光子晶体光纤及其在传感领域的应用研究
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摘要
光子晶体光纤(PCF,又称微结构光纤)具有传统光纤无法比拟的诸多奇异特性和优势,引起了学术界和产业界的广泛关注,在短短的十几年内其相关研究取得了令人瞩目的成就。随着光子晶体光纤的理论分析方法趋于成熟,制造工艺日臻完善,新颖结构和特性的光子晶体光纤不断涌现和产品化,作为光电子功能器件的光子晶体光纤应用研究成为热点,特别是基于光子晶体光纤的传感技术研究在国际上备受关注。
本论文的选题主要来源于国家973项目“基于微结构光纤的光电子功能器件的创新与基础研究”(编号：2003CB314906)和“基于微结构光纤的新型功能器件、异质兼容结构与光电子集成”(编号：2010CB327605)、国家自然科学基金项目“全固光子带隙光纤及全固光子带隙光纤光栅研究”(编号：10774077)、“基于光子带隙光纤的可调谐光电子器件”(编号：50802044)和“基于PPMgL微结构波导倍频的超短脉冲全光纤激光光源”(编号：50802044)以及澳大利亚研究委员会(ARC)开发类项目“超性能光纤通信器件的开发和研究”中的内容。在对光子晶体光纤的理论分析方法、各种奇异特性、功能材料选择性填充光子晶体光纤技术、声致光子晶体光纤光栅技术等内容深入研究的基础上,重点进行了基于光子晶体光纤的新型传感技术的理论和实验研究。主要研究内容和创新点如下：
1.基于空芯光子带隙光纤的F-P干涉型传感技术研究。
提出并研制了基于空芯光子带隙光纤的在线F-P干涉型温度不敏感应力传感器。实现了传感器长度仅为0.2mm,与普通光纤直径相同,集成度高,且对弯曲及温度等环境因素不敏感,应变灵敏度为1.55pm/με的微型传感器。
提出了基于空芯光子带隙光纤F-P干涉型传感器的复用解调方案。从理论和实验上研究了其多路复用能力并提供了简便易行的解调方法。搭建了空芯光子带隙光纤应力传感系统。
2.声致光子晶体光纤光栅的电调谐特性、温度调谐特性和折射率调谐特性研究。
在对填充了液体的固芯光子带隙光纤中的传输模式进行详细数值分析和讨论的基础上,实验上利用电致声波在固芯光子带隙光纤上诱导产生了长周期光纤光栅,并研究其谐振波长和谐振强度的快速电调谐特性。
提出并研制出结合了声致光纤光栅快速电调谐特性,光子带隙光纤带隙调谐特点和带隙内色散特性的高灵敏度折射率传感器,并进行了深入的相关理论和实验研究,理论结果和实验结果符合良好。实现的传感技术指标：温度灵敏度6.94 nm/℃,折射率灵敏度1.79×104 nm/RIU,探测极限8.4×10-6RIU,该技术指标是已报道的同类传感器中最高的。
3.混合型光传导双折射光子晶体光纤及其应用研究。
利用选择性填充技术,设计并研制出具有独特双折射特性的混合型导光光子晶体光纤,并对其特性进行了深入研究和分析。提出了基于该光纤的Sagnac干涉型滤波器,该滤波器具有干涉条纹波长间隔不同且温度、折射率等多参量可调谐的特点,有望在多参数传感测量等领域中得到应用。
4.基于双物质聚合物光子晶体光纤的可调谐窄带滤波器和传感器研究。
设计并研究了双物质聚合物光子晶体光纤的拉制工艺和传导特性,并成功拉制出该种光子晶体光纤。通过选择性填充该聚合物光纤,利用模式谐振耦合原理,实现了窄带带阻滤波器和填充折射率与基底材料折射率极相近的折射率传感器。根据聚合物光纤的最佳工作波长,我们在800 nm处获得了温度灵敏度为2 nm/℃,折射率灵敏度为2.81×103 nm/RIU可调谐窄带滤波器和传感器。
5.具有特殊性质的全固光子晶体光纤的理论设计研究。
设计了包层为方形栅格结构的全固大模场面积光子晶体光纤。结果表明,相同占空比的方形栅格包层全固光子带隙光纤模场面积是普通三角形栅格包层全固光子带隙光纤的1.25倍。
研究了包层为矩形柱结构的高双折射光子晶体光纤。计算结果表明,该类光纤相双折射可以达到1×10-3,群双折射可以达到4×10-2。
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs, also known as microstructured fibers) have attracted great interest in the scientific and industrial community because of their unique characteristics and advantages over conventional optical fibers. The past decade has witnessed a remarkable progress in the fabrication and commercialization of PCF, and in particular, functional optical devices have become global research focus, especially in the field of PCF sensing.
