard Ward, Amanda Wragg, and Amanda Akhtar, Walker & Walker's English Legal System, Oxford University Press,2011, p26-27.
    ④ [美]理查德·B·斯图尔特:《美国行政法的重构》,沈岿译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,第85页。
    ① See M.Aronson, B.Dyer & M.Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action,4th ed Law book Co, Sydney,2009, Ch 15.also See The general cases relating to standing are set out in M.Aronson, B.Dyer & M.Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action,4th ed, Law book Co, Sydney,2009,Ch 11.
    ② See Government of South Australia, Understanding Legislation,2009, p7(特别注明法规中不应该存在“除非法律明确授权,否则自由裁量权不得行使”的条款)Also see, Foley v Padley (1984) 154 CLR 349 (Brennan法官的反对意见是,规定赋予过于宽泛的自由裁量权的授权立法无效的原因在于授权立法赋予的裁量权的行使很有可能超越授权权限而实现了非授权目的的意图。)andO' Connell v Nixon (2007) 16 VR 440(主张对行为的规制权力天然的包含在自由裁量权下对于相关被规制行为的禁止)
    ④ James Hart, The Ordinance Making Powers of the President of the United States, Johns Hopkins Press,p146.
    ⑤ See M.Aronson,Criteria for Restricting Collateral Challenge(1998) 9 Public Law Review 237; E Campbell, Collateral Challenge of the Validity of Governmental Action(1998) 24 Monash University Law Review 272; R Douglas, Collateral Attacks on Administrative Decisions:Anomalous but Efficient(2006) 51 AIAL Forum 71.
    ⑥ J.M. Evans, S.A.de Smith's Judicial Review of Administrative Action,4th ed 1950, p298.
    ⑧ 朱应平:《澳大利亚行政法上反再委托规则研究》,载《行政法学研究》2006年第2期。
    ① See J.Willis, Delegatus Non Potest Delegare, (1943) 21 Canadian Bar Review 257; J F Northey, Sub-Delegated Legislation and Delegatus Non Potest Delegare, (1953) 6 Res Judicatae 294; P.H Thorp, The Key to the application of the Maxim Delegatus Non Potest Delegare, (1972)2 Auckland University Law Review 851; P O'Connor, Decisions Made in the Absence of Formal Delegation of Power, (1997) 4(2) Local Government Law Journal 225.
    ① [英]迈克尔·莱斯诺夫等:《社会契约论》,刘训练等译,南京:江苏人民出版社2005年版,第381页。
    ② 邓世豹:《授权立法的法理思考》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第13页。
    ③ [德]亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,北京:商务印书馆1981年版,第163页。
    ④ 参见[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神(上卷)》,许明龙译,北京:商务印书馆2013年版,第200-202页。
    ① 邓世豹:《授权立法的法理思考》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第14页。
    ② 参见朱应平:《澳大利亚宪法权利概述》,北京:法律书版社2006年版,第5页。
    ③《澳大利亚联邦宪法》第1条规定,联邦的立法权授予联邦议会,联邦议会由女王、参议院和众议院组成;第61条规定,联邦行政权属于女王,由总督以女王的代表名义行使。此项权限包括本宪法及联邦法律的执行与维护;第71条规定,联邦的司法权属于定名为澳大利亚高等法院的联邦最高法院,议会设置的其他联邦法院,以及授予联邦管辖权的其他法院。
    ④ 何勤华主编:《澳大利亚法律发达史》,北京:法律出版社2004年版,第125页。
    ① [英]威廉·韦德:《行政法》,徐炳等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社1997年版,第558页。
    ② [英]洛克:《政府论》(下),叶启芳等译,北京:商务印书馆1996年版,第82页。
    ① 参见陈新民:《公法学札记》,北京:中国政法大学出版社2001年版,第52页。
    ② 陈新民:《公法学札记》,北京:中国政法大学出版社2001年版,第52页。
    ③ 沈岿:《平衡论:一种行政法认知模式》,北京:北京大学出版社1999年版,第150页。
    ④ [英]威廉·韦德:《行政法》,徐炳等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社1997年版,第4页。
    ① 参见王名扬:《美国行政法》,北京:中国法制出版社1995年版,第546页。
    ② “框架式立法”的概念起始于英国多诺莫尔委员会(部长权力委员会)报告中有关立法模式的讨论,即仅由议会法案包含最宽泛的原则,制定方向等,而其他规范性问题、越权程序以及具体的管控方式问题和对立法对象的权利和财产具有重大影响的合理安排问题均交由具体部门解决,在议会的监督下发布议会计划制定法律的立法形式。
    ① 参见邓世豹:《授权立法的法理思考》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第33页。
    ② [美]查尔斯·艾·伯纳西:《美国复杂的立法体制》,载《交流》1984年第2期。
    ③ [美]斯蒂芬·L·埃尔金等:《宪政新论》,周夜谦译,北京:三联书店1997年版,第181页。
    ④ 胡建淼:《有关中国行政法上的行政授权问题》,载《中国法学》1994年第2期。
    ⑤ 参见[美]埃尔斯特等:《宪政与民主》,潘勤等译,北京:三联书店1997年版,第327页。
    ⑥ 参见[英]威廉·韦德:《行政法》,徐炳等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社1997年版,第559页。
    ① 参见季涛:《行政权的扩张与控制》,载《行政法学研究》1997年第1期。
    ② 何小平、潘世钦、余正琨:《行政法与行政诉讼法学》,南昌:江西人民出版社2001年版,第50页。
    ① 1932年,英国议会的多诺莫尔委员会制定了关于各政府部门权力运行情况的大法官委员会报告《The Report of the British Committee of Minister's Power)),其中涉及授权立法及其有关问题的分析与评判,对澳大利亚相关领域内的理论与制度发展颇具影响。
    ② G.Ganz, Quasi-legislation:Recent Developments in Secondary Legislation, Sweet & Maxwell, London,1987, p11.
    ③ 王名扬:《英国行政法》,北京:中国政法大学出版社1987年版,第109页。
    ① 授权立法不仅形式上有别于制定法,数量上也远远超过后者。澳大利亚行政审查委员会(Administrative Review Council, ARC)援用参议院常设法律法规委员会(Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances)的数据,报告称1982-1983年新增703项制定法文件,1990-1991年间这一数字为1645项。可被驳回的规范性文件(于此相对,条例会受到更多监督)则增长迅猛:1982-1983年间新增553项制定法规定(statutory rules)和150项可被驳回的规范性文件,1990-1991年两者分别为484项和1161项。此后增速略有下降,2003-2004年间有380项制定法规则,以及1181项“其他规范性文件”。转引自Senate Committee:40th Parliamentary Committee Report (2005), p14.
    ② 参见何勤华主编:《澳大利亚法律发达史》,北京:法律出版社2004年版,第125页。
    ① R.E Megarry,Administrative Quasi-legislation,Law Quarterly Review 1944,p126.
    ② Third Commonwealth Conference on Delegated Legislation, Record of Proceedings HMSO, London,1990, p20.
    ③ P.Giles, Scrutiny of Federal Quasi-legislation in Australia, Appendix 5,1990, p123.
    ④ 何勤华主编:《澳大利亚法律发达史》,北京:法律出版社2004年版,第126页。
    ⑤ See S Argument, Parliamentary Scrutiny of Quasi-legislation (1990) 15 Papers on Parliament 20, p20-23.在1949年,法律法规委员会共审查了192份文书,其中142份是法规,50份是法令或根据法令制定的法律。1971年,委员会审查了284份文书,其中214份是法规,70份是法令或根据法令制定的法律。
    ① Statistics supplied to the authors by the secretariat of the Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances.
