微圆管内水流动特性的研究
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摘要
本文对水在圆形不锈钢微通道内的流动特性进行了实验研究,研究内容包括:进口段效应、粗糙度效应、超疏水微通道内的滑移减阻特性,还进行了超疏水不锈钢表面的制备研究。
通过对一系列不同长径比微通道内水流动特性的研究对比,考察了进口段效应的影响。实验发现,层流向湍流的转变的临界雷诺数Re与常规理论一致.由于流动特性同时还受到受粗糙度效应的影响,所以当进口段效应可以忽略时,泊谡叶数Po的稳定值随Re的升高而增大。内径1.050mm、0.850mm、0.550mm圆管内层流流动特性受进口段效应影响的最大长径比分别约为280、290、400。受进口段效应影响的层流区泊谡叶数Po值和文献报道的理论公式及经验关联式进行了比较,与经验关联式的吻合程度好于理论公式.
通过化学刻蚀法得到了具有较大粗糙度的不锈钢微圆管,研究了粗糙度对流动特性的影响。刻蚀后微圆管最大相对粗糙度为0.663%,所有刻蚀后微圆管内层流向湍流转变的临界雷诺数仍与常规理论一致.实验结果表明,Po随管壁相对粗糙度的增大而升高,并且粗糙度的影响在高Re下更显著。在相对粗糙度最大的微通道内,层流流动阻力较常规理论值最大增加约32%。对微尺度下粗糙度效应使层流流动阻力升高的机理进行了分析。
采用化学刻蚀和表面氟化两步法在不锈钢平板上制备了超疏水表面。在制备的超疏水表面上,水滴的接触角可达到163°,接触角滞后为4°。分析表明,在不锈钢表面刻蚀形成的微—纳米相间的阶层粗糙结构是形成超疏水表面的关键.通过对实验条件和工艺的改进,在不锈钢微通道内壁上制备出了超疏水表面:同时制备了具有超亲水内表面的不锈钢微通道.
对比了超亲水和超疏水表面不锈钢微通道内水的流动特性。结果表明,超疏水表面微通道内流动阻力较低,在实验范围内减阻率为8%～31%,减阻率随着Re的增大而下降并最终达到较稳定值。对这一现象的物理机制进行了分析。超疏水微通道内水流动的滑移长度也是Re的函数,最大滑移长度达到63μm。利用粗糙度一粘度模型修正了作为超疏水管内滑移参照的亲水管内流动阻力和传统理论值的偏差;然后从理论上推导了超疏水微通道内达西摩擦系数和滑移长度间的关系;最后,利用实验结果检验了所推导的关系式,两者吻合良好。
Water flow characteristics in circular stainless steel micro-tubes were experimentally studied.In this paper,emphasises are put on entrance effect,roughness effect,flow resistance reduction and slip flow characteristics in a superhydrophobic micro-tube as well as fabrication of stainless steel superhydrophobic surfaces.
Water flow characteristics in micro-tubes with different length-to-diameter ratio were measured to study the entrance effect.It is found that the critical Reynolds number(Re),at which the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow starts,is consistent with traditional theory.The steady value of Poiseuille number(Po) increases with increasing Re when the entrance effect can be negligible,which is caused by the surface roughness effect.The maximal length-to-diameter ratios,within which entrance effect reacts in laminar flow region,for micro-tubes with inner-diameters of 1.050 mm、0.850 mm、0.550 mm are about 280,290 and 400,respectively.Poiseuille number Po affected by entrance effect was compared with theoretical and experiential correlation predictions from literatures.The quantitative agreement between the experimental values of Po with the latter is better than that with the former.
Micro-tubes with larger relative surface roughness were obtained with solution of chemical etching,and then the roughness effect on flow characteristics was studied.The largest relative surface roughness of etched microtubes is 0.663%,the critical flow region transition Re for all the etched microtubes is consistent with traditional theory.It is found that Po increases with increasing the relative roughness of tube-wall,and the roughness effect is more remarkable in high Re flow region.In laminar flow region,the flow resistance increases by 0%～32%compared with traditional theory for the microtube with the largest relative surface roughness.The mechanism for roughness effect on the flow resistance is analyzed.
Superhydrophobic stainless steel surfaces were fabricated with chemical etching and then fluorination treatment.The water contact angle on superhydrophobic stainless steel surface is 163°,and the contact angle hysteresis is 4°.It is found that,the etched surface is configured in a rough structure with protuberances and caves at the scale of microns and nanometers,which is the key to the fabrication of superhydrophobic surface. Superhydrophobic stainless steel micro-tubes were then fabricated by ameliorating preparation technology and experimental conditions based on the studies above.
Water flow characteristics in a superhydrophilic and a superhydrophobic micro-tube were compared.It is found that the latter reduces the flow resistance compared with the former.And the pressure drop reduction varies from 8%to 31%within the operating range. The pressure drop reduction first decreases with increasing Re then levels off to a certain value.And the mechanism for this phenomenon is analyzed.Slip lengths for water flowing in the superhydrophobic micro-tube were obtained by referencing the superhydrophilic microtube.The slip length depends on Re and the maximal slip length is 63μm.The roughness-viscosity model is adopted to considering the departure between the flow characteristics in the superhydrophilic microtube and traditional theory.Then the relation between Darcy friction factor and slip length is theoretically analyzed.Finally,the obtained correlation is testified with present experimental result,and the quantitative agreement between them is well.
