含能化合物制备过程的相关基础问题研究
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摘要
含能化合物是一类可在无外界物质参与下发生自分解反应并急剧释放大量能量的特殊化合物,是发展先进武器装备的关键性物质基础。含能化合物的合成过程往往涉及硝化、氧化等反应,具有反应速率快、放热剧烈、易飞温失控等特点,对反应器性能和反应过程操作有较高的要求；同时由于产品易燃易爆,其后处理过程往往具有较高的危险性。本文对某含能化合物的氧化过程展开相关研究。测定了含能化合物合成过程所涉及的相关物性数据；对带盘管反应釜进行了传热实验,根据实验所得不同搅拌桨作用下釜内盘管外侧对流传热系数关联式,优选出适用于强放热反应过程的搅拌桨形式；结合工程计算和CFD数值模拟设计了用于该含能化合物氧化过程的强放热反应釜；建立了该含能化合物氧化过程的数学模型,并编写了可用于求解该数学模型的计算软件,结合所设计反应器对该强放热氧化过程进行了操作条件的优化和飞温模拟；研制了适用于含能化合物过滤的履带式真空连续过滤机,并建立了过滤过程的数学模型。
论文主要研究内容如下：
1.某些含能化合物的合成过程涉及二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和乙醇、水的二元、三元混合物体系。本文在较大浓度范围内测定了常压(0.1MPa)下,温度范围T=(278.15～338.15)K内DMSO+乙醇、DMSO+水、DMSO+乙醇+水体系的导热系数以及DMSO+乙醇+水体系的密度,并进行了数据的关联,为含能化合物合成过程的优化设计提供了相关的基础数据。
2.搅拌桨是釜式反应器的核心部件。本文在带盘管的反应釜内对二斜叶搅拌桨、四斜叶搅拌桨、推进式搅拌桨、CBY搅拌桨和CBY-H搅拌桨等五种搅拌桨进行了传热实验,研究了桨型、转速对反应釜传热能力的影响,并根据实验结果得到了不同搅拌桨作用下盘管外侧对流传热系数的关联式,为含能化合物制备中反应釜搅拌桨的选择提供了依据。
3.针对某含能化合物的氧化过程进行了反应釜的设计研究。该氧化反应强放热,且体系中大量的双氧水在高温下极易剧烈分解发生喷料,故该反应釜需要大量的盘管。为避免盘管排布过于紧密而影响釜内物料的流动和传热,本文通过计算流体力学(CFD)模拟了不同管间隙和离底高度对釜内流体流场的影响,并根据模拟结果确定了合适的盘管结构。论文进一步建立了该氧化过程的数学模型,利用Visual Basic(VB)语言编写了相应的模拟软件,考察了加料速率、反应温度、反应时间等因素对反应过程的影响并对飞温失控情况进行了模拟,确定了该氧化过程的合适操作条件。根据研究结果建造的该氧化过程试验线运行状况良好。
4.目前含能化合物的过滤仍以间歇操作为主,劳动强度大,生产效率低,且存在较大的安全隐患。本文以水平带式过滤机为基础,对其进行了多项改进,研制了适用于含能化合物过滤的履带式真空连续过滤机,可实现人机隔离操作条件下含能化合物的安全连续过滤。论文还建立了过滤过程的数学模型,并编写了相关计算软件。
Energetic compounds are a kind of special compounds which can self-decompose and rapidly release large amounts of energy without the presence of external substance. These features make them the key material bases for the development of advanced weapons. The synthetic processes of energetic compounds always involve nitration reactions, oxidation reactions, etc, which have a high reaction rate, a strongly exothermic effect, and a great thermal runaway potential. Thus, these processes require high performance reactors and good operation conditions. Moreover, the flammable and explosive products make it dangerous for post treatment. In the dissertation, related fundamental problems of the oxidation process of a certain energetic compound were studied. Related properties of the system involved in the process were determined. The heat transfer experiment was taken in a stirred tank reactor with a coil inside. Convective heat transfer coefficient correlations of the outer surface of the coil for different impellers were obtained and a proper type of impeller was selected for the strongly exothermic process. A stirred tank reactor with high heat transfer performance was designed with the help of engineering calculation and numerical simulation. The process was modeled and a solving software was developed for operation optimization and runaway situation simulation. Besides, a continuous crawler filtration equipment was developed for the filtration of energetic compounds. A mathematical model was established for the filtration process.
