基于PPLN波导的光脉冲波长转换研究
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摘要
全光波长转换器是密集波分复用(DWDM)、波分多址(WDMA)光纤通讯系统以及全光交换系统中的一个关键器件。利用在具有周期域反转结构的LiNbO3光波导(PPLN)中实现倍频波长转换和差频波长转换被认为是目前最好的波长转换方法之一,而基于级联倍频和差频效应的波长转换是实现全光波长转换的一种可行的方案,它具有转换效率较高、噪声指数低、转换波长范围宽等独特优点,能够实现输出波长可调、一对多通道、多波长同时转换等灵活多样的波长转换,有着广泛的应用前景。本文以级联倍频和差频效应的波长转换为研究对象,对在连续光和脉冲两种泵浦情况下的波长转换器进行了理论与实验研究,主要内容有:
(1)在广泛查阅国内外参考文献的基础上,阐述了光波长转换器在未来的光通信系统中的重要地位与作用以及光波长转换器的常见种类,介绍了差频型波长转换器的实现原理和国内外研究发展现状。
(2)在非线性光学理论、光波导理论和准相位匹配理论的基础上,推导了在准相位匹配条件下非线性光学介质和波导中三光波相互作用的耦合波方程组,并推导了在小信号近似条件下倍频光、差频光功率的解析式,得到了倍频转换效率、差频转换效率公式。考虑到脉冲在波导中传播受到走离效应、群速度色散效应的影响,推导了脉冲之间的级联二阶非线性耦合波方程组。
(3)基于耦合波方程组,在频域和时域中分析了群速度失配导致的走离效应对脉冲波长转换的影响:倍频光脉冲的展宽、差频光脉冲的波形畸变和峰值相移、走离引起的带内串扰。计算分析了走离参量、波导尺寸、脉冲参数对波形变化的影响。针对走离效应的影响,提出了双向注入方式可改善转换光脉冲的波形畸变;提出采用泵浦光脉冲提前注入方式,可以减小带内串扰;设计了利用走离效应产生多个脉冲的装置,实现周期性序列脉冲的重复频率成倍增大。
(4)对波长转换效率和转换带宽进行了数值分析和讨论,得到了波长转换效率随波导参数、信号光与泵浦光的功率、信号光与泵浦光的波长、注入的脉冲参数、脉冲之间的延迟等影响因素的变化曲线,以及转换带宽随信号光与泵浦光波长的变化规律,并对窄脉冲泵浦在提高泵浦带宽容限方面的优越性进行了理论上的阐述和分析。
(5)研究了在基于级联的二阶非线性的差频波长转换器中注入较大的光功率时的参量过程和折射率变化。研究了参量振荡过程,得到了最优波导长度和最优注入光功率的表达式;分析了高功率注入时波导折射率的变化,提出了弥补强光泵浦所引起波矢失配的相应措施。
(6)对基于PPLN光波导的1.55μm波段的DFG型光波长转换进行了实验研究。实现了连续泵浦下的波长转换,以及脉冲泵浦下的连续可调波长转换、一对多信道的波长转换,并对连续光泵浦和脉冲光泵浦两种情况下波长转换结果进行了频谱、波形上的对比分析,对泵浦带宽和转换带宽进行了测试。
All-optical wavelength converters (AOWCs) will play key roles in future DWDM and WDMA optical communication networks. Wavelength conversion exploiting cascaded second-harmonic and difference-frequency generation (cSHG/DFG) in periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) waveguides has manifested its potential as one of the best solutions: in addition to high wavelength conversion efficiency, negligible spontaneous emission noise and broad conversion bandwidth, it can achieve a flexible wavelength conversion such as a tunable wavelength conversion, a single-to-multiple channel wavelength conversion and a multi-wavelength simultaneous wavelength conversion, which increases the flexibility in the management of the multi-channel WDM network. Theoretical and experimental research on cSHG/DFG-based all-optical wavelength conversion technology is presented in this paper. The main contents are as follows:
(1) The important applications of AOWCs in future optical communication systems and several usual types of AOWCs are described. The principles and latest research progresses of DFG-AOWC are introduced.
(2) The nonlinear couple-mode equations describing the optical wavelength conversion processes in quasi-phase matching (QPM) waveguides are derived based on optical waveguide, nonlinear optics and QPM theories. The expression of converted power and efficiencey in both SHG and DFG processes are addressed under the assumptions of plane wave approximation and slowly varying amplitudes, respectively. Furthermore, the nonlinear coupled-mode equations of wavelength conversion between pulses are derived when the group velocity and group-velocity dispersion (GVD) of pulses are considered.
(3) The influence of walk-off between pulses due to group-velocity mismatching in wavelength conversion are analyzed in both frequency and time domain. The broadening of second-harmonic pulse, the converted waveform distortion with peak offset and the intraband crosstalk in pulsed-pumping wavelength-conversion are discussed with the change of waveguide dimensions and pulse parameter. And then a dual-direction wave-injected scheme is proposed to avoid waveform distortion and an advancing pump-injected scheme is demonstrated to minish intraband crosstalk. A novel scheme of utilizing the property of walk-off effect to produce several pulses in one-pulse-period are also introduced and researched.
(4) The relationships of the conversion efficiency and conversion bandwidth with the waveguide dimensions, pump and signal power, pump and signal wavelength, pulse parameter and delaying between pulses etc. are numerically calculated and analyzed, and theoretical research on the mechanism of improving pump-wavelength tolerance with pulse pumping is presented as well.
(5) The parametric-process and the photo-refractive-index-change in AOWC converters injected with high power are theoretically analyzed. The energy oscillates between pump, signal, second-harmonic and difference-frequency wave are demonstrated, and the expression of the optimum-waveguide-length is obtained. The potential application of pulse reshaping is pointed out as well.
