基于超声波的聚合物熔体物性关键参数测量方法的研究
|
摘要
在聚合物精密注塑成型过程中，由喷嘴注射出的聚合物熔体重量能否实现精确可控，是影响精密注塑制品的重量重复精度的直接因素。基于注射过程中聚合物熔体密度随着过程状态变量压力、温度变化的特性，传统体积控制方法无法实现注射重量的一致性控制，而基于熔体密度在线测量的注射重量控制是解决这一问题的较好方法。本文对聚合物熔体关键参数，熔体密度及熔体体积弹性模量的软测量方法进行了研究；提出了基于超声波速度单值变量的熔体密度软测量模型，利用超声波传播速度对介质密度的依赖性及快速响应性，较好地满足了成型周期短、注射压力多级变化的聚合物熔体密度的在线测量。主要工作内容如下：
1、在综合分析国内外超声波技术在液体介质、固体介质密度在线测量及聚合物加工领域应用基础上，对基于透射模式超声波实时测量聚合物熔体密度存在的单值性和快速响应性进行系统的理论研究，提出了应用超声波技术实现聚合物熔体注射成型过程中熔体密度的在线测量。
2、对影响聚合物熔体密度变量的相关易测变量的测量响应速度进行了研究，从机理建模和统计建模两方面，确定适应于聚合物熔体密度及聚合物熔体体积弹性模量的软测量建模方法。
3、构建了基于超声波速度的熔体密度软测量模型所需的实验装置，研制能够模拟注射过程聚合物熔体过程状态变化的实验装置，对聚合物熔体物性关键参数－聚合物熔体密度及熔体体积弹性模量进行了测量方法的研究，同时通过改进的组合数字滤波方法剔除超声波透射传播过程中多次回波干扰及环境噪声干扰对超声波传播速度测量精度的影响。
4、基于神经网络建立了以状态变量温度、压力为输入变量的聚合物熔体体积弹性模量的软测量模型，并采用基于最佳部分网络的神经网络集成技术有效地提高了聚合物熔体体积弹性模量软测量模型的测量精度。
5、基于最小二乘拟合多项式法建立了超声波速度单值变量的熔体密度在线软测量模型，并将该模型应用于注射过程中，通过实验验证用基于熔体密度在线测量的注射量重量控制方法替代体积控制方法，可以有效地提高注塑制品的重量重复精度。
During the precision injection molding process of polymer, whetherthe weight of polymer melt injected from nozzles can be preciselycontrolled, is the direct factor which affects the weight repeatabilityprecision of accurate injection molding parts.
As in the processing of injection, the density of polymer melt varieswith the state variables like pressure and temperature, traditional volumecontrolling method cannot realize consistency control of injection weight.While on the other hand, injection weight controlling method based ononline measurement of melt density is the best solution to solve thisproblem.
This paper is going to study a soft measurement method of polymermelt key parameter, namely, the melt bulk modulus; it puts forward a softmeasurement model of melt density based on single value variable ofultrasonic velocity; then, the dependence and quick response to mediumdensity of ultrasonic propagation velocity is used to meet the onlinedensity measurement of polymer melt, which has injection molding cycle and multi-level infection pressure. The paper devotes to the followingtasks:
1. Based on the comprehensive analysis of successful applications ofultrasonic technology in online measurement of liquid and solid mediadensity and in polymer processing, the single-valuedness and quickresponse existing in the ultrasonic real-time measurement of polymermelt density based on the transmission mode is studied theoretically andsystematically, Furthermore, online measurement of melt densityachieved by ultrasonic technology during the injection molding processof polymer melt is put forward.
2. The response speed of easily-measured variables related to thepolymer melt density variables is studied, and the soft-measurementmodeling method adapted to melt density and volumetric elastic modulusof polymer melt is decided from both mechanism modeling and statisticalmodeling.
3. Necessary experimental equipments are researched and developedfor online measurement of melt density based on ultrasonic technology,including the experimental device which could imitate pressure variationin injection process. A study of the measurement methods for the keyphysical parameters of polymer melt, such as active density and bulkmodulus is further performed. Then influences on the measuring accuracyof ultrasonic propagation velocity by the interferences of multiple echoes and environment noises during the ultrasonic transmission propagationare removed by adopting the combined digital filtering method.
4. A soft measurement model of the the bulk modulus of polymermelt with the state variables of temperature and pressure as inputvariables is established on the basis of neural network. Meanwhile, themeasurement accuracy of such soft measurement model of bulk modulusof polymer melt is significantly improved through the application ofneural network integration technonology based on the optimal parts of thenetwork.
5. The online soft measurement model of melt density based onultrasonic velocity is established by improved least squares binarypolynomial fitting, and used in the injection process. It is certified in theexperiment that the weight control method of injection weight based onthe melt density online measurement is better than the volume controlmethod in the improvement of the weight repeatability precision ofinjection molding parts.
1、在综合分析国内外超声波技术在液体介质、固体介质密度在线测量及聚合物加工领域应用基础上，对基于透射模式超声波实时测量聚合物熔体密度存在的单值性和快速响应性进行系统的理论研究，提出了应用超声波技术实现聚合物熔体注射成型过程中熔体密度的在线测量。
2、对影响聚合物熔体密度变量的相关易测变量的测量响应速度进行了研究，从机理建模和统计建模两方面，确定适应于聚合物熔体密度及聚合物熔体体积弹性模量的软测量建模方法。
3、构建了基于超声波速度的熔体密度软测量模型所需的实验装置，研制能够模拟注射过程聚合物熔体过程状态变化的实验装置，对聚合物熔体物性关键参数－聚合物熔体密度及熔体体积弹性模量进行了测量方法的研究，同时通过改进的组合数字滤波方法剔除超声波透射传播过程中多次回波干扰及环境噪声干扰对超声波传播速度测量精度的影响。
4、基于神经网络建立了以状态变量温度、压力为输入变量的聚合物熔体体积弹性模量的软测量模型，并采用基于最佳部分网络的神经网络集成技术有效地提高了聚合物熔体体积弹性模量软测量模型的测量精度。
5、基于最小二乘拟合多项式法建立了超声波速度单值变量的熔体密度在线软测量模型，并将该模型应用于注射过程中，通过实验验证用基于熔体密度在线测量的注射量重量控制方法替代体积控制方法，可以有效地提高注塑制品的重量重复精度。
During the precision injection molding process of polymer, whetherthe weight of polymer melt injected from nozzles can be preciselycontrolled, is the direct factor which affects the weight repeatabilityprecision of accurate injection molding parts.
As in the processing of injection, the density of polymer melt varieswith the state variables like pressure and temperature, traditional volumecontrolling method cannot realize consistency control of injection weight.While on the other hand, injection weight controlling method based ononline measurement of melt density is the best solution to solve thisproblem.
This paper is going to study a soft measurement method of polymermelt key parameter, namely, the melt bulk modulus; it puts forward a softmeasurement model of melt density based on single value variable ofultrasonic velocity; then, the dependence and quick response to mediumdensity of ultrasonic propagation velocity is used to meet the onlinedensity measurement of polymer melt, which has injection molding cycle and multi-level infection pressure. The paper devotes to the followingtasks:
1. Based on the comprehensive analysis of successful applications ofultrasonic technology in online measurement of liquid and solid mediadensity and in polymer processing, the single-valuedness and quickresponse existing in the ultrasonic real-time measurement of polymermelt density based on the transmission mode is studied theoretically andsystematically, Furthermore, online measurement of melt densityachieved by ultrasonic technology during the injection molding processof polymer melt is put forward.
2. The response speed of easily-measured variables related to thepolymer melt density variables is studied, and the soft-measurementmodeling method adapted to melt density and volumetric elastic modulusof polymer melt is decided from both mechanism modeling and statisticalmodeling.
3. Necessary experimental equipments are researched and developedfor online measurement of melt density based on ultrasonic technology,including the experimental device which could imitate pressure variationin injection process. A study of the measurement methods for the keyphysical parameters of polymer melt, such as active density and bulkmodulus is further performed. Then influences on the measuring accuracyof ultrasonic propagation velocity by the interferences of multiple echoes and environment noises during the ultrasonic transmission propagationare removed by adopting the combined digital filtering method.
4. A soft measurement model of the the bulk modulus of polymermelt with the state variables of temperature and pressure as inputvariables is established on the basis of neural network. Meanwhile, themeasurement accuracy of such soft measurement model of bulk modulusof polymer melt is significantly improved through the application ofneural network integration technonology based on the optimal parts of thenetwork.
5. The online soft measurement model of melt density based onultrasonic velocity is established by improved least squares binarypolynomial fitting, and used in the injection process. It is certified in theexperiment that the weight control method of injection weight based onthe melt density online measurement is better than the volume controlmethod in the improvement of the weight repeatability precision ofinjection molding parts.