    ① D.J Whalan, The Final Accolade:Approval by Committees Scrutinizing Delegated Legislation, paper given to Changing Attitudes to Delegated Legislation seminar, Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department, Canberra,1990, P9.
    ② Lord Hewart of Bury, The New Despotism, Ernest Benn, London,1929, p59.
    ③ P.O'Keeffe, Who is Watching the Regulators? 58 Business Council Bulletin 1989, p33.
    ① Blackpool Corporation v. Locker(1948)1 KB 349 at 355.
    ② 何勤华主编:《澳大利亚法律发达史》,北京:法律出版社2004年版,第126页。
    ① http://www.arc.ag.gov.au/Publications/Reports/Pages/Reportfiles/ReportNo35.aspx,访问日期:2012年3月23日。
    ② See Regulations and Ordinances Committee, Legislative Instruments Bill2003, Legislative Instruments (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) Bill2003,110th Report, October 2003.
    ③ See Senate, Hansard 2 December 2003, p87.
    ④ See Senate, Hansard 2 December 2003, p91.
    ⑤ See Senate, Hansard 4 December 2003, p39-40.
    ① See R.Baldwin and J.Houghton, Circular Arguments:The Status and Legitimacy of Administrative Rules Public Law 1986, p238.
    ② 参见吴大英、任允正、李林:《比较立法制度》,北京:群众出版社1992年版,第327-330页。
    ① Jaffe, An Essay on Delegation of Legislative Power,Columbia Law Review 359,1947,P361
    ② 民用航空文件的比例与上一年类似:2003至2004年是598份(总数为1,561份);2002至2003年是739份(总数为1661份);2001-2002年是633份(总数为1546份)。See Regulations and Ordinances Committee,40th Parliament Report,112tb Report, June 2005, p12-13.
    ③ 该报告对授权立法的“必要性”列出了六项理由:(1)议会的时间压力;(2)标的事项的技术性;(3)未预见的或然性事件;(4)灵活性;(5)实验机会;(6)紧急情况下的权力。其中,对“未预见的或然性事件”而言,多诺莫尔委员会报告指出:“如果需要制定大量复杂的改革计划,议会很难及时找到可以在基本立法中加入的所有必要的行政 要素,也不可能预见最终必须制定相关规定的所有情况和当地实际问题。See Donoughmore Committee (the Committee on Ministers' Powers of the United Kingdom Parliament) Report,1932, Cmd 4060,p51.
    ① Australia Law Reform Commission, Principled Regulation:Federal Civil and Administrative Penalties in Australia, 2003, p416.
    ① M.Groves and H.P.Lee, Australian Administrative Law:Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines, Cambridge University Press,2007, p136.
    ② Lord Hewart of Bury, The New Despotism, Ernest Benn, London,1929,p14.
    ③ Ibid,p21.
    ① Donoughmore Committee (the Committee on Ministers' Powers of the United Kingdom Parliament) Report 1932, Cmd 4060,p55.
    ② The Community Protection Act 1990 (Vic) expressly applied to the 'care or treatment and the management' of a named individual, Gary David. See also discussion in Randwick City Council v Minister for Environment (1999) 167 ALR 115 at 134-135.
    ③ 参见维基百科(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/访问日期:2012年12月7日):威斯敏斯特体系(Westminster System)是是指沿循英国国会体制的民主议会制,以其所在威斯敏斯特宫为名,是供立法机构运作的一整套程序。威斯敏斯 特体系主要在英联邦成员国使用,开始于19世纪中期的加拿大和澳大利亚各殖民地。威斯敏斯特体系的特点包括:政府的行政体系通常由立法机构的成员组成,高级行政官员组成内阁:行政与立法的两权制衡;反对党的存在:统一的中央集权的国家级政府;两院制;多元的利益集团体系;两党制:单一选区多数决制;全国统管的中央银行;宪法弹性等。威斯敏斯特体系的众多议事程序来自英国议会的公约、惯例、先例,这些成文或不成文法则构成英国宪法。跟英国不同,使用威斯敏斯特体系的多数国家有成文宪法:不过,公约、惯例、先例在这些国家仍有重要功能,因为有时宪法并没有明确指定国家体制的重要元素。例如,加拿大宪法没有提到内阁的存在、也没有指定行政长官(总理)等。这些机构的产生及功能规定是在宪法条文之外逐渐形成的。
    ① E.Rubin, Law and Legislation in the Administrative State, Columbia Law Review 1989,p178.
    ① Ibid, P181.
    ② M.Aronson, The Great Depression, This Depression and Administrative Law 2009.
    ③ See Hon Adele Farina MLC, Chairman of the Uniform Legislation and Statutes Review Committee, Bones Without Flesh — The Issues with Skeletal Legislation, theWestern Australian Legislative Council to the Australia-New Zealand Scrutiny of Legislation Conference, Brisbane 2011, p26-28.
    ① Senate,Hansard 5 July 2011,p1(Senator Birmingham).
    ② Senate,Hansard 5 July 2011,p89(Senator Eans).
    ① J.M Keyes, Executive Legislation,2nd ed, LexisNexis, Canada,2010, p67. See also R Fox and M Korris, Making Better Law:Reform of the Legislative Process from Policy to Act, Hansard Society, London,2010,p27and 34.
    ② See Legislative Assembly of Queensland, Scrutiny of Legislation Committee, Report on the Use of 'Henry Ⅷ Clauses' in Queensland Legislation, January 1997.
    ③ http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/Resources/JCO/Documents/Speeches/lcj-speech-for-lm-dinner-13072010.pdf,访问时间 2012年4月7日。
    ① See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p61.
    ② See David Hamer, Can Responsible Government Survive In Australia? Australian Senate,2001, p304.
    ① Australian Law Reform Commission, Principled Regulation:Federal Civil and Administrative Penalties in Australia, 2003, p234.
    ② Roger Douglas, Douglas and Jones's Administrative Law,6th ed, the Federation Press,2009, p323.
    ① See Michael Allen and Brian Thompson, Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, Oxford University Press,2011, p294.
    ① See Roger Douglas, Douglas and Jones' Administrative Law,6th ed, the Federation Press,2009, p334.
    ② See M.Groves and H.P. Lee, Australian Administrative Law:Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines, Cambridge University Press,2007,p342.
    ① Roger Douglas, Douglas and Jones'Administrative Law,6th ed, the Federation Press,2009, p337.
    ① See Alan J. Ward, Parliamentary Government in Australia, Anthem Press,2011, p27.
    ① See Alan J. Ward, Parliamentary Government in Australia, Anthem Press,2012, p33.
    ① See G.Weeks, The Use of:Issues and Remedies:Issues and Remedies e Use of Soft Law by Australian Public Authorities:Issues and Remedies, p4-5.
    ② Aldo Z.Borda, Legislative Drafting, Routledge 2011,p89.
    ① Sam Garkawe, Loretta Kelly, Warwick Fisher, Delegated Legislation, Institute of Criminology, Sydney University Law School,2001.
    ② See D.C Pearce and R.S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation Australia, LexisNexis Butterworths,2011,p115.
    ③ Ibid.
    ① “日落条款”(sunset clause)是关于在立法运行的数段时间后或某个特定时间到来时立法效力自动消失的制度。执行“日落条款”的法律效力类似于立法已被撤销或者废除。
    ② M.Groves and H.P. Lee, Australian Administrative Law:Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines, Cambridge University Press,2007, p179.
