多孔金属的动态力学响应及其温度相关性研究
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摘要
多孔金属是一种结构型材料,在对其力学性能探讨的过程中,常存在实验数据离散性较大、结果规律性不明显以及概念相互混淆等问题。本文利用SHPB设备及其改进的装置从实验方面以及数值手段探讨了多孔金属在不同环境温度下应变率效应及其相关影响因素,并对由轴向惯性效应引起的应力不均匀进行详细的探讨。
通过实验分析了泡沫材料的密度分散性对实验结果的影响,指出当试件的密度分布符合正态分布时,近似密度下的实验曲线具有较好的重合性。采用大尺寸((?)37mm)的石英晶体片技术,探讨了低阻抗大孔径的多孔材料在SHPB实验中的应力均匀性。结果表明,随着厚度的增加,试件的应力不均匀度增大,波动效应的影响越明显。
利用ABAQUS有限元软件,对两种典型结构的应变率效应进行探讨,总结出：无论是Type Ⅰ(圆环)结构还是Type Ⅱ(折板)结构,只要存在结构的失稳屈曲,就一定具有应变率效应。轻质泡沫铝的动静态实验结果表明,其在压缩的过程中呈现“应力降”的现象,对于这种大孔径的泡沫材料,“应力降”的现象是胞孔层坍塌失稳造成,而坍塌失稳必然是率敏感的。
实验得出了泡沫铝在动态和静态加载下随着温度的变化趋势,结果指出随着温度的升高,泡沫铝具有明显的软化效应,材料的力学特性由硬变软,由脆变韧。随着温度的升高,泡沫铝的应变率敏感度也逐渐增大。在低温段(-50℃～200℃),基体材料变形特性更接近于固体,应变率效应随温度的变化并不显著,而在较高的温度段,基体材料变形特性更接近流体,应变率效应更明显。
同时,设计了一种基于SHPB装置的可视化高温炉,通过高速摄影观测了泡沫铝在高温高应变率下的变形特性。孔结构在低温下存在较多的屈曲失稳、撕裂等变形方式,而在高温下的变形方式以孔壁的塑性弯曲为主。
对Hopkinson杆实验装置进行改造,采用两次撞击实验测得泡沫铝在撞击过程中冲击端与支撑端的应力-时间曲线,并利用高速摄影观察试件在不同撞击速度下的变形过程。在低速撞击下,两端应力大小相近,主要以胞孔随机坍塌与剪切坍塌变形为主,对应准静态模式。在高速撞击下,试件从冲击端开始变形,以压实波的速度向支撑端传播,此时冲击端应力明显大于支撑端的应力,对应冲击模式,随着撞击速度的增加,试件两端的应力均匀性越差。实验指出,在冲击模式下,试件两端应力-时间曲线与试件的厚度大小无关,但是与试件的密度有关,随着密度的增加,在同一撞击速度下,两端的应力越接近。
另对设计的单次撞击Hopkinson实验方案进行初步探讨,成功检测出高温高速(≤26m/s)下试件冲击端与支撑端的应力。实验结果指出在同一撞击速度下,环境温度越高,试件两端的应力均匀性越差,并通过SHPB数值模拟证实了高温下应力均匀性差的现象,增加温度与提高撞击速度对应力不均匀性具有类似的影响效果。
The cellular metal is a type of structural material. In research of its mechanical properties, usually there are some difficulties existing in the experimental data, such as data scatter, non-apparentness of the regularity of results, and the confusion of concept. In this paper, the strain rate effect of cellular metal under different ambient temperature, relevant factors, and stress heterogeneity caused by axial inertia effect are studied in detail from experimental method with improved SHPB equipment and numerical methods.
The influence of density dispersion of the foam material on the experimental results is analyzed in the experiment. The experimental results show that the experimental data curve with approximate density have better repeatability when the specimen density distribution is similar to normal distribution. In addition, the technique of large diameter (φ37mm) quartz crystal slice is used to inverstigate the stress uniformity of low impedance and large cell material in SHPB experiment. The results indict that the stress non-uniformity of sample increases and the wave effect is more apparent with the increase of the thickness.
Using ABAQUS finite element software the strain rate effect of two typical structures are investigated. It is can be concluded that for both Type I (ring) structure and Type II (folded plate) structure if there exist buckling of the structure, it must have the strain rate effect. The static and dynamic experimental results present that the mechanical behavior of this material shows the phenomenon of'stress drop'. For this large cell foam materials this phenomenon is caused by the collapse of cell aperture which lead to instability. While the collapse and instability must relate to rate sensitive.
