新型撞击流生物反应器及其在废水处理中的应用研究
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摘要
高效节能的污水处理装置，是废水处理中的追求目标，近年来，新型生物反应器的开发是较为热门的研究课题，在废水处理中被认为是一种具有广泛应用前景的反应器，但传统的曝气方式效率低及底物的传质速率低等问题却严重阻碍了生物反应器的进一步开发应用。因此，如何提高曝气效率及底物的传质速率是开发新型生物反应器亟需解决的问题，作为化工领域最有效的促进相间传递的技术-撞击流在提高曝气效率和底物传质速率方面具有较大优势。为此，本文集生物膜、循环流、撞击流强化相间传递的优势，研发了一种能在曝气时促进氧的快速及充分吸收，提高底物的传质速率，适用于快速好氧生物法污水处理，流动结构简单、高效节能的污水处理装置---内循环撞击流生物膜流化床反应器。通过对反应器的停留时间分布研究、反应器处理人工合成生活废水和高氨氮废水等方面的系统实验，综合研究了该反应器的基本性能并取得了相应的结果：
在反应器的停留时间分布研究中，以KCl为示踪剂，采用脉冲输入-出口响应技术，通过检测出口物料中示踪剂浓度随时间的变化，从而确定反应器的停留时间分布。在曝气量Va不变(0.1m~3/h)的条件下，试验研究了不同进水流量Vi下反应器的停留时间分布。根据对试验结果的无因次停留时间分布函数、无因次停留时间分布密度函数及停留时间分布的无因次方差分析，结果发现反应器中液体流型介于平推流和全混流之间，且存在相当大的滞流区。Vi=13.47L/h为反应器内流型改变的临界值，小于此流量，反应器中流型随Vi的变化而改变，液体流量越小，反应器内的返混程度越小；大于此流量，反应器内流体流型基本不随流量改变，流体返混程度也不再随流量变化。
在反应器处理人工合成生活废水研究中，为研究生物膜载体对水处理性能的影响，分别以两种玉米芯填料和聚丙烯悬浮填料作为流化床段的生物膜载体，以废水处理后的COD和NH_4~+-N去除及溶液溶解氧(DO)变化等为指标，分三阶段即-挂膜阶段、间歇运行阶段和连续运行阶段探讨了各因素对反应器处理人工合成生活废水性能的影响。
在挂膜阶段，主要研究了生物膜载体对挂膜时间的影响，反应器采用接种后间歇培养挂膜。作为生物制品的玉米芯仅需15个反应循环即可完成挂膜，而聚丙烯悬浮填料挂膜需25个反应循环。挂膜完成后，反应器的水处理性能仅随载体的表面积增大而略有增强。
间歇方式运行阶段主要考察反应器中底物随反应时间的变化规律，发现0－1.5h的反应时间段内，反应器的COD和NH_4~+-N的去除率分别超过70%和60%，且反应器出口处溶液DO在该时段最低。
在连续运行阶段，探讨了进水底物浓度、水力停留时间(HRT)和曝气量Va等操作条件对反应器的COD和NH_4~+-N去除影响。结果发现：增加进水底物浓度或减小HRT都能增强反应器的有机负荷及NH_4~+-N负荷去除能力，尽管出水COD及NH_4~+-N浓度都随之升高；减小HRT对反应器的有机及NH_4~+-N负荷去除能力提升效果更好。在适中的曝气量条件下（Va为0.3m~3/h），反应器的底物去除性能最强，曝气量过大或过小都会显著削弱反应器的有机负荷及NH_4~+-N负荷去除能力。通过对比不同工艺条件下反应器的内循环撞击流吸收器段和流化床段的进水有机负荷和NH_4~+-N负荷去除能力，发现流化床段在水处理中作用较小，有机负荷和NH_4~+-N负荷去除量均远小于内循环撞击流吸收器段，所以载体性能对反应器的生活废水处理性能影响较小。
在反应器处理高氨氮废水的研究中，首先，通过与以聚丙烯为生物膜载体、葡萄糖为液相碳源的对比试验的对比，研究以玉米芯同时作为固体碳源和生物膜载体时处理硝氮废水的反硝化性能，分析讨论了溶液的COD/N比和反应时间对反硝化的影响。结果表明：反硝化菌位于生物膜内侧，与液相碳源相比，玉米芯释放的碳源更易于被反硝化菌利用，但玉米芯的碳源释放速率较慢，反硝化反应时间低于16h时，硝氮的反硝化率显著减小。其次，在反应器的内循环撞击流吸收器段和流化床段均装填玉米芯填料，以玉米芯为生物膜载体和反硝化碳源处理高氨氮废水。以COD、NH_4~+-N、总氮（TN）去除和反硝化率为指标，分析讨论了溶液的C/N比和DO对反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响。研究结果表明，溶液的C/N比和DO对反应器处理氨氮废水的性能都有影响，在溶液C/N比为1.5及DO为2mg/L条件下，反应器处理高氨氮废水的综合性能最好，此时TN去除率最高，在进水NH_4~+-N浓度高达200mg/L条件下，其COD、NH_4~+-N和TN去除率分别达到了92.7%、41.2%和23.8%，而反硝化率也达到57.7%。
综上所述，所研发的撞击流曝气反应器符合对高效、节能污水处理装置的要求，是一种新型高效的生物法污水处理装置，具有较好的开发应用前景。本实验通过对反应器基本性能的综合研究，为反应器的进一步开发及结构优化提供了理论及实验依据。
Efficient and energy saving wastewater device has been the pursuing goal inwastewater treatment field. New types of bioreactor can be used extensively inwastewater treatment and their development has been the relatively popular researchsubject in recent years. However, the further application of these bioreactors isseriously hindered by such problems as low efficiency of traditional