    ① 澳大利亚各州的法律都明确规定,如果被提议的授权立法很可能对公众产生重大利益影响,或者如果立法有可能会使整个公众或其部分成员承担可以评估的社会成本,则政府必须出具“管制影响声明(Regulatory Impact Statement, RIS)以向公众澄清必要信息与相关情况。
    ② See Roger Douglas, Douglas and Jones's Administrative Law,6th ed, the Federation Press,2009,p355.
    ① See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p38.
    ① 截至2010年9月1日,新南威尔士州的有效法规有351部,供7562页。但在1990年7月1日,法规数量则为976部,页数为15075页。这表示,随着其他行政辖区立法数量暴涨,新南威尔士州的法规数量和页数均发生大幅减少。在其《新南威尔士州管制影响报告》中,在101部拟于1998年“日落”的法律中,70%的“日落”程序被延期了三到六次。See Report No 18/51, January 1999, p39.
    ① H.P. Lee, George Winterton ed., Australian Constitutional Landmarks, Cambridge University Press,2003,p92.
    ② See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p43.
    ① See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p51.
    ① Sam Garkawe, Loretta Kelly, Warwick Fisher, Delegated Legislation, Institute of Criminology, Sydney University Law School,2001,p192.
    ② See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p54.
    ① V.Peter, Regulatory Review:The Next Wave, paper presented to Fourth Commonwealth Conference on Delegated Legislation, Wellington, New Zealand,10-13 February 1997, p8-9.
    ② See Scrutiny of Acts and Regulations Committee, Seventh Report on Subordinate Legislation Concerning: Environment Protection (Schedule Premises and Exemptions) Regulations 1994 Government Printer:Melbourne,1995. In that report, the Committee received evidence from ORR that it had concerns about RIS prepared by the Environment Protection Authority in relation to the relevant regulations.
    ③ See Scrutiny of Acts and Regulations Committee, Inquiry into the Subordinate Legislation Act 1994, September 2002, p57.
    ① 参见杨建顺:《行政规制与权利保障》,北京:中国人民大学出版社2007年版,第249-250页。
    ② [美]约翰·罗尔斯:《正义论》,何怀宏译,北京:中国社会科学出版社1998年版,第1页。
    ③ [英]威廉·韦德:《行政法》,徐炳等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社1997年版,第609页。
    ① Kioa v. Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 159 CLR 550 at 620该观点在一系列判例中均有体现:Austral Fisheries Pty Ltd v. Minister for Primary Industries and Energy (1992) 案, Melbourne Pathology Pry Ltd v. Minister for Human Services and Health (1996)案,Wasantha v. Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs(1999)案和Dighton v. South Australian (2000)案等案件的判决均认为,被诉的规范性法律文件具有普遍的适用效力,并不受绝对的自然正义原则约束。
    ② See G.J. Craven, Legislative Action by Subordinate Authorities and the Requirement of a Fair Hearing 1988 Melbourne University Law Review, p16.
    ① See Dennis Pearce and R. S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation in Australia, LexisNexis Butterwoths,2011,p209.
    ② See R v. Shire of Huntley; ex parte Tootell (1887) 13 VLR 606 at 619.
    ① See Wattle Park Pty Ltd v. Commissioner of Highways (1973) 6 SASR 69这一观点在此后2005年《南澳大利亚州解释法案》第39条的修正案中得以确认。
    ② See Egarr v. Registrar of Board of Optical Registration (1952) SASR 163 at 172.
    ① Myer Queenstown Garden Plaza Pty Ltd v. Port Adelaide Corporation (1975)11 SASR 504 at 544-548.
    ① See Carmody v. F. C. Lovelock Pty Ltd (1970) 123 CLR 1 at 25.
    ② See Parker v. Minister for Sustainability, Water, Population and Communities (2011) FCA 1325 at 25.
    ③ Australia Law Reform Commission, Principled Regulation:Federal Civil and Administrative Penalties in Australia, 2003,p233.
    ① See R v. Connell, ex parte Hetton Bellbird Collieries Ltd (1994) 69 LCR 470 at 430.
    ① Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v. Saatchi & Saatchi Compton (Vic) Pty Ltd (1985) 60 ALR 756 at 765.
    ② Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v. Saatchi & Saatchi Compton (Vic) Pty Ltd (1985) 60 ALR 756 at 772.
    ③ Bysouth v. City of Northcote (1924) VLR 514 at 587.
    ① See Odgers, Australian Senate Practice,13th Edition, Federation Press,2013, p416.
    ② J.W. Hampton Jr.& Co. v. United States (1928) 276 US 394 at 407.
    ③ Michael Allen and Brian Thompson, Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, Oxford University Press,2011,p286.
    ① Cth Legislative Instruments Act 2003 s 38 (Acts Interpretation Act 1901 s 46B); Qld Statutory Instruments Act 1992 s 49; WA s 42.
    ② Legislation Act 2001 s64.
    ③ NT Section 63 (8)
    ④ NSW s 40; SA Subordinate Legislation Act 1978 s 10; Vic Subordinate Legislation Act 1994 s 15.
    ⑤ Statutory Instruments Act 1992 s 51.
    ⑥ Interpretation Act 1984 s 42(2)
    ① See Odgers' Australian Senate Practice,13th Edition, Federation Press,2013, p424.
    ② Cth Legislative Instruments Act 2003 s 42 (Acts Interpretation Act 1901 s 46B); ACT Legislation Act 2001 s 65; NT s 63(9); Old Statutory Instruments Act 1992 s 50; Tas s 47(4); Vic Subordinate Legislation Act 1994 s 23(2); WA s 42(2).
    ③ See SA Subordinate Legislation Act 1978 sl0(5a).
    ④ Cth Legislative Instruments Act 2003 s 48 (Acts Interpretation Act 1901 s 46B) (see also the limitation on remaking during the parliamentary consideration period provided by Legislative Instruments Act 2003 ss 46,47 (Acts Interpretation Act 1901 s 46B); ACT Legislation Act 2001 s 67; NT s 64; Tas s 47(7).
    ① See Victorian Chamber of Manufactures v. Commonwealth (Women's Employment Regulations)(1943) 67 CLR 347 at 364.
    ② Victorian Chamber of Manufactures v. Commonwealth (Women's Employment Regulations)(1943) 67 CLR 347 at 389.
    ③ English and its background, by C. H. S. Fifoot, M.A, of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, Fellow of Hertford College, and Lecturer in Law at the University of Oxford. London:G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.1932, p279.
    ① See Blackpool Corporation v. Locker (1948) 1KB 349 at 361.
    ② 参见何勤华主编:《澳大利亚法律发达史》,北京:法律出版社2004年版,第131页。
    ② Flinn v. James McEwan & Co Pty Ltd (1991) 2 VR 434 at 442-3.
    ① Golden.Brown v. Hunt(1951)276 US 394 at 407.
    ① Cth Legislative Instruments Act 2003 s 31; ACT Legislation Act 2001 s 62.
    ② NSW Section 39(2A)
    ③ Qld Statutory Instrument Act 1992 s 48 (4).
    ① [美]伯纳德·施瓦茨:《行政法》,徐炳译,北京:群众出版社1986年版,第38页。
    ② 这通常通过法案中的具体条款来实现。但是,在塔斯马尼亚州,制定法规的一般性权力被1931年《解释法案》第47条做了扩大解释,其纳入了为使授权法案的条款或宗旨生效所制定“必要或便利”的授权立法的权力。因此,单独的法案不再重复该规则。
    ① See Shanahan v. Scott (1957) 96 CLR 245 at 250.