The research work in this thesis is supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Nos.2003CB314906 and 2010CB327605), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.10774077, 50802044 and 60677013) and Australian Research Council's (ARC) Discovery Project scheme. Based on the insight study on the theoretical analysis approach, different unique properties, selective filling techniques of photonic crystal fiber, and acoustic-induced photonic crystal fiber grating, PCF-based novel sensing technology has been theoretically and experimentally studied. Main content of the research work in this thesis includes:
1. Investigation of the F-P interferometric sensing technology based on hollow-core photonic bandgap PCF
The environmentally stable in-line F-P interferometric strain sensor is developed. The proposed sensor has several advantages such as short length of just 0.2 mm, diameter equivalent to conventional single-mode fiber, bend and temperature insensitive and strain sensitivity of 1.55 pm/με.
Moreover, the multiplexing and demodulation schemes of hollow core PCF F-P interferometric strain sensor has been studied from the theoretical and experimental aspects as well. And finally, a strain sensing system based on the hollow core photonic bandgap fiber has been set up.
2. Investigation of the tuning peroperties of photonic bandgap fiber acoustic grating in terms of electric, temperature and refractive index.
Based on the detailed numerical simulation and analysis of the guided modes in the solid-core photonic bandgap fiber filled with liquid, long-period grating was inscribed in the low-index contrast photonic bandgap fiber through electric-induced acoustic wave, furthermore, its electrical tenability of wavelength and intensity has been investigated.
By synthesizing the speedy tenability of the acoustic grating, the bandgap tenability of photonic bandgap fiber, and the dispersion properties of the PCF, a highly sensitive refractive index sensor was proposed. Relevant experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. The parameters of the sensor are as follows:temperature sensitivity of 6.94 nm/℃, refractive index sensitivity of 1.79×104 nm/RIU, detection limit of 8.4×10-6 RIU. To the best of our knowledge, above parameters are the best ones for the same type sensors ever reported by far.
3. Investigation of the hybrid guided birefringence photonic crystal fiber and its applications
By selective filling liquid into the air hole of PCF, novel hybrid guided birefringent PCF is proposed. The properties of the hybrid guidance mechanism are studied and a new type of fiber Sagnac interferometric filter is presented. Its fringe spacing changes with wavelength, and the notch could be tuned by temperature, refractive index, etc., which could be applied for multi-parameter sensing measurements.
4. Investigation of tunable narrowband filter and sensor based on double materials polymer PCF.
The fabrication technique and properties of double-material polymer PCF have been investigated, and the above mentioned fiber has been drawn out. Based on modes coupling theory and selective filling technology, we have developed a narrowband filter and refractive index senor for the fluid with the slight refractive index difference from background material. The temperature sensitivity reaches 2 nm/℃, and refractive index sensitivity achieves 2.81×103 nm/RIU for the optimized operation wavelength for the polymer fiber at 800 nm.
5. Design of new types all-solid photonic crystal fiber with the unique characteristics.
All-solid square-lattice photonic bandgap fiber with larger effective mode area has been designed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed effective mode area of all-solid square-lattice photonic bandgap fibers is 1.25 times larger than triangular lattice ones.