通过对一系列不同长径比微通道内水流动特性的研究对比,考察了进口段效应的影响。实验发现,层流向湍流的转变的临界雷诺数Re与常规理论一致.由于流动特性同时还受到受粗糙度效应的影响,所以当进口段效应可以忽略时,泊谡叶数Po的稳定值随Re的升高而增大。内径1.050mm、0.850mm、0.550mm圆管内层流流动特性受进口段效应影响的最大长径比分别约为280、290、400。受进口段效应影响的层流区泊谡叶数Po值和文献报道的理论公式及经验关联式进行了比较,与经验关联式的吻合程度好于理论公式.
通过化学刻蚀法得到了具有较大粗糙度的不锈钢微圆管,研究了粗糙度对流动特性的影响。刻蚀后微圆管最大相对粗糙度为0.663%,所有刻蚀后微圆管内层流向湍流转变的临界雷诺数仍与常规理论一致.实验结果表明,Po随管壁相对粗糙度的增大而升高,并且粗糙度的影响在高Re下更显著。在相对粗糙度最大的微通道内,层流流动阻力较常规理论值最大增加约32%。对微尺度下粗糙度效应使层流流动阻力升高的机理进行了分析。
采用化学刻蚀和表面氟化两步法在不锈钢平板上制备了超疏水表面。在制备的超疏水表面上,水滴的接触角可达到163°,接触角滞后为4°。分析表明,在不锈钢表面刻蚀形成的微—纳米相间的阶层粗糙结构是形成超疏水表面的关键.通过对实验条件和工艺的改进,在不锈钢微通道内壁上制备出了超疏水表面:同时制备了具有超亲水内表面的不锈钢微通道.
对比了超亲水和超疏水表面不锈钢微通道内水的流动特性。结果表明,超疏水表面微通道内流动阻力较低,在实验范围内减阻率为8%～31%,减阻率随着Re的增大而下降并最终达到较稳定值。对这一现象的物理机制进行了分析。超疏水微通道内水流动的滑移长度也是Re的函数,最大滑移长度达到63μm。利用粗糙度一粘度模型修正了作为超疏水管内滑移参照的亲水管内流动阻力和传统理论值的偏差;然后从理论上推导了超疏水微通道内达西摩擦系数和滑移长度间的关系;最后,利用实验结果检验了所推导的关系式,两者吻合良好。
Water flow characteristics in circular stainless steel micro-tubes were experimentally studied.In this paper,emphasises are put on entrance effect,roughness effect,flow resistance reduction and slip flow characteristics in a superhydrophobic micro-tube as well as fabrication of stainless steel superhydrophobic surfaces.
Water flow characteristics in micro-tubes with different length-to-diameter ratio were measured to study the entrance effect.It is found that the critical Reynolds number(Re),at which the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow starts,is consistent with traditional theory.The steady value of Poiseuille number(Po) increases with increasing Re when the entrance effect can be negligible,which is caused by the surface roughness effect.The maximal length-to-diameter ratios,within which entrance effect reacts in laminar flow region,for micro-tubes with inner-diameters of 1.050 mm、0.850 mm、0.550 mm are about 280,290 and 400,respectively.Poiseuille number Po affected by entrance effect was compared with theoretical and experiential correlation predictions from literatures.The quantitative agreement between the experimental values of Po with the latter is better than that with the former.
Micro-tubes with larger relative surface roughness were obtained with solution of chemical etching,and then the roughness effect on flow characteristics was studied.The largest relative surface roughness of etched microtubes is 0.663%,the critical flow region transition Re for all the etched microtubes is consistent with traditional theory.It is found that Po increases with increasing the relative roughness of tube-wall,and the roughness effect is more remarkable in high Re flow region.In laminar flow region,the flow resistance increases by 0%～32%compared with traditional theory for the microtube with the largest relative surface roughness.The mechanism for roughness effect on the flow resistance is analyzed.
Superhydrophobic stainless steel surfaces were fabricated with chemical etching and then fluorination treatment.The water contact angle on superhydrophobic stainless steel surface is 163°,and the contact angle hysteresis is 4°.It is found that,the etched surface is configured in a rough structure with protuberances and caves at the scale of microns and nanometers,which is the key to the fabrication of superhydrophobic surface. Superhydrophobic stainless steel micro-tubes were then fabricated by ameliorating preparation technology and experimental conditions based on the studies above.
Water flow characteristics in a superhydrophilic and a superhydrophobic micro-tube were compared.It is found that the latter reduces the flow resistance compared with the former.And the pressure drop reduction varies from 8%to 31%within the operating range. The pressure drop reduction first decreases with increasing Re then levels off to a certain value.And the mechanism for this phenomenon is analyzed.Slip lengths for water flowing in the superhydrophobic micro-tube were obtained by referencing the superhydrophilic microtube.The slip length depends on Re and the maximal slip length is 63μm.The roughness-viscosity model is adopted to considering the departure between the flow characteristics in the superhydrophilic microtube and traditional theory.Then the relation between Darcy friction factor and slip length is theoretically analyzed.Finally,the obtained correlation is testified with present experimental result,and the quantitative agreement between them is well.
引文
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