    ② See Carbines v. Poivell (1925) 36 CLR 88 at 92.
    ① See Morton v. Union Steamship Company of New Zealand Ltd (1951) 83 CLR 402 at 410.
    ① See D.C Pearce and R.S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation Australia,7th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney,2011,p24.
    ① 这些授权条款的具体表述有时亦有某些变动,其包括“控制”(Control)、“管制”(Govern)、“决定”(Determine)“管辖”(Manage)和“限制”(Restrain)等,并且常常与“规制”和“禁止”形成组合。
    ② See Swan Hill Corporation v. Bradbury (1937) 56 CLR 746 at 754.
    ① See Co-operative Brick Co Pty Ltd v. Mayor, City of Hawthorn (1909) 9 CLR 301 at 320.
    ① Swan Hill Corporation v. Bradbury (1937) 56 CLR 746 at 752.
    ② See Swan Hill Corporation v. Bradbury (1937) 56 CLR 746 at 752.
    ③ See M.Groves and H.P. Lee, Australian Administrative Law:Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines, Cambridge University Press,2007, p339.
    ① See D.C Pearce and R.S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation in Australia,7th ed., LexisNexis, Butterworths, Sydney 2011, p20.
    ① STAN Construction Pty Ltd v. Williams (1981) 35 ALR 316 at 318.
    ② See Hill v. Villa wood Sheet Metal Pty Ltd (1970) 91 WN (NSW) 943 at 946.
    ① See Australian National Airways Pty Ltd v. Commonwealth (1945) 71 CLR 29 at 36.
    ① Bread Manufactures of New South Wales v. Evans (1981) 180 CLR 40; 38 ALR 93案中也有类似分析。但Kim v. Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004) 82 ALD 51案援引了Australian National Airways案。
    ② D.C Pearce and R.S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation in Australia,7th ed., LexisNexis, Butterworths, Sydney 2011,p158.
    ① Victorian Stevedoring and General Contracting Co Pty Ltd v. Dignan (1931) 46 CLR 73 at 86.
    ② Cth Legislative Instruments Act 2003 s 15; ACT Legislation Act 2001 s 84; NSW s 28; SA ss 14A,17; Vic s 28; WA s 3; 38.
    ③ NT ss 4,11; Old s 19 (through Statutory Instruments Act 1992); Tas ss 4,14.
    ④ Cth Legislative Instruments Act 2003 s 45(1); ACT Legislation Act 2001 s 65(1); NSW s 41(3); NT s 63(9); SA ss 14A, 16; Vic Subordinate Legislation Act 1994 s 24(1).
    ⑤ Cth Legislative Instruments Act 2003 s 45(2); ACT Legislation Act 2001 s 66; NSW s 41(4); NT s 63(10); Qld Statutory Instruments Act s 51; SA s 12; Vic Subordinate Legislation Act 1994 s 24(2); WA s 42(6).塔斯马尼亚洲将被驳回法规称为“无效”法规。由此,可以认为它并未对先前法律的撤销产生影响。
    ① D.C Pearce and R.S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation in Australia,7th ed, LexisNexis, Butterworths, Sydney 2011,p256.
    ② Gentel v. Rapps (1902)1 KB 160 at 166.
    ③ Maher, Waller and Derham, Legal process in Australia, a survey of literature and developments, and a select and annotated bibliography of recent literature in Australia and abroad, Australian Government Publishing Service,1986 P238.
    ① See Rv. Minister of State for the Interior (1972) 20 FLR 449 at 458.
    ② 参见朱应平:《澳大利亚宪法权利研究》,北京:法律出版社2006年版,第2页。
    ③ Roger Douglas, Douglas and Jones's Administrative Law,6th ed, the Federation Press,2009, p197.
    ① 例如,Levy v. Victoria案:考虑到保护人身安全的需要,禁止人们在猎鸭时节进入某些特定区域的法规是有效;Meyerhoff v. Darwin City Council (2005)案(上诉维持原判):禁止在街头设施上张贴传单的法规是有效的,因为其仅仅会偶然地对此类自由造成限制,并且是合理采取为实现某一合法目的而进行的手段;McClure v. Mayor and Councilors of City of Stirling (No.2) (2008)案:要求在搭建帐篷之前取得许可,且未获许可时须展示占地标志是对公共资源储备使用的合法控制。
    ② See Wasantha v. Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [1999] FCA 1158; Ashton v. Commonwealth (2003) 126 FCR 297 at 312.
    ③ See D.C Pearce and R.S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation in Australia,7th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney,2011, p215. ④ See R v. Minister of State for the Interior (1972) 20 FLR 49 at 62.
    ① See D.C Pearce and R.S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation in Australia,7th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney,2011, p262.
    ② Combined State Union v. State Service Coordinating Committee (1982)1 NZLR 742 at 745.
    ③ Stephen Bottomly, The Notional Legislator:The Australian Securities Commission's Role as a Law Maker, Federal Law Review 2011.
    ① Griffin v. Resource Management and Planning Appeal Tribunal(2010) TASSC 8 at 15.
    ② See Morton v. Union Steamship Company of New Zealand Ltd (1951) 83 CLR 402 at 456.
    ③ See R v. Commissioner of Patents; ex parte Martin (1953) 89 CLR 381 at 396.
    ① Plunkett v. Smith(1911)14 CLR 76 at 92.
    ② See Re Metropolitan Abattoirs Act 1908-1930;Ex parte George Chapman Ltd (1932) SASR 184 at 197.
    ③ 就澳大利亚联邦而言,1901年《澳大利亚联邦法律解释法》第33(5)条的生效,这些判决都不再有效力。第33(5)条规定:当某一法律授权其他机构制定、颁行或发布规范性文件(保留条例、法规或次要立法),就不超过特定数额的罚款或特定市场的监禁做出规定时,此类限制并不妨碍该规范性文件要求制定法上的公告(declaration)。另见北领地《法律解释法》第42(3)条。
    ① Jonathan Auburn, Jonathan Moffett, Andrew Sharland, Judicial Review:Principles and Procedure, Oxford University Press,2013, p311.
    ② See R v. Minister of State for the Interior (1972) 20 FLR 54 at 62
    ③ Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia 4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012, p293.
    ① See Ex parte Kauter (1904) 4 SR (NSW) 209 at 213.
    ② M.Aronson, B Dyer & M Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action, Lawbook Co, Sydney,2009,p387.
    ③ M.Groves, H.P.Lee, Australian Administrative Law:Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines, Cambridge University Press,2007,p227.
    ① 对此类宪法问题的讨论参见Hanks Australian Constitutional Law:Materials and Commentary,8th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney,2009, Ch5.
    ② Cullis v. Ahern (1914) 18 CLR 540 at 559.
    ① See Myer Queenstown Garden Plaza Pty Ltd v. Port Adelaide Corporation(1975) 11 SASR 504 at 540.
    ② 姜明安:《澳大利亚委任立法制度的理论与实践》,载《中国法学》1995年第1期。
    ③ 此类假设的详细讨论见D.C Pearce and R.S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation in Australia,7th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney,2011,Ch5.
    ① Willoughby Municipal Council v. Homer (1926) 8 LGR 3 at 11.
    ② See Re Municipal corporations Act 1890; Ex parte Burford [1920] SASR 54 at 67.
    ③ See Evans v. New South Wales(2008) 168 FCR 576 at 596.
    ④ See Ex parte Reid; Re Lynch (1943) 43 SR NSW 207 at 219.