The birefringence property of the photonic bandgap fiber with rectangular high index rods cladding has been studied. The simulation results demonstrated that the phase birefringence and the group birefringence reach 1×10-3 and 4×10-2, respectively.
本论文的选题主要来源于国家973项目“基于微结构光纤的光电子功能器件的创新与基础研究”(编号：2003CB314906)和“基于微结构光纤的新型功能器件、异质兼容结构与光电子集成”(编号：2010CB327605)、国家自然科学基金项目“全固光子带隙光纤及全固光子带隙光纤光栅研究”(编号：10774077)、“基于光子带隙光纤的可调谐光电子器件”(编号：50802044)和“基于PPMgL微结构波导倍频的超短脉冲全光纤激光光源”(编号：50802044)以及澳大利亚研究委员会(ARC)开发类项目“超性能光纤通信器件的开发和研究”中的内容。在对光子晶体光纤的理论分析方法、各种奇异特性、功能材料选择性填充光子晶体光纤技术、声致光子晶体光纤光栅技术等内容深入研究的基础上,重点进行了基于光子晶体光纤的新型传感技术的理论和实验研究。主要研究内容和创新点如下：
1.基于空芯光子带隙光纤的F-P干涉型传感技术研究。
提出并研制了基于空芯光子带隙光纤的在线F-P干涉型温度不敏感应力传感器。实现了传感器长度仅为0.2mm,与普通光纤直径相同,集成度高,且对弯曲及温度等环境因素不敏感,应变灵敏度为1.55pm/με的微型传感器。
提出了基于空芯光子带隙光纤F-P干涉型传感器的复用解调方案。从理论和实验上研究了其多路复用能力并提供了简便易行的解调方法。搭建了空芯光子带隙光纤应力传感系统。
2.声致光子晶体光纤光栅的电调谐特性、温度调谐特性和折射率调谐特性研究。
在对填充了液体的固芯光子带隙光纤中的传输模式进行详细数值分析和讨论的基础上,实验上利用电致声波在固芯光子带隙光纤上诱导产生了长周期光纤光栅,并研究其谐振波长和谐振强度的快速电调谐特性。
提出并研制出结合了声致光纤光栅快速电调谐特性,光子带隙光纤带隙调谐特点和带隙内色散特性的高灵敏度折射率传感器,并进行了深入的相关理论和实验研究,理论结果和实验结果符合良好。实现的传感技术指标：温度灵敏度6.94 nm/℃,折射率灵敏度1.79×104 nm/RIU,探测极限8.4×10-6RIU,该技术指标是已报道的同类传感器中最高的。
3.混合型光传导双折射光子晶体光纤及其应用研究。
利用选择性填充技术,设计并研制出具有独特双折射特性的混合型导光光子晶体光纤,并对其特性进行了深入研究和分析。提出了基于该光纤的Sagnac干涉型滤波器,该滤波器具有干涉条纹波长间隔不同且温度、折射率等多参量可调谐的特点,有望在多参数传感测量等领域中得到应用。
4.基于双物质聚合物光子晶体光纤的可调谐窄带滤波器和传感器研究。
设计并研究了双物质聚合物光子晶体光纤的拉制工艺和传导特性,并成功拉制出该种光子晶体光纤。通过选择性填充该聚合物光纤,利用模式谐振耦合原理,实现了窄带带阻滤波器和填充折射率与基底材料折射率极相近的折射率传感器。根据聚合物光纤的最佳工作波长,我们在800 nm处获得了温度灵敏度为2 nm/℃,折射率灵敏度为2.81×103 nm/RIU可调谐窄带滤波器和传感器。
5.具有特殊性质的全固光子晶体光纤的理论设计研究。
设计了包层为方形栅格结构的全固大模场面积光子晶体光纤。结果表明,相同占空比的方形栅格包层全固光子带隙光纤模场面积是普通三角形栅格包层全固光子带隙光纤的1.25倍。
研究了包层为矩形柱结构的高双折射光子晶体光纤。计算结果表明,该类光纤相双折射可以达到1×10-3,群双折射可以达到4×10-2。
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs, also known as microstructured fibers) have attracted great interest in the scientific and industrial community because of their unique characteristics and advantages over conventional optical fibers. The past decade has witnessed a remarkable progress in the fabrication and commercialization of PCF, and in particular, functional optical devices have become global research focus, especially in the field of PCF sensing.