引文
[1]杜维,张宏建,乐嘉华.过程检测技术及仪表[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.1-3
[2] Jo-ll Kim, Jae-Chul Pyun. Electrochemical ELISA using diamond-like carbon(DLC)microelectrode for RA diagnosis[J]. Procedia Chemistry.2009，1(1):1047-1050
[3] Bill Triggs. Model-based sonar location for mobile robots[J]. Robotics and AutonomousSystem.1994,12:173-186
[4]李军.检测技术及仪表[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2005.4-6
[5] G. Tosello, H.N. Hansen (1), S. Gasparin. Applications of dimensional micro metrology tothe product and process quality control in manufacturing of precision polymer microcomponents[J]. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.2009,58:467–472
[6] Ryan Gosselin, Denis Rodrigue, Carl Duchesne. A hyper spectral imaging sensor for on-linequality control of extruded polymer composite products[J].Computers and ChemicalEngineering.2011,35(1):296-306
[7] Kuo-Ming Tsai, Chung-Yu Hsieh, Wei-Chun Lo. A study of the effects of process parametersfor injection molding on surface quality of optical lenses[J]. Journal of materials processingtechnology.2009,209(7):3469–3477
[8] Min B H. A study on Quality monitoring of injection molded parts[J]. Journal of MaterialsProcessing Technology.2003,136:1-6
[9] Tadayoshi MATSUMORI, Koetsu YAMAZAKI. A Study on Optimal Layout Design ofCooling Channel for Plastic Infection Molding Die[J]. The Japan Society of MechanicalEngineers.2008,74(7):731-738
[10]廖正品.中国塑料工业迎来精密成型时代[J].塑胶工业.2006,(1):19－20
[11] Liu C, Manzione L T. Process studies in precision injection molding II: morphology andprecision in liquid crystal polymers[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science.1996,36(1):10-14
[12] Che Zhongbao, Turng Lin sheng. Advances in infection molding process/quality control[C].SPE ANTEC2004,697-701
[13]钟汉如编著.注塑机控制系统[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.1
[14] Ho Yin wong, Ka Tsai Fung, Furong Gao. Development of in-line and through cyclemonitoring of key process and quality variables in infection molding[J]. Sensors andActuators A,2008,141:712-722
[15] The Barrows, Degradable implant materials: review of synthetic absorbable polymers andtheir application[J]. Clinical Materials.1986,4:233-257
[16] H.N.Hansen, R.J. Hocken, G.Tosello. Replication of micro and nano surface geom[J]. CIRPAnnals-Manufacturing Technology.2009,60(2):695-714
[17]北京化工学院,华南工学院合编.塑料机械设计[M].北京:轻工业出版社,1983.320-321
[18]王兴天.注塑工艺与设备[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2010.305-306
[19]张时钕,何聪,等.多级注射在精密塑件成型中的应用[J].现代塑料加工应用,2000,12(6):24-27
[20]赵伶.光学塑料镜片精密注射成型工艺的研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2006
[21]班旗，周煌煌,等.浅谈精密注塑[J].中国塑料，199,13(8):61-63
[22]胡海表.精密注射成型技术探讨[J].工程塑料应用.2000,28(10):18-21
[23]周坤鲁,刘建柱,等.提高塑料件尺寸精度的研究[J].工程塑料应,2003,31(1):31-34
[24] Oliver Schnerr, Walter Michaeli. Neural Networks for Quality Prediction and Closed loopQuality Control in Automotive Industry[C]. ANTEC'98,1998,660-664.
[25] Oana R.Ghita, David C. Baker, Ken E. Evans. An in-line near-infrared process control toolfor monitoring the effects of speed, temperature, and polymer colour in infectionmoulding[J]. Polymer Testing,2008,27:459-469.
[26] Felix T.S.Chan, Henry C.W.Lau, Bing Jiang. In-line Process conditions monitoring expertsystem for infection molding[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2000,101:268-274
[27] Z.H.Che. PSO-based back-propagation artificial neural network for product and mold costestimation of plastic infection molding[J]. Computers&Industrial Engineering.2010,58,(4):625-637
[28] Jeen Lin, Ruey-Jing Lian. Self-organizing fuaay controller for injection moldingmachines[J]. Journal of Process Control.2010,20:585-595
[29] H.S.Wang. Application of BPN with feature-based models on cost estimation of plasticinjection products[J].2007, Computers&Industrial Engineering.2003,53,(1):79-94.
[30] Xi Chen, Furong Gao, Guohua Chen. A sof t-sensor development for melt-flow-lengthmeasurement during injection mold filling [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A2004,38:245-254
[31] Xuan-Tien Doan, Rajagopalan Srinivasan. Online monitoring of multi-phase batch processesusing phase-based multivariate statistical process control[J]. Computers and ChemicalEngineering.2008,32:230-243.
[32] A.McIlhagger, D.Brown, B.Hill. The development of a dielectric system for the on-line curemonitoring of the resin transfer moulding process[J]. Composites:PartA.2000,31:1373-1381.
[33] Rober X. Gao, Zhaoyan Fan, David o.Kazmer. Injection molding process monitoring using aself-energized dual-parameter sensor[J]. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.2008,57:389-393.
[34] A.G.Gerber, R.Dubay, A.Healy. CFD-based predictive control of melt temperature in plasticinjection molding[J]. Applied Mathematical Modeling.2006,30:884-903
[35] Oana R. Dumitrescu, Dave C.Baker, Gary M.Foster, Ken E. Rvans. Near infraredspectroscopy for in-line monitoring during infection moulding[J].Polymer Testing.2005,24:367-375
[36] A.Bendada, A. Derdouri, M.Lamontagne, Y.Smard. Analys is of thermal contact resistancebetween polymer and mold in infection molding[J].2004,24:2029-2040.
[37]郁滨,注塑过程参数的自动设定与基于模糊推理的制品缺陷消除的研究[D].广州：华南理工大学，1999
[38]张时钕,何聪,等.精密注塑件的生产稳定性探讨[J].工程塑料应用,2006,30(4):19-12
[39]黄步明,许忠斌,等.高速超精密注塑机的技术进展及发展动向[J].工程塑料应用,2002,30(12):47-49
[40]李雪梅,许忠斌,谭震彪,等.塑料精密注射成型机械及其发展新动向[J].合成材料老化与应用,2004,33(2):44-48
[41]王利霞,申长雨,张勤星,等.注塑制品重量的闭环控制[J].中国塑料,2005,19(6):68-71
[42]王兴天主编.注塑技术与注塑机[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.57
[43]郑子聪,曹贤武,何和智,等.聚丙烯及聚苯乙烯发泡体系熔体密度的研究[J].塑料科技,2009,37(8): P34-37
[44]张智勇,杨兆福,等.注射成型PVT最佳保压控制[J].塑料,1993,22(1):15-20
[45]章锦雷,陈小强,庄俭,等.基于聚合物熔体PVT参数的注射过程保压控制技术[J].塑性工程学报,2010,17(3):162-165
[46] L.A.Utracki. Pressure-volume-temperature dependencies of polystyrenes[J]. Polymer.2005,46:114548-11556
[47] PAUL ZOLLER,Neu-Technikum Buchs, Kunststofflabor,CH-9470Buchs, Switzerland.Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Sold and Molten Polypropylene andPoly(butane-1). Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1979,23:1057-1061
[48]陈锋.塑料成型的PVT状态曲线及其应用[J].轻工机械,2000,(4):5-9
[49]王建,杨卫民,谢鹏程,舒晖翔,等.聚合物PVT关系在线测试技术[J].塑料工业,2008,36(10):28-30
[50]沈洪雷.连续模块精密注塑模设计及成型条件[J].工程塑料应用,2001,29(7):38-40
[51]陈德生,张宜生,梁书云,等.精密注塑成型系统中的注塑参数的优化设计[J].新技术新工艺,2006,(8):34-36
[52] Yoshiya Taniguchi, Nobuyuki Hirayama, Yoshiaki Hara. Electrically-operated injectionmolding machine[P]. US Patent: US6183235,2001-02-06.
[53] Xu Hong, Wu Daming, Zhu Qunxiong, Zhang Yajun. Research of precision infection controlsystem based on the on-line measurement of polymer melt density[J]. Advanced MaterialsResearch.2012,383-390:5136-5141.