    ① See Sam Garkawe, Loretta Kelly, Warwick Fisher, Delegated Legislation, Institute of Criminology, Sydney University Law School,2001, p429.
    ② South Australia River Fishery Association Inc v. South Australia (2003) 85 SASR 373 at 393.
    ① R v. Kempley(1994)44 SR(NSW)416 at 253.
    ② See Hewett v.Fielder[1951]NZLR 755 at 767.
    ① [美]伯纳德·施瓦茨:《行政法》,徐炳译,北京:群众出版社1986年版,第33页。
    ② Donoughmore Committee (the Committee on Ministers'Powers of the United Kingdom Parliament) Report,1932, Cmd 4060, p53.
    ③ 根据该报告,专业委员会发现,在1901至1927年期间,已有3708页联邦法案被通过,而同期通过的授权立法规章则为11263页。
    ④ 参见澳联邦议会SI/1929-31号决议文件,依照最新议会立法办公室草案与法律公布数据显示,在2010年,澳大利亚联邦行政辖区共通过150项法案,共计6157页,制定了3080件立法文书,共计24494页。在2008年,澳大利亚联邦管辖区共通过159项法案,共计6930页,制定了4502件立法文书,共计28608页。
    ⑤ [英]威廉·韦德:《行政法》,徐炳等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社1997年版,第614页。
    ① See Parliamentary Paper S1/1929-1931 at 583.
    ② 这代替了《解释法案》(Interpretation Act)第48条关于所有法规在由地方政府制定后15日内需在议会两院进行登记备案的要求。
    ① [澳]约翰·奥尔:《澳大利亚议会的立法方式》,刘素华译,载《国家行政学院学报》2002年第2期。
    ② Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances, One Hundred and Fifth Report.; Annual Report 1996-1997, June 1998, p11.
    ① See Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances, One Hundred and Ninth Report, Annual Report 1999-2000, October 2000, p20.
    ② See Senate, Hansard,22 March 2012, p2689 (Senator McEwen).
    ① 参见何勤华主编:《澳大利亚法律发达史》,北京:法律出版社2004年版,第133页。
    ① 如新南威尔士州和维多利亚州委员会,而按照昆士兰州的最新调整,昆士兰州委员会也将具有双重角色,但是新的安排成功与否还要拭目以待。
    ② Sam Garkawe, Loretta Kelly, Warwick Fisher, Delegated Legislation, Institute of Criminology, Sydney University La School,2001.
    ① See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p71.
    ② See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p73.
    ① See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p83.
    ① Zander and Richard, The Law making process, Dignity, fairness and good government:the Act of Legislative Instruments, Alternative Law Journal,2009.
    ② See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p85.
    ① See H.P. Lee, George Winterton ed., Australian Constitutional Landmarks, Cambridge University Press,2003,p173.
    ① [澳]约翰·奥尔:《澳大利亚议会的立法方式》,刘素华译,载《国家行政学院学报》2002年第2期。
    ② Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p93.
    ① Regulations and Ordinances Committee,40th Parliament Report,112th Report (June 2005), p4.
    ① Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p98.
    ① Regulations and Ordinances Committee,40th Parliament Report,112th Report (June 2005), p41.
    ① See New South Wales Standing Committee on Law and Justice Report, A South Wales Bill of Rights (October 2001).
    ② See Prior to the amalgamation of the Office of Parliamentary Counsel and the Office of Legislative Drafting and Publication (2003).
    ① Roger Douglas, Douglas and Jones'Administrative Law,6th ed, the Federation Press,2009, p317.
    ② See (ACT) Standing Committee on Legal Affairs, Strict and Absolute Liability Offences (February 2008), p5-6.
    ③ See Strict and Absolute Liability Offences (note 8 above), p13-14.
    ① Wilkins and Stefanie, Constitutional limits on delegated legislation, introduced by a state or territory, Federal Law Review,2007.
    ① See Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, Second Report of 2012 (29 February 2012), p84-85.
    ② See Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, Final Report Inquiry into the Future Role and Direction of the Senate Scrutiny of Bills Committee, p47.
    ① See Sorby v. Commonwealth (1983) 152 CLR 281; 46 ALR 237 at 241.
    ② Regulations and Ordinances Committee,40th Parliament Report,112th Report 2005,p49.
    ③ Regulations and Ordinances Committee,40th Parliament Report,112th Report 2000,p41-42.
    ① See Victorian Scrutiny of Acts and Regulations Committee, Annual Review 2009, p30.
    ② See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p112.
    ③ 参见1969年《塔斯马尼亚授权立法委员会法》第(8)(1)(a)(ⅳ)条,1994年《维多利亚州授权立法文书法案》S12(1)(g)条,以及《北领地立法会议现行命令》第20(2)(c)号。
    ① See the Discussion in Regulations and Ordinances Committee,40th Parliament Report,112th Report 2005,p53.
    ② 朱应平:《澳大利亚行政裁量的控制方法研究》,载《比较法研究》2007年第4期。
    ③ The Discussion in Regulations and Ordinances Committee,40th Parliament Report,112th Report 2005,p55.
    ① 如行政审查委员会(Administrative Review Council, ARC)在其报告《联邦机构的立法行为(Rule-Making by Commonwealth Agencies)》就对某些只能进行基本立法,不能授权的事项进行了列举。
    ② See Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p117.
    ③ The Functions and Powers of the Committee statement on the WA Committee's Report.
    ① Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Legislation Handbook (May 2000),p3-4.
    ② Regulations and Ordinances Committee,40th Parliament Report,112th Report 2005, p59
    ① Roger Douglas, Douglas and Jones'Administrative Law,6th ed, the Federation Press2009,p315.
    ② See discussion on Work Health and Safety Bill 2011 and Work Health and Safety (Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Bill 2011, Senate, Hansard,24 November 2011, p1552 (Senator Edwards).
    ① See Journals of the Senate, No 93,26 October 2009 (tabling of document entitled 'Legislation—Examples of Coat-hanger Legislation Enacted Between 1996 and 2007').
    ② Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Legislation Handbook (May 2000),p62.
    ① Regulations and Ordinances Committee,40th Parliament Report,112th Report 2005,p59-60.
    ② Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p135.
    ① Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p136.
    ① Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, The Work of the Committee During the 41st Parliament November 2004—October 2007, p56.
    ② Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills,The Work of the Committee During the 41st Parliament November2004-0ctober2007 (September 2008), p76.
    ③ Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills,The Work of the Committee During the 41st Parliament November2004-0ctober2007 (September 2008), p77.
    ① Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, Final Report—Inquiry Into the Future Role and Direction of the Senate Scrutiny of Bills Committee (May 2012), p4.
    ② Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, Final Report--Inquiry Into the Future Role and Direction of the Senate Scrutiny of Bills Committee (May 2012), p25-26.
    ① See S Argument, Of Parliament, Pigs and Lipstick (Slight Return):A Defense of the Work of Legislative Scrutiny Committees in Human Rights Protection, p17.
    ② See ACT Standing Committee on Justice and Community Safety (performing the duties of a Scrutiny of Bills and Subordinate Legislation Committee), Scrutiny Report 48 (20 February 2012), p6-7; Scrutiny Report 49 (15 March 2012), p4.
    ① See Victorian Scrutiny of Acts and Regulations Committee, Annual Review 2009, Regulations 2009,p41-42.
    ① See Commonwealth Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances, Annual Review 2011, p73.
    ② See Dominique and Williams, The constitutional validity of declarations of incompatibility in Australian Legislation, Darwin Law Review,2007.