(6) The cSHG/DFG optical wavelength converters based on a periodically poled PPLN waveguide is experimentally realized. A tunable and single-to-dual channel wavelength converter pumping with picosecond pulses at a repetition rate of 40GHz is implemented, and the waveform distortion of converted pulse is illustrated in our experiments.
(1)在广泛查阅国内外参考文献的基础上,阐述了光波长转换器在未来的光通信系统中的重要地位与作用以及光波长转换器的常见种类,介绍了差频型波长转换器的实现原理和国内外研究发展现状。
(2)在非线性光学理论、光波导理论和准相位匹配理论的基础上,推导了在准相位匹配条件下非线性光学介质和波导中三光波相互作用的耦合波方程组,并推导了在小信号近似条件下倍频光、差频光功率的解析式,得到了倍频转换效率、差频转换效率公式。考虑到脉冲在波导中传播受到走离效应、群速度色散效应的影响,推导了脉冲之间的级联二阶非线性耦合波方程组。
(3)基于耦合波方程组,在频域和时域中分析了群速度失配导致的走离效应对脉冲波长转换的影响:倍频光脉冲的展宽、差频光脉冲的波形畸变和峰值相移、走离引起的带内串扰。计算分析了走离参量、波导尺寸、脉冲参数对波形变化的影响。针对走离效应的影响,提出了双向注入方式可改善转换光脉冲的波形畸变;提出采用泵浦光脉冲提前注入方式,可以减小带内串扰;设计了利用走离效应产生多个脉冲的装置,实现周期性序列脉冲的重复频率成倍增大。
(4)对波长转换效率和转换带宽进行了数值分析和讨论,得到了波长转换效率随波导参数、信号光与泵浦光的功率、信号光与泵浦光的波长、注入的脉冲参数、脉冲之间的延迟等影响因素的变化曲线,以及转换带宽随信号光与泵浦光波长的变化规律,并对窄脉冲泵浦在提高泵浦带宽容限方面的优越性进行了理论上的阐述和分析。
(5)研究了在基于级联的二阶非线性的差频波长转换器中注入较大的光功率时的参量过程和折射率变化。研究了参量振荡过程,得到了最优波导长度和最优注入光功率的表达式;分析了高功率注入时波导折射率的变化,提出了弥补强光泵浦所引起波矢失配的相应措施。
(6)对基于PPLN光波导的1.55μm波段的DFG型光波长转换进行了实验研究。实现了连续泵浦下的波长转换,以及脉冲泵浦下的连续可调波长转换、一对多信道的波长转换,并对连续光泵浦和脉冲光泵浦两种情况下波长转换结果进行了频谱、波形上的对比分析,对泵浦带宽和转换带宽进行了测试。
All-optical wavelength converters (AOWCs) will play key roles in future DWDM and WDMA optical communication networks. Wavelength conversion exploiting cascaded second-harmonic and difference-frequency generation (cSHG/DFG) in periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) waveguides has manifested its potential as one of the best solutions: in addition to high wavelength conversion efficiency, negligible spontaneous emission noise and broad conversion bandwidth, it can achieve a flexible wavelength conversion such as a tunable wavelength conversion, a single-to-multiple channel wavelength conversion and a multi-wavelength simultaneous wavelength conversion, which increases the flexibility in the management of the multi-channel WDM network. Theoretical and experimental research on cSHG/DFG-based all-optical wavelength conversion technology is presented in this paper. The main contents are as follows:
(1) The important applications of AOWCs in future optical communication systems and several usual types of AOWCs are described. The principles and latest research progresses of DFG-AOWC are introduced.
(2) The nonlinear couple-mode equations describing the optical wavelength conversion processes in quasi-phase matching (QPM) waveguides are derived based on optical waveguide, nonlinear optics and QPM theories. The expression of converted power and efficiencey in both SHG and DFG processes are addressed under the assumptions of plane wave approximation and slowly varying amplitudes, respectively. Furthermore, the nonlinear coupled-mode equations of wavelength conversion between pulses are derived when the group velocity and group-velocity dispersion (GVD) of pulses are considered.
(3) The influence of walk-off between pulses due to group-velocity mismatching in wavelength conversion are analyzed in both frequency and time domain. The broadening of second-harmonic pulse, the converted waveform distortion with peak offset and the intraband crosstalk in pulsed-pumping wavelength-conversion are discussed with the change of waveguide dimensions and pulse parameter. And then a dual-direction wave-injected scheme is proposed to avoid waveform distortion and an advancing pump-injected scheme is demonstrated to minish intraband crosstalk. A novel scheme of utilizing the property of walk-off effect to produce several pulses in one-pulse-period are also introduced and researched.
(4) The relationships of the conversion efficiency and conversion bandwidth with the waveguide dimensions, pump and signal power, pump and signal wavelength, pulse parameter and delaying between pulses etc. are numerically calculated and analyzed, and theoretical research on the mechanism of improving pump-wavelength tolerance with pulse pumping is presented as well.
(5) The parametric-process and the photo-refractive-index-change in AOWC converters injected with high power are theoretically analyzed. The energy oscillates between pump, signal, second-harmonic and difference-frequency wave are demonstrated, and the expression of the optimum-waveguide-length is obtained. The potential application of pulse reshaping is pointed out as well.
(6) The cSHG/DFG optical wavelength converters based on a periodically poled PPLN waveguide is experimentally realized. A tunable and single-to-dual channel wavelength converter pumping with picosecond pulses at a repetition rate of 40GHz is implemented, and the waveform distortion of converted pulse is illustrated in our experiments.
引文
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