[54] Hong Xu, Daming Wu, Yajun Zhang. Approach to improve the injection weightrepeatability accuracy in the process of the precision injection molding[C].2011International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering. ICEICE2011-Proceedings,3028-3031
[55]应崇福,张守玉,沈建中著.超声在固体中的散射[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1994,1
[56]李春喜,王子稿,等.超声技术在纳米材料制中的应用[J].化学通报,2005,(5):268-270
[57]李丹阳,陈刚,张光明,等.超声波预处理污泥研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(8):70-72
[58]刘迎春,叶湘滨.传感器原理设计及应用[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1999.262
[59]李希文,赵建,李智奇,白小平编著.传感器与信号调理技术[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2008.183-189
[60]何方成,宫兆斌.超声波声速测量技术及其在材料评价中的应用[J].材料工程2003.(8):33-35
[61] Kinue YADA, Kazuyuki HOSOI, Shin-ichi TAKEDA. Determination of Particle SizeDistribution(PSD) of Highly Concentrated Inorganic Fine Particle Suspensions UsingUltrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy, Examination of Measurement Reproducibility andAccuracy[J].J.Jpn.Soc.Colour Mater.,2008,81(8):280-285
[62]清水俊彦,木本晃,信太克規.電気超音波統合型センサによる一様媒質中の異種媒体の位置及び大きさの推定[J].電気学会論文誌Ｃ（電子情報システム部門誌）.2007,127(1):76-80
[63] Yoshifumi TAOKA, Mohammed Rafiqul ISLAM and Nobuyuki IMAI. Development ofSupersonic Sensor for Pre-Crash Safety System[J]. The Japan Society of MechanicalEngineers(C).2006,72(6):3448-3453
[64]郁有文.传感器原理及工程应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.189
[65] MURAKAWA Hideki, KIKURA Hiroshige, YAMANAKA Gentaro, ARITOMI Masanori.Measurement of Two-Phase Flow Using Multi-Wave Ultraonic[J].混相流研究の進展.2006:17-23
[66] Yoshihiko Fujisawa. Proposed Application of a Bone Dens ity Measurement to the Evaluationof Athlete's Talent[J]. Duskish Journal of Health&Sports Science,2009,(1):9-26
[67]超声波测量跟骨骨密度的增龄变化探讨老年性骨质疏松症[J].中国医科大学学报.1999,28(5):377-379
[68] Yoshihara Koya, Isao Mizoshiri. Estimation of Distribution of Displacement and Strain ofMyocardium on Echocardiogram[J]. T.IEE Japan.2002,122(1):60-65
[69] Atsushi Takemura, Kazuyuki Okano, Masayasu Ito. Segmentation of Three DimensionalUltrasonic Images by Loc ally Adaptive Filtering[J].T. IEE Japan.2002,122(8):1246-1252
[70] Yuto Inouea,_Hiroshige Kikuraa, Hideki Murakawaa, Masanori Aritomia, Michitsugu Morib.A study of ultrasonic propagation for ultrasonic flow rate measurement[J]. FlowMeasurement and Instrumentation,2008,19:223–232
[71] Paul Ingleby, William M.D. Wright*. Ultrasonic imaging in air using fan-beam tomographyand electrostatic transducers[J]. Ultrason ic’s.2002,40:507–511
[72] Amir Dadashnialehi, Behzad Moshiri. Online monitoring of transit-time ultrasonic flowmeters based on fusion of optical observation[J]. Measurement.2011,44:1028–1037
[73] HIROYA ABE, MAKIO, KENJI NAKAHIRA, TADASHI HOTTA, YOSHIO SUZUKI,HIROMI SHIMADA, KENJI YONEKURA, KIMINARI KATO. Partical Size Ana lysis ofSilica Powders in Diluted Dispersed Suspension by Ultrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy[J].化学工学论文集.2003,29(3):442-443
[74]阎玉舜,陈亦娟,汤建明,等.超声分析二元混合气体浓度的理论及应用[J].声学技术,1995,14(3):105-108
[75] M URAKAWA Hideki, KIKURA Hiroshige, YAMANAKA Gentaro, ARITOMI Masanori.Measurement f Two-Phase Flow Using Multi-Wave Ultrasonic[J].Progress in MultiphaseFlow Research.2006,(1):17-23.
[76] Kinue YADA, Kaxuyuki HoSOI, Shim-ichi TAKEDA. Determination of Particle SizeDistribut ion(PSD) of Highly Concentrated Inorganic Fine Particle Suspensions UsingUltrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy, Examination of Measurement Reproducibility andAccuracy[J]. J.Jpn.Soc. Colour Mater.2008,81(8):280-285
[77] R. Kaiys, L. Svilainis. Ultrasonic detection and characterization of eliminations in thincomposite plates using signal processing techniques[J]. Ultrasonic’s.1997,35:367-383
[78] Jerker. Speed of sound measurements in gas-mixtures at varying composition using anultrasonic gas flow meter with silicon based transducers[J].[A] FLOMEKO Conference.2003:36
[79] MarcoDelmastro. Quality factor analys is and optimization of digital filtering s ignalreconstruction for liquid ionization calorimeters[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods inPhysics Research A.2009,600:545–554
[80] D.A. Hutchins, A.C. Pardoe, D.R. Billson, E.L. Hines. Neural network correction ofultrasonic C-scan images[J]. Ultrasonic’s.1999,37:263–272.
[81] Allison Y. Suh, Andreas A. Polycarpou. Digital filtering methodology used to reduce scaleof measurement effects in roughness parameters for magnetic storage supersmooth harddisks[J]. Wear.2006,260:538–548
[82] Hideki Murakawa, Hiroshige Kikura, Masanori Aritomi. Application of ultrasonic dopplermethod for bubbly flow measurement using two ultrasonic frequencies[J]. ExperimentalThermal and Fluid Science.2005,29:843–850
[83] R. Raya, A. Frizera, R. Ceres, L. Calderón, E. Rocon. Design and evaluation of a fastmodel-based algorithm for ultrasonic range measurements[J]. Sensors and Actuators A.2008,148:335–341
[84] T. Jayakumar, P. Palanichamy, Baldev Raj. Detection of hard intermetallics in b-quenchedand thermally aged Zircaloy-2using ultrasonic measurements[J]. Journal of NuclearMaterials.1998,255:243–249
[85] R. Ka_zys, L. Ma_zeika. Determination of spatial position of multiple targets by ultrasonicbinaural method[J]. Ultrasonic’s.2002,40:397–402
[86] V. Wilkens, Ch. Koch. Fiber-optic multilayer hydrophone for ultrasonic measurement[J].Ultrasonic’s.1999,37:45–49
[87] Dong Won Lee a, Hee Cheon No a, Chul-Hwa Song b. Measurement of two-phase mixturelevel using an ultrasonic method[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2005,29:609–614
[88] N. Roosnek. Nove l digital sign al proc essing techniques for ultrasonic gas flowmeasurements[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation.2000,11:89–99
[89] H. J. Dane. Ultrasonic measurement of unsteady gas flow[J]. Flow Measurement andInstrumentation.1997,8(3):183–190,
[90] I.J. O’Sullivan, W.M.D. Wright. Ultrasonic measurement of gas flow using electrostatictransducers[J]. Ultrasonic’s.2002,40:407–411
[91] W.Michaeli, C.Starke. Ultrasonic inve stins of the thermoplastics injection mouldingprocesss[J]. Polymer Testing.2005,24:205-209
[92] clayZ. Sun, C.-K. Jen, H. L. Liang, and C.-Y. Su, A prototype ultrasonic system formonitoring polymer mixing processes on an internal mixer(C), Proc. Int’Conf. on Dynamics,Instrumentation and Control, Nanjing, China,2004:1-7
[93] Z. Sun, C.-K. Jen and C.-K. Shih, Application of ultrasound in the determination offundamental polymer extrusion performance: monitoring of melting and mixingprocesses(C), Proc. Polymer Processing Soc. Conf., Guimariaes, Portugal,2002:1-6,
[94] L. Piché, F. Massines, G. Lessard and A. Hamel, Ultrasonic characterization of polymers as afunction of temperature, pressure and frequency(C), Proc. IEEE Ultrasonic’s Symp., Denver,CO, USA,1987,1125-1130,
[95] Nida l H. Abu-Zahra, Ashish Seth. In-proccess density control of extruded foam PVC usingwavelet packet analysis[J]. Mechatronics.2002,12:1083-1095
[96]《塑料挤出》编辑部译.超声波在线监测聚合物熔体[J].塑料挤出,2003,12(6):27-29
[97]赵丽娟,李权,赵可清, J EN Chengkui,等.超声波在线检测技术及其在聚合物加工中的应用[J].塑料工业,2010,89(3):45-48
[98] Renaldas Raisˇutis, Rymantas Kazˇys, Liudas Mazˇeika.Application of the ultrasonicpulse-echo technique for quality control of the multi-layered plastic materials[J]. NDT&EInternational.2008,41:300–311
[99] Koichiro Kawashima. Nondestructive Material Characterization and Degradation Diagnosiswith Digital Ultrasonic Methods[J].電気制钢.1997,68(3):171-179.
[100] Matthieu Loosvelt, Philippe Lasaygues. A Wave-Based Processing method forsimultaneous ly determining ultrasonic velocity and material thickness[J]. Ultrasonic’s.2010,34:1-15
[101] Bobing He, Xue Yuan, Hong Yang, Hong Tan, Lingxi Qin Zhang, Qiang Fu, Ultrasonicmeasurement of orientation HDPE/iPP blends obtained by dynamic packing injectionmolding[J]. Polymer.2006,47:2448-2454
[102] Dong Won Lee, Hee Cheon No, Chul-Hwa Song. Measurement of two-Phase mixture levelusing an ultrasonic method[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2005,29:609-614
[103] Hideki Murakawa, Hiroshige Kikura, Masanori Aritomi. Application of ultrasonic Dopplermethod for bubbly flow measurement using two ultrasonic frequencies[J]. ExperimentalThermal and Fluid Science.2005,29:843-850
[104] R.Gendron, M.M.Dumoulin, J. Tatibou t, L. Piché and A. Hamel, Material characteristicsoriented computer control of extrusion(C), part2, Proc. SPE ANTEC, New Orleans, USA,1993,2256-2261.