    ① 彭錞:《变迁中的英国司法审查—背景、判例及趋势》,载《行政法论丛》2010年版第13卷。
    ② See The City of London v. Wood (1702) 12 Mod 669 at 698.
    ① See Christopher Forsyth, Judicial Review and the Constitution, Hart Publishing 2000,p233.
    ② 叶赞平:《中外法院制度散论》,北京:法律出版社2012年版,第111-114页
    ③ 任进:《澳大利亚制定法上的司法审查》,载中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/shownews.asp?id=9217,访问日期:2012年10月17日。
    ④ McEldowney v. Forde [1969] a All ER 1039 at 1047.
    ① See Stenhouse v. Coleman (1944) 69 CLR 457 at 532.
    ② See Kruse v. Johnson [1898] 2QB 91 at 99.
    ① Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012, p1 78.
    ② See Richard Ward, Amanda Wragg, and Amanda Akhtar, Walker & Walker's English Legal System, Oxford University Press,2011,p26-27.
    ① Ibid, p28.
    ② Christopher Forsyth, Judicial Review and the Constitution,Hart Publishing 2000,p116.
    ③ Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia,4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012,p174.
    ① 参见莫于川:《行政指导比较研究》,载《比较法研究》2004年第5期。
    ① Wilkins and Stefanie, Constitutional limits on delegated legislation, introduced by a state or territory, Federal Law Review,2007.
    ② See Downey v. Pryor (1960) 103 CLR 353 at 372.
    ① M.Groves and H.P. Lee, Australian Administrative Law:Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines, Cambridge University Press,2007,p416.
    ② Ibid, p417.
    ① Cth s 4;ACT Legislation Act 2001 s 81; NSW s 26; NT s 8; Old s 17; SA s 14C; Tas s 11; Vic s 13; WAs 25.
    ② See Christopher Forsyth, Judicial Review and the Constitution, Hart Publishing,2000,p125.
    ③ See WM Cook Pty v. Read (1940) VLR 214 at 217.
    ④ Carroll v. Shillinglaw(1906)3 CLR 1099 at 1127.
    ① See Institute of Patent Agents v. Lockwood (1984) 103 CLR 353 at 364.
    ② See Australian Alliance Assurance Co Ltd v. Attorney-General (Qld)[1916] 92 FCR 200 at 206.
    ① Foster v. Aloni (1951) VLR 481 at 499.
    ② See Brisbane City Council v. Barnett (1943) 27 ALD 137 at 143.
    ③ See Lynch v. Brisbane City Council(1960) 104 CLR 353 at 362.
    ① See Oreb v. Wliicock (2004) FCA 1520 at 217.
    ② Freund, Administrative Powers over Persons and Property, A Comparative Survey, University of Chicago Press, p219.
    ③ See Lord Greene MR, Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v. Wednesbury Corporation (1948) 1 KB 223.
    ④ [英]彼得·兰登、戈登·安东尼:《英国行政法教科书》,杨伟东译,北京:北京大学出版社2007年版,第359页。
    ⑤ 王名扬:《美国行政法》,北京:中国法制出版社,1995年版,第719页。
    ① Brunswick Corporation v. Stewart (1941) 65 CLR 88 at 97.
    ② Mixnam Properties Ltd v. Chertsey Urban District Council (1964) 1QB 214 at 237.
    ① Williams v. Melbourne Corporation 1993) 49 CLR 142 at 155.
    ② See W. Wade, Administrative Law,9th edition, Oxford University Press, p39.
    ① Widgee Shire Council v. Bonney(1907) 4 CLR 977 at 983.
    ② See Beatson, Matthews and Elliott, Administrative Law:Text and Materials,4th edition, Oxford University Press,2011, p256.
    ① See Ex parte Hales(1898)19 NSWR 378 at 385.
    ② See Ferrier v. Wilson(1906)4 CLR 785 at 793.
    ① 余凌云:《行政法讲义》,北京:清华大学出版社2010年版,第84页。
    ② See M.Allen and B.Thompson, Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, Oxford University Press,2011,p490; P.Craig, Unreasonableness and Proportionality in UK Law, in Ellis (ed.) The Principle of Proportionality in the Laws of Europe (1999), p85-106.
    ③ 这方面最重要的文章包括:P.Bayne, "Reasonableness, Proportionality and Delegated Legislation" 1993 67 Australian Law Journal 448; B.Selway, "The Rise and Rise of the Reasonable Proportionality Test in Public Law" 19967 Public Law Review 212; H.Burnester and M.Bezzi, Proportionality:A Fashionable and Dangerous Doctrine, or an Essential Safeguard Against Abuse of Power", and S.Kneebone, " A Commentary on Proportionality:Protection of Common Law" in L.Pearson (ed), Administrative Law:Setting the Pace or Being Left Behind, Papers of the 1996 Administrative Law Forum, Australian Institute of Administrative Law,1997.
    ④ 参见李洪雷:《英国法上对行政裁量权的司法审查—兼与德国法比较》,载罗豪才主编:《行政法论丛》(第6卷),北京:法律出版社2003年版,第372页。
    ① See B.Selway, The Rise and Rise of the Reasonable Proportionality Test in Public Law, Public Law Review,1996.
    ② 转引自朱应平:《澳大利亚行政裁量司法审查研究》,北京:法律出版社2011年版,第195页。
    ③ 彭錞:《变迁中的英国司法审查—背景、判例及趋势》,载《行政法论丛》2010年第13卷。
    ① 叶赞平:《中外法院制度散论》,北京:法律出版社2012年版,第113页。
    ② R v. Toobey; Ex parte Northern Land Council(1994) 1 Qld R 291 at 310.
    ① Jones v. Metropolitan Meat Industry Board (1925) 37 CLR 252.
    ② 余凌云:《论对行政裁量目的不适当的审查》,载《法制与社会发展》2003年第5期。
    ① Re By-Law made by District Council of Prospect; Ex parte Hill (1926) SASR 326 at 339.
    ① South Australia River Fishery Association Inc v. South Australia (2003) 85 SASR 373 at 389.
    ② Re Mayer etc of the City of Hawhorn; Ex parte Co-operative Brick Company Ltd (1909) VLR 27 at 52.
    ③ See Re Mayer etc of the City of Hawhorn; Ex parte Co-operative Brick Company Ltd (1909) VLR 27 at 52.
    ① See Austral Monsoon Industries Pty Ltd v. Pittwater Council(2009) NSWCA 154 75 NSWLR 169 at 175.
    ② Telstra Corporation Ltd v. Hurstville City Council(2000) 105 FCR 322 at 381.
    ① See The Ascertainment of Purpose when Bona Fides Are in Issue—ome Logical Problems'(1989)12 Sydney Law Review 5.
    ② Re Howard v. City of Toronto (1928) 1 DLR 952 at 979.
    ③ Kruse v. Johnson(1898) 2 QB 91 at 108.
    ① 早期案例中,英国法院对不确定性采取了较为严格的解释,而后期案例中,不确定性的标准逐渐有所放松,see J. Auburn, J. Moffett, and A. Sharland, Judicial Review:Principles and Procedure, Oxford University Press,2013, p225.
    ② McEldowney v. Forde(1969)2 ALL ER 1039 at 1074.
    ③ Percy v. Hall (1996) 4 ALL ER 523 at 549.
    ④ Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia 4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012, p345.
    ① Brunswick Corporation v. Stewart(1979)65 CLR 88 at 99.
    ② See M Allars, Introduction to Australia Administrative Law, Butterworths,1990, p276.