The research work in this thesis is supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Nos.2003CB314906 and 2010CB327605), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.10774077, 50802044 and 60677013) and Australian Research Council's (ARC) Discovery Project scheme. Based on the insight study on the theoretical analysis approach, different unique properties, selective filling techniques of photonic crystal fiber, and acoustic-induced photonic crystal fiber grating, PCF-based novel sensing technology has been theoretically and experimentally studied. Main content of the research work in this thesis includes:
1. Investigation of the F-P interferometric sensing technology based on hollow-core photonic bandgap PCF
The environmentally stable in-line F-P interferometric strain sensor is developed. The proposed sensor has several advantages such as short length of just 0.2 mm, diameter equivalent to conventional single-mode fiber, bend and temperature insensitive and strain sensitivity of 1.55 pm/με.
Moreover, the multiplexing and demodulation schemes of hollow core PCF F-P interferometric strain sensor has been studied from the theoretical and experimental aspects as well. And finally, a strain sensing system based on the hollow core photonic bandgap fiber has been set up.
2. Investigation of the tuning peroperties of photonic bandgap fiber acoustic grating in terms of electric, temperature and refractive index.
Based on the detailed numerical simulation and analysis of the guided modes in the solid-core photonic bandgap fiber filled with liquid, long-period grating was inscribed in the low-index contrast photonic bandgap fiber through electric-induced acoustic wave, furthermore, its electrical tenability of wavelength and intensity has been investigated.
By synthesizing the speedy tenability of the acoustic grating, the bandgap tenability of photonic bandgap fiber, and the dispersion properties of the PCF, a highly sensitive refractive index sensor was proposed. Relevant experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. The parameters of the sensor are as follows:temperature sensitivity of 6.94 nm/℃, refractive index sensitivity of 1.79×104 nm/RIU, detection limit of 8.4×10-6 RIU. To the best of our knowledge, above parameters are the best ones for the same type sensors ever reported by far.
3. Investigation of the hybrid guided birefringence photonic crystal fiber and its applications
By selective filling liquid into the air hole of PCF, novel hybrid guided birefringent PCF is proposed. The properties of the hybrid guidance mechanism are studied and a new type of fiber Sagnac interferometric filter is presented. Its fringe spacing changes with wavelength, and the notch could be tuned by temperature, refractive index, etc., which could be applied for multi-parameter sensing measurements.
4. Investigation of tunable narrowband filter and sensor based on double materials polymer PCF.
The fabrication technique and properties of double-material polymer PCF have been investigated, and the above mentioned fiber has been drawn out. Based on modes coupling theory and selective filling technology, we have developed a narrowband filter and refractive index senor for the fluid with the slight refractive index difference from background material. The temperature sensitivity reaches 2 nm/℃, and refractive index sensitivity achieves 2.81×103 nm/RIU for the optimized operation wavelength for the polymer fiber at 800 nm.
5. Design of new types all-solid photonic crystal fiber with the unique characteristics.
All-solid square-lattice photonic bandgap fiber with larger effective mode area has been designed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed effective mode area of all-solid square-lattice photonic bandgap fibers is 1.25 times larger than triangular lattice ones.
The birefringence property of the photonic bandgap fiber with rectangular high index rods cladding has been studied. The simulation results demonstrated that the phase birefringence and the group birefringence reach 1×10-3 and 4×10-2, respectively.
引文
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