[105] HIROYA ABE, MAKIO, KENJI NAKAHIRA, TADASHI HOTTA, YOSHIO SUZUKI,HIROMI SHIMADA, KENJI YONEKURA, KIMINARI KATO. Partical Size Analysis ofSilica Powders in Diluted Dispersed Suspension by Ultrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy[J].化学工学论文集.2003,29(3):442-443
[106] L.PICHE Ultrasonic velocity measurement for the determination of density inpolyethylene[J], POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE,MID-DECEMBER,1984,24(17):1354-1357
[107] SUN Z, JEN C K, SHIH CK. Application of ultrasound in the determination of fundamentalextrusion performance: Residence time distribution measurement[J]. Polymer Eng Sci,2003,43(1):102-111
[108] J.-F.Moisan, C.-K.Jen, J.-W.Liaw, C.-Q.aheng, T.-F. Chen. Ultrasonic sensor and techniquefor in-line monitoring of die casting process[J]. Measurement Science and Technology,2001,11:1956-1963
[109] P.D.Coates, S.E.Barnes, M.G.Siley, E.C.Brown, H.G.M.Edwards, I.J.Scowen. In-pr ocessvibrational spectroscopy and ultrasound measurements in polymer melt extrusion[J].Polymer2003,44:5937-5949.
[110]宋文绪,杨帆主编.自动检测技术.北京：高等教育出版社，2008.89
[111]李希文,赵建,李智奇,白小平编著.传感器与信号调理技术[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2008.184
[112] Shinichi MARUYAMA, Toshiniko SUGIURA and Masatsugu YOSHIZAWA. Transmissionand Detection of Ultrasonic Wave by Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers[J]. The JapanSociety of Mechanical Engineers(C).2001,67(3):653-660
[113] Shinichi MARUYAMA, Toshiniko SUGIURA and Masatsugu YOSHIZAWA. Mechanism ofDetecting Ultrasonic Waves by Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer[J]. The Japan Societyof Mechanical Engineers(C).2000,66(2):390-397
[114]何波兵.超声波技术在聚合物形态结构表征及注射成型过程在线检测中的应用的基础研究[D].成都：四川大学,2006
[115] V.Wilkens, Ch.Koch. Fiber-optic multilayer hydrophone for ultrasonic measurement[J].Ultrasonics.1999,37:45-49
[116] erker. Speed of sound measurements in gas-mixtures at varying composition using anultrasonic gas flow meter with silicon based transducers[J].[A] FLOMEKO Conference.2003:3
[117] Kinue YADA, Kaxuyuki HoSOI, Shim-ichi TAKEDA. Determination of Particle SizeDistribut ion(PSD) of Highly Concentrated Inorganic Fine Particle Suspensions UsingUltrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy, Examination of Measurement Reproducibility andAccuracy[J]. J.Jpn.Soc. Colour Mater.2008,81(8):280-285
[118] H. yuki, K.Homma, Estimation of Acoustic Emission Source Wave form of Fracture Using aNeural Network. NDT&E international,1996,29(1):21-25
[119]江泽涛,俞子荣,万光逵,等.超声乙醇浓度在线检测仪[J].自动化仪表.2001,22(1):25-27.
[120] S.Smerdin, S.Doerner, G.Sch nfelder,P.Hauptmann. The Ultrasonic Sensor System forMeasurement of Density of Liquids[J]. Moscow.2003,25(8):25-29.
[121]薛明化，苏明旭，蔡小舒,等.超声波多次回波反射法测量两相流密度实验研究[J].工程热物理学报.2006,29(8):1343-1346
[122]郭芳.固体材料密度超声波检测技术研究[D].中北大学硕士学位论文.2008
[123] I.Ihara, D.Burhan, Y.Seda. Ultrasonic in-situ monitoring of solidification and meltingbehaviors of an aluminum alloy(C). Proc.IEEE Ultrasonic Symp. Montreal.2004,56-61
[124] Designation(ASTM)D1238. Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics byextrusion Plastometer[S].1990
[125] ISO1133-2005. Plastique s-determination de I'indice de fluidete q chaud desthermoplastiques, en masse(MFR) et en volume(MVR)[S].2005
[126] JIS K7210-1999.プラスチック-熱可塑性プラスチックのメルトマスロレイト（MFR）及びメルトボリュムフロレイト（MVR）試验方法[S].1999
[127] GB/T3682-2000.热塑性塑料熔体质量流动速率和熔体体积流动速率的测定[S].2000
[128]孙宝光,陈恒杰,董晓龙,等.用霍尔位置传感器测量杨氏模量[J].重庆科技学院学报（自然科学版）,2011,13(1):181-183
[129]张风兰,计新,等.液体体积弹性模测定.延边大学学报（自然科学）,2002,28(3):168-170
[130] FU Zhi-jian, JI Guang-Fu, CHEN Xiang-Rong and FOU Qing-Quan. First-Princ ipleCalculations for Elastic and Thermodynamic Properties of Diamond[J].2009, ChinesePhysical Society and IOP Publishing.2009,51(6):11129-1134
[131]吴其晔,巫静安.高分子材料流变学导论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1994.4
[132]赵伯华.体积松弛模量与体积蠕变预柔量的研究[J].1995,18(1):59-63
[133] Yan Wang, Weiguo Lin, Hong Xu and Tao Liu. Study on Measurement of PolymerOrientation Degree Base on SVM. Advanced materials Research.2011,314-316:2389-2393
[134]吴从伟,宁民.数字信号处理技术应用及研究.导航.2003,(2):93-99
[135] Gaetano Gerardi, Leonardo Abbene, Angelo La Manna, Francessco Fauci, Giuseppe Raso.Digital filtering and analysis for a semiconductor X-ray detector data acquisition[J]. NuclearInstruments and Methods in Physics Research A.2007,571:378-380
[136] E.S. Tarleton Cake filter scale-up, simulation and data acquisition-A new approach[J].Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers.2008,39:151-157
[137] Godana Jovanovic Dolecek, fred harris. Design of wideband CIC compensator filter for adigital IF receiver[J]. Digital Signa l Proc essing.2009,19:827-837
[138]周星，许红，王克俭，等.数字滤波技术在失重式计量加料系统中的应用[J].中国塑料,2008,22(6):83-86
[139] G. Alarcon, C. N. Guy, C. D. Binnie. A simple algorithm for a digital three-poleButterworth filter of arbitrary cut-off frequency: application to digitalelectroencephalography[J]. Journal of Neuroscience Methods.2000,104:35-44
[140]罗耀东,徐义亨,等.控制系统的抗噪声技术[J].石油化工自动化,2001,3:1-3
[141]许红,吴大鸣,周星,等.一种提高聚合物挤出流量在线测量精度的方法[J].化工学报.2010,61(2):504-509
[142] Malihah Hassani, Mohammada Reza mi-Mollaei, Mahmoud Mohammad-Taheri.Computationally efficient algorithm for reducing the complexity of software radio receiver’sfilter bank[J]. Digital Sign al Proc essing.2006,16:80-888.
[143]唐毅谦，赵悦，寇立华，陈鹏，王登新,等.数字滤波器的设计[J]．辽宁工学院学报,2002,1005-1090
[144]朱维仲,董彩平,等.中值滤波技术及其在图像处理中的应用[J].天津职业技术师范学院学报,2002,12(3):42-44
[145]黄凤良.基于软测量的检测技术[J].南京师范大学学报(工程技术版),2003,3(1):5-9
[146]胡长松,贾延刚,夏伯楷,等.软测量技术现状与发展[J].石油仪器.2003,(6):4-6
[147]朱学峰.软测量技术及其应用[J].华南理工大学学报.2002,30(11):61-67
[148]于涛.基于混合模型的软测量方法研究及其在发酵过程中的应用[D].北京：北京化工大学,2006
[149]王昕.软测量技术及其在工业聚丙烯生产过程中的应用[D].杭州：浙江大学，2006
[150]苏耀东.软测量技术在先进控制中的应用[J].石油化工学报,2004,(2):33-36
[151]李春富.基于数据的软测量方法及其应用的研究[D].北京：清华大学,2004.
[152]李鹏波,胡德文.系统辨识基础[M].北京：中国水力电力出版社.2009,2-5
[153]邹乐强.最小二乘原理及其简单应用[J].科技信息.2010,(23):281-283
[154]邵建新.最小二乘法线性拟合中参数的确定问题[J].大学物理.2003,22(1):23-24
[155]郭红卫,陈明仪,韦春龙,等.基于一阶泰勒展开式的迭代最小二乘相移新自法[J].2001,21(1):72-74
[156]蔡开龙,谢寿生,等.基于最小二乘拟合法的某型飞机航程计算的实现[J].航空计算技术,2003,3(1):4-7.