The main contents are generalized as follows:
1. Binary and ternary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with ethanol and water are involved in some energetic compound synthetic processes. The thermal conductivities of DMSO+ethanol, DMSO+water and DMSO+ethanol+water at0.1MPa and temperatures ranging from (278.15to338.15) K covering a wide concentration range were determined and correlated for the optimization design of the energetic compound synthetic processes, as well as the densities of DMSO+ethanol+water.
2. The impeller is the core component of a stirred tank reactor. In the dissertation, five types of impellers, including a2pitched blade turbine, a4pitched blade turbine, a propeller, a CBY impeller and a CBY-H impeller were chosen for the heat transfer experiments in a stirred tank reactor with a coil inside. The influence of impeller type and stirring speed on heat transfer performance of the coil was investigated. The convective heat transfer coefficient correlations of the outer surface of the coil were obtained, which are helpful to select a proper type of impeller for the stirred tank reactor during the design of energetic compound synthetic processes.
3. The oxidation process design of a certain energetic compound was studied. The oxidation reaction is strongly exothermic and the large amount of hydrogen peroxide in the system can intensively decompose and cause an accident when it is overheated. Large quantities of coil rings are then needed. Since intensively arranged coil rings may lead to a poor flow and heat transfer performance of reactants in the reactor, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was introduced to investigate the influence of coil clearance and fix height on the flow performance in the reactor. Based on the CFD simulation results, a proper design was determined. A mathematical model was then established for the oxidation process and a solving software was developed by Visual Basic (VB). The influence of feeding rate, reaction temperature and reaction time on the reaction process was investigated. Runaway situations were investigated as well. Then proper operation conditions for the process were determined. The prototype line built up according to the research results runs well.
4. So far, the energetic compound filtration still relies on batch operation, which is labor-intensive, low efficient, and dangerous. A continuous crawler filtration equipment was developed based on the horizontal belt filter, and some improvements were made for safer, continuous and automated energetic compound filtration. A mathematical model was established and a software was developed for the simulation of the filtration.
论文主要研究内容如下：
1.某些含能化合物的合成过程涉及二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和乙醇、水的二元、三元混合物体系。本文在较大浓度范围内测定了常压(0.1MPa)下,温度范围T=(278.15～338.15)K内DMSO+乙醇、DMSO+水、DMSO+乙醇+水体系的导热系数以及DMSO+乙醇+水体系的密度,并进行了数据的关联,为含能化合物合成过程的优化设计提供了相关的基础数据。
2.搅拌桨是釜式反应器的核心部件。本文在带盘管的反应釜内对二斜叶搅拌桨、四斜叶搅拌桨、推进式搅拌桨、CBY搅拌桨和CBY-H搅拌桨等五种搅拌桨进行了传热实验,研究了桨型、转速对反应釜传热能力的影响,并根据实验结果得到了不同搅拌桨作用下盘管外侧对流传热系数的关联式,为含能化合物制备中反应釜搅拌桨的选择提供了依据。
3.针对某含能化合物的氧化过程进行了反应釜的设计研究。该氧化反应强放热,且体系中大量的双氧水在高温下极易剧烈分解发生喷料,故该反应釜需要大量的盘管。为避免盘管排布过于紧密而影响釜内物料的流动和传热,本文通过计算流体力学(CFD)模拟了不同管间隙和离底高度对釜内流体流场的影响,并根据模拟结果确定了合适的盘管结构。论文进一步建立了该氧化过程的数学模型,利用Visual Basic(VB)语言编写了相应的模拟软件,考察了加料速率、反应温度、反应时间等因素对反应过程的影响并对飞温失控情况进行了模拟,确定了该氧化过程的合适操作条件。根据研究结果建造的该氧化过程试验线运行状况良好。
4.目前含能化合物的过滤仍以间歇操作为主,劳动强度大,生产效率低,且存在较大的安全隐患。本文以水平带式过滤机为基础,对其进行了多项改进,研制了适用于含能化合物过滤的履带式真空连续过滤机,可实现人机隔离操作条件下含能化合物的安全连续过滤。论文还建立了过滤过程的数学模型,并编写了相关计算软件。