The change of the mechanical properties of aluminum foams are obtained with the change of temperature from the experiments. The experimental results show that aluminum foam has a soften effect, that is the mechanical properties of the material change from hard to soft, and from frangility to ductility. In addition, the strain rate sensitivity of aluminum foam also increases with the temperature increases. At the low temperature range (-50℃-200℃), the properties of deformation of matrix material closed to that of solid. The stain rate effect is not significant variation with the variation of temperature. While at the higher temperature range, the properties of deformation of matrix material closed to that of fluid, the strain rate effect is more apparent.
At the same time, a type of visualization high temperature furnace based on SHPB device is designed. And then the deformation characteristics of aluminum foam under high temperature and high strain rate is observed with a high-speed photography. At low temperatures, there are more buckling, tearing and other deformation of cell structure in the sample. While at high temperature, the deformation characteristics is mainly the plastic bending of cell wall.
Using improved Hopkinson bar experimental device the stress-time curve of impact end and support end of aluminum foam under the impact process. And the deformation process of specimen at different impact velocity is observed by high-speed photographic. The stress at both ends have same magnitude under low velocity. The deformation mainly is random collapse of cell structure and shear collapse, which correspond to the quasi-static model. While under the high velocity, the deformation of specimen starts the impact end and propagate from impact end to support end with compaction wave speed. Under this condition, the stress of impact end significantly greater than that of the support end, which correspond to the impact model. The stress uniformity of two ends became worse with the increase of impact velocity.
The experiment results revealed that the stress-time curves of two ends are unrelated to the thickness of specimen in the impact model. But it related to the density of specimen. The stresses of two ends are closer with the increase of the density under the same impact velocity.
At last, a single impact Hopkinson is preliminarily investigated. The stress of impact end and support end at high temperature and high speed (≤26m/s) is detected successfully. The experimental results indicated that the worse of the stress uniformity is obtained at the two ends under same impact velocity and the high ambient temperature. In addition, this phenomenon is validated by the numerical simulation of SHPB model. And the increase of temperature and impact velocity has the similar influence on the stress heterogeneity.
通过实验分析了泡沫材料的密度分散性对实验结果的影响,指出当试件的密度分布符合正态分布时,近似密度下的实验曲线具有较好的重合性。采用大尺寸((?)37mm)的石英晶体片技术,探讨了低阻抗大孔径的多孔材料在SHPB实验中的应力均匀性。结果表明,随着厚度的增加,试件的应力不均匀度增大,波动效应的影响越明显。
利用ABAQUS有限元软件,对两种典型结构的应变率效应进行探讨,总结出：无论是Type Ⅰ(圆环)结构还是Type Ⅱ(折板)结构,只要存在结构的失稳屈曲,就一定具有应变率效应。轻质泡沫铝的动静态实验结果表明,其在压缩的过程中呈现“应力降”的现象,对于这种大孔径的泡沫材料,“应力降”的现象是胞孔层坍塌失稳造成,而坍塌失稳必然是率敏感的。
实验得出了泡沫铝在动态和静态加载下随着温度的变化趋势,结果指出随着温度的升高,泡沫铝具有明显的软化效应,材料的力学特性由硬变软,由脆变韧。随着温度的升高,泡沫铝的应变率敏感度也逐渐增大。在低温段(-50℃～200℃),基体材料变形特性更接近于固体,应变率效应随温度的变化并不显著,而在较高的温度段,基体材料变形特性更接近流体,应变率效应更明显。
同时,设计了一种基于SHPB装置的可视化高温炉,通过高速摄影观测了泡沫铝在高温高应变率下的变形特性。孔结构在低温下存在较多的屈曲失稳、撕裂等变形方式,而在高温下的变形方式以孔壁的塑性弯曲为主。
对Hopkinson杆实验装置进行改造,采用两次撞击实验测得泡沫铝在撞击过程中冲击端与支撑端的应力-时间曲线,并利用高速摄影观察试件在不同撞击速度下的变形过程。在低速撞击下,两端应力大小相近,主要以胞孔随机坍塌与剪切坍塌变形为主,对应准静态模式。在高速撞击下,试件从冲击端开始变形,以压实波的速度向支撑端传播,此时冲击端应力明显大于支撑端的应力,对应冲击模式,随着撞击速度的增加,试件两端的应力均匀性越差。实验指出,在冲击模式下,试件两端应力-时间曲线与试件的厚度大小无关,但是与试件的密度有关,随着密度的增加,在同一撞击速度下,两端的应力越接近。
另对设计的单次撞击Hopkinson实验方案进行初步探讨,成功检测出高温高速(≤26m/s)下试件冲击端与支撑端的应力。实验结果指出在同一撞击速度下,环境温度越高,试件两端的应力均匀性越差,并通过SHPB数值模拟证实了高温下应力均匀性差的现象,增加温度与提高撞击速度对应力不均匀性具有类似的影响效果。
The cellular metal is a type of structural material. In research of its mechanical properties, usually there are some difficulties existing in the experimental data, such as data scatter, non-apparentness of the regularity of results, and the confusion of concept. In this paper, the strain rate effect of cellular metal under different ambient temperature, relevant factors, and stress heterogeneity caused by axial inertia effect are studied in detail from experimental method with improved SHPB equipment and numerical methods.