[157]吴琼,原忠虎,王晓宁,等.基于偏最小二乘回归分析综述[J].沈阳大学学报,2007,19(2):34-35
[158]潘立登编著.先进控制理论与技术[C].北京:北京化工大学研究生讲义.2004,6
[159]孙增圻编著.智能控制理论与技术[M].北京：清华大学出版社广西科学技术出版社.2004,125-126
[160]喻唅编著.神经网络控制[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社.2009,49-55
[161]冯纯伯,刘延年,等.神经网络控制的现状及问题[J].控制理论与应用,1994,11(1):103-106
[162]曹安照,田丽,陈俊,等.神经网络及其研究展望[J].自动化与仪器仪表.2006,123(1):1-3
[163]谢富强,唐耀庚,等.多层前向神经网络权值初始化的研究进展[J].南华大学学报(自然科学版),2006,20(3):98-101
[164]韩利芬,李光耀,韩旭,等.多层前向网络的动态结构设计方法及其在回弹预测中的应用[J].机械工程学报,2008,44(11):93-98
[165] D Mos ho u, E Vr indts, B D Ket e laer e. A neur a l ne tw ork bas e d p la ntc las s if ier[j]. C omp uters and Elec tron ic s in Agr ic u ltur e,2001,31:5–16
[166]夏玫,陈立潮,王新波,等.一种提高BP神经网络泛化能力的改进算法[J].计算机技术与发展,1998,(9):62-66
[167]鲁子奕,杨绿溪,吴球,等.提高前馈神经网络泛化能力的新算法[J].电路与系统学报,1997,2(4):8-12
[168]方剑,席裕庚,等.神经网络结构设计的准则和方法[J].信息与控,1996,25(3):156-164
[169] K M Hor n ik, M St inc hc omb e, H Wh it e. M u lt ilay er fe ed forw ard n etw orksare u n iv ers a l appr ox im at es [J]. Neur a l N etw orks,1989,2(2):359-366.
[170]彭敏晶.神经网络动态集成技术及其应用[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,25:245-247
[171] L Bre ima n. Bagg ing pr ed ic t ors [J]. Mac h ine Learn ing,1996,24(2):123-140
[172]赵卫东,陈国华,等.粗集与神经网络的集成技术研究[J].系统工程与电子技术,2010,24(10):103-107
[173] D Op it z, J Shav lik. Ac t ive ly s earc h ing for a n effec t ive n eur a l n etw orkens em b le[J]. Con nec t ion Sc ie nc e,1996,8(3-4):337-353.
[174]周鸣争.基于神经网络的软测量模型及应用[J].仪器仪表学报,1999,20(6):654-656
[175]李国正,杨杰,孔安生,等.基于聚类算法的选择性神经网络集成[J].复旦大学（自然科学报,2004,43(5):689-695
[176]郑建军,刘玉树,刘琼昕,等.一种动态性神经网络的集成方法[J].计算机工程,2004,30(3):49-51
[177] Z H Zh ou, J Wu, W Tang. Ens emb ling n eura l n etw orks: ma ny c ou ld b e bett erthan a ll[J]. Ar t if ic ia l I nt e lligenc e,2002,137(1-2):239-263.
[178]刘博,杨柳,袁方,等.改进的KNN方及其在中文文本分类中的应用[J].西华大学学报（自然科学版）,2008,27(2):33-36
[179] S Cos t, S Sa lzber g. A w e ig hte d ne ares t n e ighb or a lg or ith m for le arn ing w iths ymbo lic fe at ures [J]. M ac h in e Lear n in g,1993,10(1):57-78.
[180] Gene F.Franklin,[美]J.David Powell, Abbas Emami-Naeini FEEDBACK CONTROL OFDynamic Systems[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.3
[181]孙卫表,徐元昌,黄敏,等.精密注塑机料筒温度的闭环控制[J].西北轻工业学院学报,
[182]余阳,吴大鸣,许红,等.模糊自整定PID控制在在线流变仪温控系统中的应用[J].塑料,2008,37(4):101-103
[183]李晓林,吴大鸣,等.精密挤出装备的研制与应用[J].化工科技,2001,9(6):8-11
[184]刘鹏成.基于最小能耗等时到温系统设计[D].北京：北京化工大学,2009
[185] Hong Xu, Damin Wu, Qunxiong Zhu, Yajun Zhang. Research of Precision Infection ControlSystem based on the On-line Measurement of Polymer Melt Density[C].2010InternationalConference on Electrical Engineering and Automatic Control.ICEEAC2010,5:551-555
[186]许红，吴大鸣,刘颖，等.聚合物熔体密度在线测量在精密注射成型中的应用[J].化工学报.2012,63(1):325-330.
[2] Jo-ll Kim, Jae-Chul Pyun. Electrochemical ELISA using diamond-like carbon(DLC)microelectrode for RA diagnosis[J]. Procedia Chemistry.2009，1(1):1047-1050
[3] Bill Triggs. Model-based sonar location for mobile robots[J]. Robotics and AutonomousSystem.1994,12:173-186
[4]李军.检测技术及仪表[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2005.4-6
[5] G. Tosello, H.N. Hansen (1), S. Gasparin. Applications of dimensional micro metrology tothe product and process quality control in manufacturing of precision polymer microcomponents[J]. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.2009,58:467–472
[6] Ryan Gosselin, Denis Rodrigue, Carl Duchesne. A hyper spectral imaging sensor for on-linequality control of extruded polymer composite products[J].Computers and ChemicalEngineering.2011,35(1):296-306
[7] Kuo-Ming Tsai, Chung-Yu Hsieh, Wei-Chun Lo. A study of the effects of process parametersfor injection molding on surface quality of optical lenses[J]. Journal of materials processingtechnology.2009,209(7):3469–3477
[8] Min B H. A study on Quality monitoring of injection molded parts[J]. Journal of MaterialsProcessing Technology.2003,136:1-6
[9] Tadayoshi MATSUMORI, Koetsu YAMAZAKI. A Study on Optimal Layout Design ofCooling Channel for Plastic Infection Molding Die[J]. The Japan Society of MechanicalEngineers.2008,74(7):731-738
[10]廖正品.中国塑料工业迎来精密成型时代[J].塑胶工业.2006,(1):19－20
[11] Liu C, Manzione L T. Process studies in precision injection molding II: morphology andprecision in liquid crystal polymers[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science.1996,36(1):10-14
[12] Che Zhongbao, Turng Lin sheng. Advances in infection molding process/quality control[C].SPE ANTEC2004,697-701
[13]钟汉如编著.注塑机控制系统[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.1
[14] Ho Yin wong, Ka Tsai Fung, Furong Gao. Development of in-line and through cyclemonitoring of key process and quality variables in infection molding[J]. Sensors andActuators A,2008,141:712-722
[15] The Barrows, Degradable implant materials: review of synthetic absorbable polymers andtheir application[J]. Clinical Materials.1986,4:233-257
[16] H.N.Hansen, R.J. Hocken, G.Tosello. Replication of micro and nano surface geom[J]. CIRPAnnals-Manufacturing Technology.2009,60(2):695-714
[17]北京化工学院,华南工学院合编.塑料机械设计[M].北京:轻工业出版社,1983.320-321
[18]王兴天.注塑工艺与设备[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2010.305-306
[19]张时钕,何聪,等.多级注射在精密塑件成型中的应用[J].现代塑料加工应用,2000,12(6):24-27
[20]赵伶.光学塑料镜片精密注射成型工艺的研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2006
[21]班旗，周煌煌,等.浅谈精密注塑[J].中国塑料，199,13(8):61-63
[22]胡海表.精密注射成型技术探讨[J].工程塑料应用.2000,28(10):18-21
[23]周坤鲁,刘建柱,等.提高塑料件尺寸精度的研究[J].工程塑料应,2003,31(1):31-34
[24] Oliver Schnerr, Walter Michaeli. Neural Networks for Quality Prediction and Closed loopQuality Control in Automotive Industry[C]. ANTEC'98,1998,660-664.
[25] Oana R.Ghita, David C. Baker, Ken E. Evans. An in-line near-infrared process control toolfor monitoring the effects of speed, temperature, and polymer colour in infectionmoulding[J]. Polymer Testing,2008,27:459-469.
[26] Felix T.S.Chan, Henry C.W.Lau, Bing Jiang. In-line Process conditions monitoring expertsystem for infection molding[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2000,101:268-274
[27] Z.H.Che. PSO-based back-propagation artificial neural network for product and mold costestimation of plastic infection molding[J]. Computers&Industrial Engineering.2010,58,(4):625-637
[28] Jeen Lin, Ruey-Jing Lian. Self-organizing fuaay controller for injection moldingmachines[J]. Journal of Process Control.2010,20:585-595
[29] H.S.Wang. Application of BPN with feature-based models on cost estimation of plasticinjection products[J].2007, Computers&Industrial Engineering.2003,53,(1):79-94.
[30] Xi Chen, Furong Gao, Guohua Chen. A sof t-sensor development for melt-flow-lengthmeasurement during injection mold filling [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A2004,38:245-254
[31] Xuan-Tien Doan, Rajagopalan Srinivasan. Online monitoring of multi-phase batch processesusing phase-based multivariate statistical process control[J]. Computers and ChemicalEngineering.2008,32:230-243.