Energetic compounds are a kind of special compounds which can self-decompose and rapidly release large amounts of energy without the presence of external substance. These features make them the key material bases for the development of advanced weapons. The synthetic processes of energetic compounds always involve nitration reactions, oxidation reactions, etc, which have a high reaction rate, a strongly exothermic effect, and a great thermal runaway potential. Thus, these processes require high performance reactors and good operation conditions. Moreover, the flammable and explosive products make it dangerous for post treatment. In the dissertation, related fundamental problems of the oxidation process of a certain energetic compound were studied. Related properties of the system involved in the process were determined. The heat transfer experiment was taken in a stirred tank reactor with a coil inside. Convective heat transfer coefficient correlations of the outer surface of the coil for different impellers were obtained and a proper type of impeller was selected for the strongly exothermic process. A stirred tank reactor with high heat transfer performance was designed with the help of engineering calculation and numerical simulation. The process was modeled and a solving software was developed for operation optimization and runaway situation simulation. Besides, a continuous crawler filtration equipment was developed for the filtration of energetic compounds. A mathematical model was established for the filtration process.
The main contents are generalized as follows:
1. Binary and ternary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with ethanol and water are involved in some energetic compound synthetic processes. The thermal conductivities of DMSO+ethanol, DMSO+water and DMSO+ethanol+water at0.1MPa and temperatures ranging from (278.15to338.15) K covering a wide concentration range were determined and correlated for the optimization design of the energetic compound synthetic processes, as well as the densities of DMSO+ethanol+water.
2. The impeller is the core component of a stirred tank reactor. In the dissertation, five types of impellers, including a2pitched blade turbine, a4pitched blade turbine, a propeller, a CBY impeller and a CBY-H impeller were chosen for the heat transfer experiments in a stirred tank reactor with a coil inside. The influence of impeller type and stirring speed on heat transfer performance of the coil was investigated. The convective heat transfer coefficient correlations of the outer surface of the coil were obtained, which are helpful to select a proper type of impeller for the stirred tank reactor during the design of energetic compound synthetic processes.
3. The oxidation process design of a certain energetic compound was studied. The oxidation reaction is strongly exothermic and the large amount of hydrogen peroxide in the system can intensively decompose and cause an accident when it is overheated. Large quantities of coil rings are then needed. Since intensively arranged coil rings may lead to a poor flow and heat transfer performance of reactants in the reactor, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was introduced to investigate the influence of coil clearance and fix height on the flow performance in the reactor. Based on the CFD simulation results, a proper design was determined. A mathematical model was then established for the oxidation process and a solving software was developed by Visual Basic (VB). The influence of feeding rate, reaction temperature and reaction time on the reaction process was investigated. Runaway situations were investigated as well. Then proper operation conditions for the process were determined. The prototype line built up according to the research results runs well.
4. So far, the energetic compound filtration still relies on batch operation, which is labor-intensive, low efficient, and dangerous. A continuous crawler filtration equipment was developed based on the horizontal belt filter, and some improvements were made for safer, continuous and automated energetic compound filtration. A mathematical model was established and a software was developed for the simulation of the filtration.
引文
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