泡沫金属填充套管换热器内流体流动和传热研究
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摘要
多孔泡沫金属是近几十年发展起来的一种兼具功能和结构双重属性的新型工程材料,是一种由金属固体骨架和连续或不连续的孔构成的功能性材料。其具有优良的力学、热物理、电学和声学等特性。多孔泡沫金属分为开孔和闭孔两种形式。其中开孔泡沫金属在强化传热技术中具有以下特点:(1)质量轻、强度高、硬度大;(2)比表面积大,这使流体流过时可得到很大的接触面积,将热量传递给泡沫金属固体骨架,从而储存能量强化传热;(3)与流动方向相垂直的孔棱可将边界层隔断并使流体相互混合,强化流体湍流程度;(4)开孔是相互连通的,充分利用了所有的面积。因此开孔泡沫金属可用来制造质量更轻、更加紧凑、传热效率更高的换热器。
多孔泡沫金属作为一种新型功能材料,其性能目前还处于研究、开发阶段,还未得到广泛应用,本文着重进行泡沫金属填充套管换热器内流体流动和传热的研究。主要研究工作:
(1)多孔泡沫金属性能的理论研究,重点对描述泡沫金属的基本参数进行了理论分析,得出了表示泡沫金属中流体流动的流动参数,为实验和数值模拟提供理论依据。
(2)多孔泡沫金属强化传热实验研究,设计了泡沫金属填充套管换热器实验装置及其传热数据采集系统,将泡沫金属填充在内管中。
(3)对泡沫金属填充套管换热器传热采用有限体积法进行数值分析,通过Gambit建立了实验中套管换热器装置的三维模型,并通过Fluent对其流体流动及传热特性进行分析。
经理论分析、实验研究和数值模拟结果如下:
(1)数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合,传热速率和压降均随孔密度或流速的增大而增大。其中填充铝泡沫后压降虽大于空管,但强化传热效果显著。通过对换热器压降和传热性能的综合分析,得出填充铝泡沫后换热器的综合性能比普通套管换热器更好。
(2)对泡沫金属填充水-水套管换热器的数值模拟,分析了孔隙率、雷诺数、管径、基体材料等对换热器内的流动和换热的影响。结果显示泡沫金属的换热能力和流动阻力随孔隙率的减小而增大,随雷诺数的增大而显著增大;对于压降:当基于渗透率的雷诺数(Re K)小于20时,主要受渗透率的影响,当Re K超过20时,主要受惯性系数影响;不受管径大小、泡沫金属材料的影响,这说明压降主要由泡沫金属固体骨架的三维结构引起而非管壁摩擦所致;对于换热:随着雷诺数、管径或基体金属传热系数的增大,总传热系数也显著提高。但当雷诺数超过10000后,总传热系数的提高显著变小并开始趋于稳定。
(3)引入热阻和泵功率对填充泡沫金属后的套管换热器的综合性能进行比较,引入性能因子,得出填充泡沫金属后,换热器效率明显提高。
研究结果可为泡沫金属填充套管换热器内流体流动和传热特性分析提供可靠依据,对过程强化技术及高效换热器的优化设计也有着重要的意义。
Metal foams are a class of porous material with both functional and structural properties, which is developed in recent decades. The metal foams are functional materials made of metal matrix and continuous or discontinuous gas with novel mechanical, thermal, electrical and acoustic properties. Metal foams can be divided described as open- or closed-cell. Open-cell metal foams have the following characteristics in the enhanced heat transfer technology: (1) lightweight, offering high strength and rigidity; (2) high internal surface area, so when fluid flows through metal foams, it can get greatly contact areas. The rate of heat transfer is enhanced by conducting the heat to the material struts.(3) Normal foam ligaments in the flowing direction results in boundary layer disruption and mixing and strengths the degree of fluid turbulence. (4) All open-cells are connected, so all surface area can be fully used. From above on, open-cell metal foams can be used to manufacture lighter, more compact, more efficient heat exchanger.