    ③ “理性人”的检验方法在Anchorage Butchers Ltd v. Law (1939) 42 WALR 40案中有所体现。该案中涉及的法律要求运载工具(屠夫的厢式运货车)必须适当通风,法院对此要求的合法性予以认定。
    ① See also Li Chia Hsing v. Rankin(1978)141 CLR 182;23 ALR 151;Mayers.v. Tasmania[2005]TASSC 126.
    ② Ex parte Ryan;Re Bowry(1957)SR(NSW)438 at 446.
    ① Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia 4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths 2012, p352.
    ① [英]A.W.布拉德利、K.D.尤因:《宪法与行政法》,程洁译,北京:商务印书馆2008年版,第123页。
    ② Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia 4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths,2012, p359.
    ① [美]理查德·B·斯图尔特:《美国行政法的重构》,沈岿译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,第85页。
    ② 彭锌:《变迁中的英国司法审查—背景、判例及趋势》,载《行政法论丛》2010年第13卷。
    ① See D.C Pearce, Australian Administration Law Service, Lexis Nexis Butteworths,2011, p213.
    ② See M.Aronson, B.Dyer & M Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action,4th ed Law book Co, Sydney,2009, p315.
    ③ 1977年澳大利亚联邦《行政决定(司法审查)法》第3条第4款要求司法审查的原告须是“受行政决定侵害的个人”。
    ④ The general cases relating to standing are set out in M.Aronson, B.Dyer & M.Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action,4th ed, Law book Co, Sydney,2009,p117.
    ① R.Douglas, Collateral Attacks on Administrative Decisions:Anomalous but Efficient (2006) 51 AIAL Forum 71.
    ② 朱应平:《澳大利亚司法审查原告资格探析》,载《行政法学研究》2011年第2期。
    ② See M.Aronson, B.Dyer & M.Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action,4th ed, Lawbook Co, Sydney,2009, p777.
    ① But cfACT Legislation Act 2001 s81.
    ② See R v. Her Majesty's Treasury;Ex parte Smedley(1985)1 All ER 589 at 592.
    ① J. M. Evans, S.A.de Smith's Judicial Review of Administrative Action, Sweet & Maxwell 1980,p237.
    ② See M.Aronson, B.Dyer & M.Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action, Law book Co, Sydney,2009,p12.
    ⑨ 朱应平:《澳大利亚司法审查原告资格探析》,载《行政法学研究》2011年第2期。
    ① McLennan v. BrisbaneSawmills Pty Ltd; Ex parte Brisbane Sawmills Pty Ltd (1947) QWN 13 at 26.
    ② See Corporate Affaires Commission v. Bradley (1974) NSWLR 391 at 416.
    ③ See M.Aronson, B Dyer & M Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action, Lawbook Co, Sydney,2009,p23.
    ① See Willing v. Hollobone(1975)11 SASR 118 at 121.
    ② 何勤华主编:《澳大利亚法律发达史》,北京:法律出版社2004年版,第132页。
    ① See M.Aronson, Criteria for Restricting Collateral Challenge (1998) 9 Public Law Review 237.
    ② See Law v. Atorney-General for Tasmania (1986) Tas SR 93 at 102.
    ③ See Bremer v. District Council of Echunga (1919) SALR 288 at 295.
    ④ See Maggs v. City of Camberwell (1925) 31 ALR 226 at 238.
    ⑤ See CSR Ltd v. Pine Rivers Shire Council (1995) 1 Qd R 234 at 247.
    ① See Foley v. Padley (1984) 154 CLR 349 (dissenting opinion of Brennan J that a by-law which "confers a discretionary power that is too wide" may be invalid for the reason that it "might be used for a purpose other than the purpose for which the statute conferred power to make the by-law") and O'Connell v Nixon (2007) 16 VR 440 (holding that "a power to regulate an activity may include a power to prohibit part of an activity subject to discretionary dispensation.'"); see also Government of South Australia, Understanding Legislation,2009, p7 (specifying that regulations must not "not confer discretionary power, unless the principal Act allows this sort of delegation").
    ② James Hart, The Ordinance Making Powers of the President of the United States, Johns Hopkins Press,p146.
    ① See Maggs v. City of Camberwell (1925) 31 ALR 226 at 243.
    ② See D.J Lanham,Delegation,Legislation and Exemption, Melbourne University Law Review 1984.
    ③ Swan Hill Corporation v. Bradbury(1937) 56 CLR 746 at 760.
    ① See Queensland Medical Laboratory v. Blewett (1988)84 ALR 615 at 629.
    ② See McWilliam v. Civil Aviation Safety Authority (2004)142 FCR 74 at 83.
    ③ See Austral Fisheries Pty Ltd v. Minister for Primary Industries and Energy(1992) 37 FCR 463 at 479.
    ① D Myerson, Rethinking the Constitutionality of Delegated Legislation, Australian Journal of Administrative Law,2003.
    ② See D.C Pearce, The Importance of Being Legislative-A Reprise,2008,57 ALAL Forum 20.
    ① 王锡锌、陈端洪:《行政法性质的反思与概念的重构》,载《中外法学》1995年第2期。
    ① 何小平、潘世钦、余正琨:《行政法与行政诉讼法学》,南昌:江西人民出版社2001年版,第50页。
    ① [美]伯纳德·施瓦茨:《行政法》,徐炳译,北京:群众出版社1986年版,第33页。
    ② 王名扬:《美国行政法》,北京:中国法制出版社,1995年版,第309页。
    ③ Bank of NSW v. Commonwealth ("the Bank Nationalisation Case")(1948) 76 CLR 1 at 164 per Latham CJ,252 per Rich and Williams JJ,371-372 per Dixon J; Strickland v. Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd (1971) 124 CLR 468 at 494 per Barwick CJ,503-504 per Menzies J,520 per Walsh J; Western Australia v. Commonwealth (Native Title Act Case)(1995) 183 CLR 373 at 485-486.
    ① Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia 4th ed, Lexis Nexis Butterworths,2012, p77.
    ② 澳大利亚行政审查委员会(Administrative Review Council, ARC)援用参议院常设法律法规委员会(Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances)的数据,报告称1982-1983年新增703项制定法文件,1990-1991年间这一数字为1645项。可被驳回的规范性文件(于此相对,条例会受到更多监督)则增长迅猛:1982-1983年间新增553项制定法规定(statutory rules)和150项可被驳回的规范性文件,1990-1991年两者分别为484项和1161项。此后的增速略有下降,2003-2004年间有380项制定法规则,以及1181项“其他规范性文件”。转引自Senate Committee:40th Parliamentary Committee Report (2005), p14.
    ① 余正琨、熊时升:《论邓小平行政法治思想》,载《求实》2001年第1期。
    ② 立平:《利益时代的冲突与和谐》,载《南方周末》2004年12月30日版。
    ① Dennis Pearce, Stephen Argument, Delegated Legislation in Australia 4th ed, Lexis Nexis Butterworths,2012, p79.
    ① See D.C Pearce,The Importance of Being Legislative—A Reprise (2008) 57 ALAL Forum 20.
    ② Roger Douglas, Douglas and Jones' Administrative Law,6th ed, the Federation Press,2009, p312.