The influence of density dispersion of the foam material on the experimental results is analyzed in the experiment. The experimental results show that the experimental data curve with approximate density have better repeatability when the specimen density distribution is similar to normal distribution. In addition, the technique of large diameter (φ37mm) quartz crystal slice is used to inverstigate the stress uniformity of low impedance and large cell material in SHPB experiment. The results indict that the stress non-uniformity of sample increases and the wave effect is more apparent with the increase of the thickness.
Using ABAQUS finite element software the strain rate effect of two typical structures are investigated. It is can be concluded that for both Type I (ring) structure and Type II (folded plate) structure if there exist buckling of the structure, it must have the strain rate effect. The static and dynamic experimental results present that the mechanical behavior of this material shows the phenomenon of'stress drop'. For this large cell foam materials this phenomenon is caused by the collapse of cell aperture which lead to instability. While the collapse and instability must relate to rate sensitive.
The change of the mechanical properties of aluminum foams are obtained with the change of temperature from the experiments. The experimental results show that aluminum foam has a soften effect, that is the mechanical properties of the material change from hard to soft, and from frangility to ductility. In addition, the strain rate sensitivity of aluminum foam also increases with the temperature increases. At the low temperature range (-50℃-200℃), the properties of deformation of matrix material closed to that of solid. The stain rate effect is not significant variation with the variation of temperature. While at the higher temperature range, the properties of deformation of matrix material closed to that of fluid, the strain rate effect is more apparent.
At the same time, a type of visualization high temperature furnace based on SHPB device is designed. And then the deformation characteristics of aluminum foam under high temperature and high strain rate is observed with a high-speed photography. At low temperatures, there are more buckling, tearing and other deformation of cell structure in the sample. While at high temperature, the deformation characteristics is mainly the plastic bending of cell wall.
Using improved Hopkinson bar experimental device the stress-time curve of impact end and support end of aluminum foam under the impact process. And the deformation process of specimen at different impact velocity is observed by high-speed photographic. The stress at both ends have same magnitude under low velocity. The deformation mainly is random collapse of cell structure and shear collapse, which correspond to the quasi-static model. While under the high velocity, the deformation of specimen starts the impact end and propagate from impact end to support end with compaction wave speed. Under this condition, the stress of impact end significantly greater than that of the support end, which correspond to the impact model. The stress uniformity of two ends became worse with the increase of impact velocity.
The experiment results revealed that the stress-time curves of two ends are unrelated to the thickness of specimen in the impact model. But it related to the density of specimen. The stresses of two ends are closer with the increase of the density under the same impact velocity.
At last, a single impact Hopkinson is preliminarily investigated. The stress of impact end and support end at high temperature and high speed (≤26m/s) is detected successfully. The experimental results indicated that the worse of the stress uniformity is obtained at the two ends under same impact velocity and the high ambient temperature. In addition, this phenomenon is validated by the numerical simulation of SHPB model. And the increase of temperature and impact velocity has the similar influence on the stress heterogeneity.
引文
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[10]张铱纷,赵隆茂.非均匀泡沫金属材料在冲击载荷下的变形模拟.爆炸与冲击,2006,26(1)：33-38.
[11]张铱鈖,赵隆茂.泡沫金属材料的动力压缩响应.机械强度,2009,31(1)：001-007.
[12]张红.黄小清,汤立群等.泡沫铝微结构及其分布特性的数字图像分析.华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(1)：9-13.
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