[32] A.McIlhagger, D.Brown, B.Hill. The development of a dielectric system for the on-line curemonitoring of the resin transfer moulding process[J]. Composites:PartA.2000,31:1373-1381.
[33] Rober X. Gao, Zhaoyan Fan, David o.Kazmer. Injection molding process monitoring using aself-energized dual-parameter sensor[J]. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.2008,57:389-393.
[34] A.G.Gerber, R.Dubay, A.Healy. CFD-based predictive control of melt temperature in plasticinjection molding[J]. Applied Mathematical Modeling.2006,30:884-903
[35] Oana R. Dumitrescu, Dave C.Baker, Gary M.Foster, Ken E. Rvans. Near infraredspectroscopy for in-line monitoring during infection moulding[J].Polymer Testing.2005,24:367-375
[36] A.Bendada, A. Derdouri, M.Lamontagne, Y.Smard. Analys is of thermal contact resistancebetween polymer and mold in infection molding[J].2004,24:2029-2040.
[37]郁滨,注塑过程参数的自动设定与基于模糊推理的制品缺陷消除的研究[D].广州：华南理工大学，1999
[38]张时钕,何聪,等.精密注塑件的生产稳定性探讨[J].工程塑料应用,2006,30(4):19-12
[39]黄步明,许忠斌,等.高速超精密注塑机的技术进展及发展动向[J].工程塑料应用,2002,30(12):47-49
[40]李雪梅,许忠斌,谭震彪,等.塑料精密注射成型机械及其发展新动向[J].合成材料老化与应用,2004,33(2):44-48
[41]王利霞,申长雨,张勤星,等.注塑制品重量的闭环控制[J].中国塑料,2005,19(6):68-71
[42]王兴天主编.注塑技术与注塑机[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.57
[43]郑子聪,曹贤武,何和智,等.聚丙烯及聚苯乙烯发泡体系熔体密度的研究[J].塑料科技,2009,37(8): P34-37
[44]张智勇,杨兆福,等.注射成型PVT最佳保压控制[J].塑料,1993,22(1):15-20
[45]章锦雷,陈小强,庄俭,等.基于聚合物熔体PVT参数的注射过程保压控制技术[J].塑性工程学报,2010,17(3):162-165
[46] L.A.Utracki. Pressure-volume-temperature dependencies of polystyrenes[J]. Polymer.2005,46:114548-11556
[47] PAUL ZOLLER,Neu-Technikum Buchs, Kunststofflabor,CH-9470Buchs, Switzerland.Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Sold and Molten Polypropylene andPoly(butane-1). Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1979,23:1057-1061
[48]陈锋.塑料成型的PVT状态曲线及其应用[J].轻工机械,2000,(4):5-9
[49]王建,杨卫民,谢鹏程,舒晖翔,等.聚合物PVT关系在线测试技术[J].塑料工业,2008,36(10):28-30
[50]沈洪雷.连续模块精密注塑模设计及成型条件[J].工程塑料应用,2001,29(7):38-40
[51]陈德生,张宜生,梁书云,等.精密注塑成型系统中的注塑参数的优化设计[J].新技术新工艺,2006,(8):34-36
[52] Yoshiya Taniguchi, Nobuyuki Hirayama, Yoshiaki Hara. Electrically-operated injectionmolding machine[P]. US Patent: US6183235,2001-02-06.
[53] Xu Hong, Wu Daming, Zhu Qunxiong, Zhang Yajun. Research of precision infection controlsystem based on the on-line measurement of polymer melt density[J]. Advanced MaterialsResearch.2012,383-390:5136-5141.
[54] Hong Xu, Daming Wu, Yajun Zhang. Approach to improve the injection weightrepeatability accuracy in the process of the precision injection molding[C].2011International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering. ICEICE2011-Proceedings,3028-3031
[55]应崇福,张守玉,沈建中著.超声在固体中的散射[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1994,1
[56]李春喜,王子稿,等.超声技术在纳米材料制中的应用[J].化学通报,2005,(5):268-270
[57]李丹阳,陈刚,张光明,等.超声波预处理污泥研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(8):70-72
[58]刘迎春,叶湘滨.传感器原理设计及应用[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1999.262
[59]李希文,赵建,李智奇,白小平编著.传感器与信号调理技术[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2008.183-189
[60]何方成,宫兆斌.超声波声速测量技术及其在材料评价中的应用[J].材料工程2003.(8):33-35
[61] Kinue YADA, Kazuyuki HOSOI, Shin-ichi TAKEDA. Determination of Particle SizeDistribution(PSD) of Highly Concentrated Inorganic Fine Particle Suspensions UsingUltrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy, Examination of Measurement Reproducibility andAccuracy[J].J.Jpn.Soc.Colour Mater.,2008,81(8):280-285
[62]清水俊彦,木本晃,信太克規.電気超音波統合型センサによる一様媒質中の異種媒体の位置及び大きさの推定[J].電気学会論文誌Ｃ（電子情報システム部門誌）.2007,127(1):76-80
[63] Yoshifumi TAOKA, Mohammed Rafiqul ISLAM and Nobuyuki IMAI. Development ofSupersonic Sensor for Pre-Crash Safety System[J]. The Japan Society of MechanicalEngineers(C).2006,72(6):3448-3453
[64]郁有文.传感器原理及工程应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.189
[65] MURAKAWA Hideki, KIKURA Hiroshige, YAMANAKA Gentaro, ARITOMI Masanori.Measurement of Two-Phase Flow Using Multi-Wave Ultraonic[J].混相流研究の進展.2006:17-23
[66] Yoshihiko Fujisawa. Proposed Application of a Bone Dens ity Measurement to the Evaluationof Athlete's Talent[J]. Duskish Journal of Health&Sports Science,2009,(1):9-26
[67]超声波测量跟骨骨密度的增龄变化探讨老年性骨质疏松症[J].中国医科大学学报.1999,28(5):377-379
[68] Yoshihara Koya, Isao Mizoshiri. Estimation of Distribution of Displacement and Strain ofMyocardium on Echocardiogram[J]. T.IEE Japan.2002,122(1):60-65
[69] Atsushi Takemura, Kazuyuki Okano, Masayasu Ito. Segmentation of Three DimensionalUltrasonic Images by Loc ally Adaptive Filtering[J].T. IEE Japan.2002,122(8):1246-1252
[70] Yuto Inouea,_Hiroshige Kikuraa, Hideki Murakawaa, Masanori Aritomia, Michitsugu Morib.A study of ultrasonic propagation for ultrasonic flow rate measurement[J]. FlowMeasurement and Instrumentation,2008,19:223–232
[71] Paul Ingleby, William M.D. Wright*. Ultrasonic imaging in air using fan-beam tomographyand electrostatic transducers[J]. Ultrason ic’s.2002,40:507–511
[72] Amir Dadashnialehi, Behzad Moshiri. Online monitoring of transit-time ultrasonic flowmeters based on fusion of optical observation[J]. Measurement.2011,44:1028–1037
[73] HIROYA ABE, MAKIO, KENJI NAKAHIRA, TADASHI HOTTA, YOSHIO SUZUKI,HIROMI SHIMADA, KENJI YONEKURA, KIMINARI KATO. Partical Size Ana lysis ofSilica Powders in Diluted Dispersed Suspension by Ultrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy[J].化学工学论文集.2003,29(3):442-443
[74]阎玉舜,陈亦娟,汤建明,等.超声分析二元混合气体浓度的理论及应用[J].声学技术,1995,14(3):105-108
[75] M URAKAWA Hideki, KIKURA Hiroshige, YAMANAKA Gentaro, ARITOMI Masanori.Measurement f Two-Phase Flow Using Multi-Wave Ultrasonic[J].Progress in MultiphaseFlow Research.2006,(1):17-23.
[76] Kinue YADA, Kaxuyuki HoSOI, Shim-ichi TAKEDA. Determination of Particle SizeDistribut ion(PSD) of Highly Concentrated Inorganic Fine Particle Suspensions UsingUltrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy, Examination of Measurement Reproducibility andAccuracy[J]. J.Jpn.Soc. Colour Mater.2008,81(8):280-285
[77] R. Kaiys, L. Svilainis. Ultrasonic detection and characterization of eliminations in thincomposite plates using signal processing techniques[J]. Ultrasonic’s.1997,35:367-383
[78] Jerker. Speed of sound measurements in gas-mixtures at varying composition using anultrasonic gas flow meter with silicon based transducers[J].[A] FLOMEKO Conference.2003:36
[79] MarcoDelmastro. Quality factor analys is and optimization of digital filtering s ignalreconstruction for liquid ionization calorimeters[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods inPhysics Research A.2009,600:545–554
[80] D.A. Hutchins, A.C. Pardoe, D.R. Billson, E.L. Hines. Neural network correction ofultrasonic C-scan images[J]. Ultrasonic’s.1999,37:263–272.