Porous metal foams are still in the research, development stage and have not yet been widely applied as a new functional material. In this paper the fluid flow and heat transfer of tube heat exchanger filled with metal foams was researched. The main research work and its results include:
The first part, theoretical analysis for the basic parameters of metal foams was worked. The results show the flow parameters for aluminum foams. This part is experiment and numerical simulation’s precondition.
The second part, an experimental research device and a data acquisition system were designed. Hot air flows in the inside square pipe, and cool water flows in the outside tube. AL foams were filled in the inner pipe in the double-pipe heat exchanger.
The third part, built three-dimensional model of the tube heat exchanger for the experimental test section by Gambit, and simulated analysis for fluid flow and heat transfer property in the tube heat exchanger by Fluent.
The theoretical analysis, experimental investigation and numerical simulation results are as follows:
The first part shows that numerical simulations are consistent with the experiments. Both pressure drop and heat transfer rate increase with increasing the flow rate or the pore density. The filled Al foam enhances the heat transfer greatly but also raises the pressure drop. Comprehensively considering pressure drop and the performance of heat transfer, the heat exchanger filled with the Al foam is much better than that without any foam.
The second part simulated the water-water double-pipe heat exchanger with metal foam filled in the both pipes. Porosity, Reynolds number, diameter, the thermal conductivity of base material relationship with fluid flow and heat transfer in metal foams were analyzed. Results show both pressure drop and heat transfer rate increase with increasing porosity or Reynolds number. For pressure: when Reynolds based on permeability less than 20, the pressure drop over the metal foams is dominated by permeability, when it more than 20, the pressure drop is dominated by inertial coefficient; the pressure drop of water through two pipes of different diameters or different thermal conductivity of base material but the same porosity is almost identical indicating that the pressure drop is mainly caused by the solid structure of the metal foam rather than the pipe wall. For heat transfer: when the Reynolds number more than 10,000, with the Reynolds number increases, the overall heat transfer coefficient was significantly increase and stabilize, especially for high porosity of the foam metal; With the increase of diameter or heat transfer coefficient of base metal , overall heat transfer coefficient is also significantly increased.
The third part, overall performance of double-pipe heat exchanger with metal foam was compared by introducing the thermal resistance and pumping-power, and the performance factors (I ) show the overall performance is improved significantly.
The results can provide a reliable basis for the fluid flow and heat transfer character in tube heat exchanger filled with metal foams. The results also have very important significance for process intensification technology and optimal design of efficient heat exchanger.
多孔泡沫金属作为一种新型功能材料,其性能目前还处于研究、开发阶段,还未得到广泛应用,本文着重进行泡沫金属填充套管换热器内流体流动和传热的研究。主要研究工作:
(1)多孔泡沫金属性能的理论研究,重点对描述泡沫金属的基本参数进行了理论分析,得出了表示泡沫金属中流体流动的流动参数,为实验和数值模拟提供理论依据。
(2)多孔泡沫金属强化传热实验研究,设计了泡沫金属填充套管换热器实验装置及其传热数据采集系统,将泡沫金属填充在内管中。
(3)对泡沫金属填充套管换热器传热采用有限体积法进行数值分析,通过Gambit建立了实验中套管换热器装置的三维模型,并通过Fluent对其流体流动及传热特性进行分析。
经理论分析、实验研究和数值模拟结果如下:
(1)数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合,传热速率和压降均随孔密度或流速的增大而增大。其中填充铝泡沫后压降虽大于空管,但强化传热效果显著。通过对换热器压降和传热性能的综合分析,得出填充铝泡沫后换热器的综合性能比普通套管换热器更好。
(2)对泡沫金属填充水-水套管换热器的数值模拟,分析了孔隙率、雷诺数、管径、基体材料等对换热器内的流动和换热的影响。结果显示泡沫金属的换热能力和流动阻力随孔隙率的减小而增大,随雷诺数的增大而显著增大;对于压降:当基于渗透率的雷诺数(Re K)小于20时,主要受渗透率的影响,当Re K超过20时,主要受惯性系数影响;不受管径大小、泡沫金属材料的影响,这说明压降主要由泡沫金属固体骨架的三维结构引起而非管壁摩擦所致;对于换热:随着雷诺数、管径或基体金属传热系数的增大,总传热系数也显著提高。但当雷诺数超过10000后,总传热系数的提高显著变小并开始趋于稳定。
(3)引入热阻和泵功率对填充泡沫金属后的套管换热器的综合性能进行比较,引入性能因子,得出填充泡沫金属后,换热器效率明显提高。
研究结果可为泡沫金属填充套管换热器内流体流动和传热特性分析提供可靠依据,对过程强化技术及高效换热器的优化设计也有着重要的意义。