    ① [美]罗斯科·庞德:《通过法律的社会控制,法律的任务》,沈宗灵、董世忠译,北京:商务印书馆1984年版,第59页。
    ② [美]查尔斯·蒂利:《信任与统治》,胡位均译,上海:上海人民出版社2010年版,第159页。
    ③ 参见[美]诺内特·塞尔兹尼克:《转变中的法律与社会》,张志铭译,北京:中国政法大学出版社1994年版,第85-87页;宋功德:《行政法哲学》,北京:法律出版社2000年版,第518页。
    ④ 参见[德]阿图·考夫曼:《后现代法哲学—告别演讲》,米健译,北京:法律出版社2000年版,第50页。
    ① 按照贝勒斯教授的观点,现代程序正义的问题至少发生在集体决定(Group decision making)、冲突解决(coercion)、负担或利益决定(burden\benefit decision)三个主要方面。选择立法者的程序与立法辩论以及立法活动的规则不同,但都属于涉及集体决定的程序行为,都应属于正当法律程序涵盖的语域。参见:[美]贝勒斯:《程序正义一向个人的分配》,邓海平译,北京:高等教育出版社2005年版,第2-3页。
    ① 王名扬:《美国行政法》,北京:中国法制出版社1995年版,第309页。
    ② 日本著名法学家谷口安平先生曾经提出“诉讼法乃实体法发展母体”的命题,我国诉讼法学者及法理学者广泛响应,但也有不少实体法学者强烈质疑。参见宋方青、周刚志:《论立法公平之程序构建》,载《厦门大学学报》2007年第1期。
    ③ 姜明安:《法治思维与新行政法》,北京:北京大学出版社2012年版,第299页。
    ① [法]霍尔巴赫:《自然政治论》,陈太先等译,北京:商务印书馆1994年版,第283页。
    ② 王保民:《中国行政立法的民主保障和监督控制》,载《行政与法制》2008年第3期。
    ③ 马凯、曹海晶:《国外行政立法控制理论及其对我国的启示》,载《求索》2013年第3期。
    ① 参见姜明安:《行政程序立法应关注的八大关系》,载《人民法院报》2006年2月13日第B01版。
    ① 姜明安:《澳大利亚委任立法制度的理论与实践》,载《中国法学》1995年第1期。
    ② 参见应松年、陈建福:《澳大利亚行政程序法基本原则及其对中国立法的启示》,载《行政法学研究》1996年第4期。
    ③ 柳砚涛:《授权立法正当性缺陷的矫正机制》,载《河北法学》2006年第12期。
    ① 姜明安:《澳大利亚委任立法制度的理论与实践》,载《中国法学》1995年第1期。
    ② See Benjafield, Whitemore, Australian Administration Law,3rded, the Federation Press,1966, p120.
    ③ [美]欧内斯特·盖尔霍恩等:《行政法和行政程序法概要》,黄列译,北京:中国社会科学出版社1996年版,第16页。
    ④ 参见《英汉法律词典》,北京:法律出版社1985年版,第240页,关于“delegatus non potest delegare'的解释。
    ⑤ J M. Evans, S.A.de Smith's Judicial Review of Administrative Action,4th ed, Sweet & Maxwell 1950, p298.
    ① 宋方青:《地方立法中公众参与的困境与出路》,载《法学》2009年第12期。
    ② 转引自[英]哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》(上册),邓正来译,北京:三联书店1997年版,第303页。
    ① 参见周汉华:《外国政府信息公开制度比较》,北京:法律出版社2003年版,第63页。
    ② 2002年1月1日起施行的第321号、第322号国务院令,分别公布制定了《行政法规制定程序条例》、《规章制定程序条例》两个条例。《行政法规制定程序条例》共37条,包括总则、立项、起草、审查、决定与公布、行政法规解释和附则:《规章制定程序条例》共39条,包括总则、立项、起草、审查、决定和公布、解释与备案以及附则。
    ③ 参见2002年第322号国务院令,《规章制定程序条例》。
    ① 参见周汉华:《对我国听证制度发展方向的若干思考》,载《南方周末》2003年第5期。
    ① 参见[澳]夏腊·碧朵芙:《澳大利亚的立法制度》,许章润译,载《行政法学研究》1995年第1期。
    ② 参见何勤华主编:《澳大利亚法律发达史》,北京:法律出版社2004年版,第130页。
    ① [英]洛克:《政府论》,叶启芳、瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆1964年版,第89页。
    ① 参见[澳]帕瑞克·帕金森:《澳大利亚法律的传统与发展》,陈苇译,斯尔姆森法律图书公司2005年版,第257页。
    ① 参见2002年第321号国务院令,《行政法规制定程序条例》。
    ① 陈伯礼:《授权立法研究》,北京:法律出版社2000年版,第283页。
    ② 参见张根大:《略论对法条授权立法的控制》,载《中国法学》1993年第6期。
    ③ 邓世豹:《授权立法的法理思考》,北京:中国人民公安出版社2002年版,第222页。
    ① 周旺生:《立法学》,北京:法律出版社2009年第2版,第324页。
    ① 邓世豹:《授权立法的法理思考》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社2002年版,第157页。
    ① 张明哲:《论我国授权立法的监督》,载《行政法学研究》2007年第1期。
    ② 参见中国法学会:《中国法治建设年度报告(2009)》,载《法制日报》2010年6月21日版。
    ③ 雒季、朱永胜:《简论对授权立法的有效监督》,载《甘肃高师学报》2011年第16卷第6期。
    ④ 刘武俊:《立法程序的法理分析》,载《渝州大学学报》,2002年第19卷第1期。
    ① 陈运生:《地方人大常委会的规范审查制度研究》,北京:中国政法大学出版社2013年第1版,第66页。
    ② 原因在于:(1)地方性法规每年以数百件计,全国人大常委会要对其事先逐一审查,工作量非常大。现每年报全国人大常委会备案的法规逾千,越来越多的法规被闲置在专门委员会,没有力量对其进行审查。(2)有些法规很难在办公室里找出它的毛病,法规只有实施过程中其矛盾才会暴露出来。(3)备案属于立法工作程序问题,法律生效后的审查属于宪法监督问题。(4)如果把审查作为备案内容,会使备案审查机关处于非常被动的地位。譬如备案审查的效力是什么呢?如果认为经审查后的法律才是有效的,那么法规在审查后又暴露出违反宪法法律的 情况由谁负责?这样违法的责任就应由审查机关承担了,而且审查机关不好再去撤销经自己审查合法的法规了。相反,如果不是采取事先审查的办法,而是采用不告不理的方法,只要有控告法规违宪违法时,有关机关就立即审查处理。这样审查机关就能处于主动地位,并且违法的法规也能得到及时纠正处理。蔡定剑:《中国人民代表大会制度(第四版)》,北京:法律出版社2003年版,第312页。
    ① 陈伯礼:《授权立法研究》,北京:法律出版社2000年版,第245页。
    ① 参见任进:《澳大利亚制定法上的司法审查》,载中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/shownews.asp?id=9217,访问日期:2012年10月17日。
    ② Christopher Forsyth, Judicial Review and the Constitution, Hart Publishing 2000,p116.
    ③ [美]理查德·B·斯图尔特:《美国行政法的重构》,沈岿译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,第85页。
    ① [英]托马斯·潘恩:《常识》,何实译,北京:华夏出版社2004年版,第6页。
    ① 陈新民:《公法学札记》,北京:中国政法大学出版社2001年版,第45页。
    ① [美]约翰·罗尔斯:《正义论》,何怀宏等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社1988年版,第72页。
    ② [英]哈特:《法律的概念》,张文显等译,北京:中国大百科全书出本社1996年版,第196页。
    1.[英]洛克:《政府论》,商务印书馆1986年版。
    2.[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神》,商务印书馆1961年版。
    3.[英]詹宁斯:《英国议会》,商务印书馆1959年版。
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