[81] Allison Y. Suh, Andreas A. Polycarpou. Digital filtering methodology used to reduce scaleof measurement effects in roughness parameters for magnetic storage supersmooth harddisks[J]. Wear.2006,260:538–548
[82] Hideki Murakawa, Hiroshige Kikura, Masanori Aritomi. Application of ultrasonic dopplermethod for bubbly flow measurement using two ultrasonic frequencies[J]. ExperimentalThermal and Fluid Science.2005,29:843–850
[83] R. Raya, A. Frizera, R. Ceres, L. Calderón, E. Rocon. Design and evaluation of a fastmodel-based algorithm for ultrasonic range measurements[J]. Sensors and Actuators A.2008,148:335–341
[84] T. Jayakumar, P. Palanichamy, Baldev Raj. Detection of hard intermetallics in b-quenchedand thermally aged Zircaloy-2using ultrasonic measurements[J]. Journal of NuclearMaterials.1998,255:243–249
[85] R. Ka_zys, L. Ma_zeika. Determination of spatial position of multiple targets by ultrasonicbinaural method[J]. Ultrasonic’s.2002,40:397–402
[86] V. Wilkens, Ch. Koch. Fiber-optic multilayer hydrophone for ultrasonic measurement[J].Ultrasonic’s.1999,37:45–49
[87] Dong Won Lee a, Hee Cheon No a, Chul-Hwa Song b. Measurement of two-phase mixturelevel using an ultrasonic method[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2005,29:609–614
[88] N. Roosnek. Nove l digital sign al proc essing techniques for ultrasonic gas flowmeasurements[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation.2000,11:89–99
[89] H. J. Dane. Ultrasonic measurement of unsteady gas flow[J]. Flow Measurement andInstrumentation.1997,8(3):183–190,
[90] I.J. O’Sullivan, W.M.D. Wright. Ultrasonic measurement of gas flow using electrostatictransducers[J]. Ultrasonic’s.2002,40:407–411
[91] W.Michaeli, C.Starke. Ultrasonic inve stins of the thermoplastics injection mouldingprocesss[J]. Polymer Testing.2005,24:205-209
[92] clayZ. Sun, C.-K. Jen, H. L. Liang, and C.-Y. Su, A prototype ultrasonic system formonitoring polymer mixing processes on an internal mixer(C), Proc. Int’Conf. on Dynamics,Instrumentation and Control, Nanjing, China,2004:1-7
[93] Z. Sun, C.-K. Jen and C.-K. Shih, Application of ultrasound in the determination offundamental polymer extrusion performance: monitoring of melting and mixingprocesses(C), Proc. Polymer Processing Soc. Conf., Guimariaes, Portugal,2002:1-6,
[94] L. Piché, F. Massines, G. Lessard and A. Hamel, Ultrasonic characterization of polymers as afunction of temperature, pressure and frequency(C), Proc. IEEE Ultrasonic’s Symp., Denver,CO, USA,1987,1125-1130,
[95] Nida l H. Abu-Zahra, Ashish Seth. In-proccess density control of extruded foam PVC usingwavelet packet analysis[J]. Mechatronics.2002,12:1083-1095
[96]《塑料挤出》编辑部译.超声波在线监测聚合物熔体[J].塑料挤出,2003,12(6):27-29
[97]赵丽娟,李权,赵可清, J EN Chengkui,等.超声波在线检测技术及其在聚合物加工中的应用[J].塑料工业,2010,89(3):45-48
[98] Renaldas Raisˇutis, Rymantas Kazˇys, Liudas Mazˇeika.Application of the ultrasonicpulse-echo technique for quality control of the multi-layered plastic materials[J]. NDT&EInternational.2008,41:300–311
[99] Koichiro Kawashima. Nondestructive Material Characterization and Degradation Diagnosiswith Digital Ultrasonic Methods[J].電気制钢.1997,68(3):171-179.
[100] Matthieu Loosvelt, Philippe Lasaygues. A Wave-Based Processing method forsimultaneous ly determining ultrasonic velocity and material thickness[J]. Ultrasonic’s.2010,34:1-15
[101] Bobing He, Xue Yuan, Hong Yang, Hong Tan, Lingxi Qin Zhang, Qiang Fu, Ultrasonicmeasurement of orientation HDPE/iPP blends obtained by dynamic packing injectionmolding[J]. Polymer.2006,47:2448-2454
[102] Dong Won Lee, Hee Cheon No, Chul-Hwa Song. Measurement of two-Phase mixture levelusing an ultrasonic method[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2005,29:609-614
[103] Hideki Murakawa, Hiroshige Kikura, Masanori Aritomi. Application of ultrasonic Dopplermethod for bubbly flow measurement using two ultrasonic frequencies[J]. ExperimentalThermal and Fluid Science.2005,29:843-850
[104] R.Gendron, M.M.Dumoulin, J. Tatibou t, L. Piché and A. Hamel, Material characteristicsoriented computer control of extrusion(C), part2, Proc. SPE ANTEC, New Orleans, USA,1993,2256-2261.
[105] HIROYA ABE, MAKIO, KENJI NAKAHIRA, TADASHI HOTTA, YOSHIO SUZUKI,HIROMI SHIMADA, KENJI YONEKURA, KIMINARI KATO. Partical Size Analysis ofSilica Powders in Diluted Dispersed Suspension by Ultrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy[J].化学工学论文集.2003,29(3):442-443
[106] L.PICHE Ultrasonic velocity measurement for the determination of density inpolyethylene[J], POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE,MID-DECEMBER,1984,24(17):1354-1357
[107] SUN Z, JEN C K, SHIH CK. Application of ultrasound in the determination of fundamentalextrusion performance: Residence time distribution measurement[J]. Polymer Eng Sci,2003,43(1):102-111
[108] J.-F.Moisan, C.-K.Jen, J.-W.Liaw, C.-Q.aheng, T.-F. Chen. Ultrasonic sensor and techniquefor in-line monitoring of die casting process[J]. Measurement Science and Technology,2001,11:1956-1963
[109] P.D.Coates, S.E.Barnes, M.G.Siley, E.C.Brown, H.G.M.Edwards, I.J.Scowen. In-pr ocessvibrational spectroscopy and ultrasound measurements in polymer melt extrusion[J].Polymer2003,44:5937-5949.
[110]宋文绪,杨帆主编.自动检测技术.北京：高等教育出版社，2008.89
[111]李希文,赵建,李智奇,白小平编著.传感器与信号调理技术[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2008.184
[112] Shinichi MARUYAMA, Toshiniko SUGIURA and Masatsugu YOSHIZAWA. Transmissionand Detection of Ultrasonic Wave by Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers[J]. The JapanSociety of Mechanical Engineers(C).2001,67(3):653-660
[113] Shinichi MARUYAMA, Toshiniko SUGIURA and Masatsugu YOSHIZAWA. Mechanism ofDetecting Ultrasonic Waves by Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer[J]. The Japan Societyof Mechanical Engineers(C).2000,66(2):390-397
[114]何波兵.超声波技术在聚合物形态结构表征及注射成型过程在线检测中的应用的基础研究[D].成都：四川大学,2006
[115] V.Wilkens, Ch.Koch. Fiber-optic multilayer hydrophone for ultrasonic measurement[J].Ultrasonics.1999,37:45-49
[116] erker. Speed of sound measurements in gas-mixtures at varying composition using anultrasonic gas flow meter with silicon based transducers[J].[A] FLOMEKO Conference.2003:3
[117] Kinue YADA, Kaxuyuki HoSOI, Shim-ichi TAKEDA. Determination of Particle SizeDistribut ion(PSD) of Highly Concentrated Inorganic Fine Particle Suspensions UsingUltrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy, Examination of Measurement Reproducibility andAccuracy[J]. J.Jpn.Soc. Colour Mater.2008,81(8):280-285
[118] H. yuki, K.Homma, Estimation of Acoustic Emission Source Wave form of Fracture Using aNeural Network. NDT&E international,1996,29(1):21-25
[119]江泽涛,俞子荣,万光逵,等.超声乙醇浓度在线检测仪[J].自动化仪表.2001,22(1):25-27.
[120] S.Smerdin, S.Doerner, G.Sch nfelder,P.Hauptmann. The Ultrasonic Sensor System forMeasurement of Density of Liquids[J]. Moscow.2003,25(8):25-29.