Metal foams are a class of porous material with both functional and structural properties, which is developed in recent decades. The metal foams are functional materials made of metal matrix and continuous or discontinuous gas with novel mechanical, thermal, electrical and acoustic properties. Metal foams can be divided described as open- or closed-cell. Open-cell metal foams have the following characteristics in the enhanced heat transfer technology: (1) lightweight, offering high strength and rigidity; (2) high internal surface area, so when fluid flows through metal foams, it can get greatly contact areas. The rate of heat transfer is enhanced by conducting the heat to the material struts.(3) Normal foam ligaments in the flowing direction results in boundary layer disruption and mixing and strengths the degree of fluid turbulence. (4) All open-cells are connected, so all surface area can be fully used. From above on, open-cell metal foams can be used to manufacture lighter, more compact, more efficient heat exchanger.
Porous metal foams are still in the research, development stage and have not yet been widely applied as a new functional material. In this paper the fluid flow and heat transfer of tube heat exchanger filled with metal foams was researched. The main research work and its results include:
The first part, theoretical analysis for the basic parameters of metal foams was worked. The results show the flow parameters for aluminum foams. This part is experiment and numerical simulation’s precondition.
The second part, an experimental research device and a data acquisition system were designed. Hot air flows in the inside square pipe, and cool water flows in the outside tube. AL foams were filled in the inner pipe in the double-pipe heat exchanger.
The third part, built three-dimensional model of the tube heat exchanger for the experimental test section by Gambit, and simulated analysis for fluid flow and heat transfer property in the tube heat exchanger by Fluent.
The theoretical analysis, experimental investigation and numerical simulation results are as follows:
The first part shows that numerical simulations are consistent with the experiments. Both pressure drop and heat transfer rate increase with increasing the flow rate or the pore density. The filled Al foam enhances the heat transfer greatly but also raises the pressure drop. Comprehensively considering pressure drop and the performance of heat transfer, the heat exchanger filled with the Al foam is much better than that without any foam.
The second part simulated the water-water double-pipe heat exchanger with metal foam filled in the both pipes. Porosity, Reynolds number, diameter, the thermal conductivity of base material relationship with fluid flow and heat transfer in metal foams were analyzed. Results show both pressure drop and heat transfer rate increase with increasing porosity or Reynolds number. For pressure: when Reynolds based on permeability less than 20, the pressure drop over the metal foams is dominated by permeability, when it more than 20, the pressure drop is dominated by inertial coefficient; the pressure drop of water through two pipes of different diameters or different thermal conductivity of base material but the same porosity is almost identical indicating that the pressure drop is mainly caused by the solid structure of the metal foam rather than the pipe wall. For heat transfer: when the Reynolds number more than 10,000, with the Reynolds number increases, the overall heat transfer coefficient was significantly increase and stabilize, especially for high porosity of the foam metal; With the increase of diameter or heat transfer coefficient of base metal , overall heat transfer coefficient is also significantly increased.
The third part, overall performance of double-pipe heat exchanger with metal foam was compared by introducing the thermal resistance and pumping-power, and the performance factors (I ) show the overall performance is improved significantly.
The results can provide a reliable basis for the fluid flow and heat transfer character in tube heat exchanger filled with metal foams. The results also have very important significance for process intensification technology and optimal design of efficient heat exchanger.
引文
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