[121]薛明化，苏明旭，蔡小舒,等.超声波多次回波反射法测量两相流密度实验研究[J].工程热物理学报.2006,29(8):1343-1346
[122]郭芳.固体材料密度超声波检测技术研究[D].中北大学硕士学位论文.2008
[123] I.Ihara, D.Burhan, Y.Seda. Ultrasonic in-situ monitoring of solidification and meltingbehaviors of an aluminum alloy(C). Proc.IEEE Ultrasonic Symp. Montreal.2004,56-61
[124] Designation(ASTM)D1238. Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics byextrusion Plastometer[S].1990
[125] ISO1133-2005. Plastique s-determination de I'indice de fluidete q chaud desthermoplastiques, en masse(MFR) et en volume(MVR)[S].2005
[126] JIS K7210-1999.プラスチック-熱可塑性プラスチックのメルトマスロレイト（MFR）及びメルトボリュムフロレイト（MVR）試验方法[S].1999
[127] GB/T3682-2000.热塑性塑料熔体质量流动速率和熔体体积流动速率的测定[S].2000
[128]孙宝光,陈恒杰,董晓龙,等.用霍尔位置传感器测量杨氏模量[J].重庆科技学院学报（自然科学版）,2011,13(1):181-183
[129]张风兰,计新,等.液体体积弹性模测定.延边大学学报（自然科学）,2002,28(3):168-170
[130] FU Zhi-jian, JI Guang-Fu, CHEN Xiang-Rong and FOU Qing-Quan. First-Princ ipleCalculations for Elastic and Thermodynamic Properties of Diamond[J].2009, ChinesePhysical Society and IOP Publishing.2009,51(6):11129-1134
[131]吴其晔,巫静安.高分子材料流变学导论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1994.4
[132]赵伯华.体积松弛模量与体积蠕变预柔量的研究[J].1995,18(1):59-63
[133] Yan Wang, Weiguo Lin, Hong Xu and Tao Liu. Study on Measurement of PolymerOrientation Degree Base on SVM. Advanced materials Research.2011,314-316:2389-2393
[134]吴从伟,宁民.数字信号处理技术应用及研究.导航.2003,(2):93-99
[135] Gaetano Gerardi, Leonardo Abbene, Angelo La Manna, Francessco Fauci, Giuseppe Raso.Digital filtering and analysis for a semiconductor X-ray detector data acquisition[J]. NuclearInstruments and Methods in Physics Research A.2007,571:378-380
[136] E.S. Tarleton Cake filter scale-up, simulation and data acquisition-A new approach[J].Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers.2008,39:151-157
[137] Godana Jovanovic Dolecek, fred harris. Design of wideband CIC compensator filter for adigital IF receiver[J]. Digital Signa l Proc essing.2009,19:827-837
[138]周星，许红，王克俭，等.数字滤波技术在失重式计量加料系统中的应用[J].中国塑料,2008,22(6):83-86
[139] G. Alarcon, C. N. Guy, C. D. Binnie. A simple algorithm for a digital three-poleButterworth filter of arbitrary cut-off frequency: application to digitalelectroencephalography[J]. Journal of Neuroscience Methods.2000,104:35-44
[140]罗耀东,徐义亨,等.控制系统的抗噪声技术[J].石油化工自动化,2001,3:1-3
[141]许红,吴大鸣,周星,等.一种提高聚合物挤出流量在线测量精度的方法[J].化工学报.2010,61(2):504-509
[142] Malihah Hassani, Mohammada Reza mi-Mollaei, Mahmoud Mohammad-Taheri.Computationally efficient algorithm for reducing the complexity of software radio receiver’sfilter bank[J]. Digital Sign al Proc essing.2006,16:80-888.
[143]唐毅谦，赵悦，寇立华，陈鹏，王登新,等.数字滤波器的设计[J]．辽宁工学院学报,2002,1005-1090
[144]朱维仲,董彩平,等.中值滤波技术及其在图像处理中的应用[J].天津职业技术师范学院学报,2002,12(3):42-44
[145]黄凤良.基于软测量的检测技术[J].南京师范大学学报(工程技术版),2003,3(1):5-9
[146]胡长松,贾延刚,夏伯楷,等.软测量技术现状与发展[J].石油仪器.2003,(6):4-6
[147]朱学峰.软测量技术及其应用[J].华南理工大学学报.2002,30(11):61-67
[148]于涛.基于混合模型的软测量方法研究及其在发酵过程中的应用[D].北京：北京化工大学,2006
[149]王昕.软测量技术及其在工业聚丙烯生产过程中的应用[D].杭州：浙江大学，2006
[150]苏耀东.软测量技术在先进控制中的应用[J].石油化工学报,2004,(2):33-36
[151]李春富.基于数据的软测量方法及其应用的研究[D].北京：清华大学,2004.
[152]李鹏波,胡德文.系统辨识基础[M].北京：中国水力电力出版社.2009,2-5
[153]邹乐强.最小二乘原理及其简单应用[J].科技信息.2010,(23):281-283
[154]邵建新.最小二乘法线性拟合中参数的确定问题[J].大学物理.2003,22(1):23-24
[155]郭红卫,陈明仪,韦春龙,等.基于一阶泰勒展开式的迭代最小二乘相移新自法[J].2001,21(1):72-74
[156]蔡开龙,谢寿生,等.基于最小二乘拟合法的某型飞机航程计算的实现[J].航空计算技术,2003,3(1):4-7.
[157]吴琼,原忠虎,王晓宁,等.基于偏最小二乘回归分析综述[J].沈阳大学学报,2007,19(2):34-35
[158]潘立登编著.先进控制理论与技术[C].北京:北京化工大学研究生讲义.2004,6
[159]孙增圻编著.智能控制理论与技术[M].北京：清华大学出版社广西科学技术出版社.2004,125-126
[160]喻唅编著.神经网络控制[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社.2009,49-55
[161]冯纯伯,刘延年,等.神经网络控制的现状及问题[J].控制理论与应用,1994,11(1):103-106
[162]曹安照,田丽,陈俊,等.神经网络及其研究展望[J].自动化与仪器仪表.2006,123(1):1-3
[163]谢富强,唐耀庚,等.多层前向神经网络权值初始化的研究进展[J].南华大学学报(自然科学版),2006,20(3):98-101
[164]韩利芬,李光耀,韩旭,等.多层前向网络的动态结构设计方法及其在回弹预测中的应用[J].机械工程学报,2008,44(11):93-98
[165] D Mos ho u, E Vr indts, B D Ket e laer e. A neur a l ne tw ork bas e d p la ntc las s if ier[j]. C omp uters and Elec tron ic s in Agr ic u ltur e,2001,31:5–16
[166]夏玫,陈立潮,王新波,等.一种提高BP神经网络泛化能力的改进算法[J].计算机技术与发展,1998,(9):62-66
[167]鲁子奕,杨绿溪,吴球,等.提高前馈神经网络泛化能力的新算法[J].电路与系统学报,1997,2(4):8-12
[168]方剑,席裕庚,等.神经网络结构设计的准则和方法[J].信息与控,1996,25(3):156-164
[169] K M Hor n ik, M St inc hc omb e, H Wh it e. M u lt ilay er fe ed forw ard n etw orksare u n iv ers a l appr ox im at es [J]. Neur a l N etw orks,1989,2(2):359-366.
[170]彭敏晶.神经网络动态集成技术及其应用[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,25:245-247
[171] L Bre ima n. Bagg ing pr ed ic t ors [J]. Mac h ine Learn ing,1996,24(2):123-140
[172]赵卫东,陈国华,等.粗集与神经网络的集成技术研究[J].系统工程与电子技术,2010,24(10):103-107
[173] D Op it z, J Shav lik. Ac t ive ly s earc h ing for a n effec t ive n eur a l n etw orkens em b le[J]. Con nec t ion Sc ie nc e,1996,8(3-4):337-353.
[174]周鸣争.基于神经网络的软测量模型及应用[J].仪器仪表学报,1999,20(6):654-656
[175]李国正,杨杰,孔安生,等.基于聚类算法的选择性神经网络集成[J].复旦大学（自然科学报,2004,43(5):689-695
[176]郑建军,刘玉树,刘琼昕,等.一种动态性神经网络的集成方法[J].计算机工程,2004,30(3):49-51
[177] Z H Zh ou, J Wu, W Tang. Ens emb ling n eura l n etw orks: ma ny c ou ld b e bett erthan a ll[J]. Ar t if ic ia l I nt e lligenc e,2002,137(1-2):239-263.
[178]刘博,杨柳,袁方,等.改进的KNN方及其在中文文本分类中的应用[J].西华大学学报（自然科学版）,2008,27(2):33-36
[179] S Cos t, S Sa lzber g. A w e ig hte d ne ares t n e ighb or a lg or ith m for le arn ing w iths ymbo lic fe at ures [J]. M ac h in e Lear n in g,1993,10(1):57-78.
[180] Gene F.Franklin,[美]J.David Powell, Abbas Emami-Naeini FEEDBACK CONTROL OFDynamic Systems[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.3
[181]孙卫表,徐元昌,黄敏,等.精密注塑机料筒温度的闭环控制[J].西北轻工业学院学报,
[182]余阳,吴大鸣,许红,等.模糊自整定PID控制在在线流变仪温控系统中的应用[J].塑料,2008,37(4):101-103
[183]李晓林,吴大鸣,等.精密挤出装备的研制与应用[J].化工科技,2001,9(6):8-11
[184]刘鹏成.基于最小能耗等时到温系统设计[D].北京：北京化工大学,2009
[185] Hong Xu, Damin Wu, Qunxiong Zhu, Yajun Zhang. Research of Precision Infection ControlSystem based on the On-line Measurement of Polymer Melt Density[C].2010InternationalConference on Electrical Engineering and Automatic Control.ICEEAC2010,5:551-555
[186]许红，吴大鸣,刘颖，等.聚合物熔体密度在线测量在精密注射成型中的应用[J].化工学报.2012,63(1):325-330.