aerationfacilities and low mass transfer rate of substrates. Therefore, how to improveaeration efficiency and mass transfer rate of substrates need to be solved indeveloping new bioreactors. As one of the most efficient technology in promotinginterphase transfer in chemical engineering field, impinging stream has greatadvantages in improving aeration efficiency and mass transfer rate of substrates.Consequently, a novel bioreactor was developed by combination the strong points oftechnologies such as biofilm, circulating flow and impinging stream withemphasizing the following aspects: fast and sufficient absorbing of oxygen duringaeration, improving of mass transfer rate of substrates, suitable for the fast aerobicbiological treatment of wastewater, simple flow structure, efficient and energysaving. The bioreactor is named Inner Circulation Impinging Stream BiofilmReactor (ICISBR) and its main structure comprises the upper fluidized bed (FB)section and the lower inner circulation impinging stream absorber (ICISA) section.Basic performance of ICISBR was studied systematically by studying the residencetime distribution (RTD), synthetic domestic wastewater treatment and high ammoniawastewater treatment by ICISBR; corresponding results were obtained as follows.
In the study of RTD of ICISBR, RTD was determined by impulse inputting thetracer (KCl solution), and then inspection the variations of tracer concentrations ofoutlet solution with residence time at conditions of different rate of inflow Vi andconstant aeration rate Va0.1m~3/h. According to the analysis of nondimensional RTDfunction, nondimensional RTD density function and nondimensional RTD varianceof the test results, liquid flow pattern falls in between plug flow and perfect mixingflow and there exists sizable stagnant area in ICISBR. Vi of13.47L/h is the criticalvalue for the transitions of liquid flow pattern, under this flow rate, flow patternchanged with the change of flow rate and the backmixing extent is proportional tothe liquid flow rate. Above this critical flow rate, flow pattern and the backmixing extent stop changing despite of the increase of the liquid flow rate.
In the study of synthetic domestic wastewater treatment by ICISBR, two typesof corncob fillers and suspended polypropylene filler were used as biofilm carriersin FB section of the reactor in order to study the effects of biocarriers on thesubstrate removal performance of ICISBR. Removal of COD and NH_4~+-N andvariations of solution DO were used as the performance index, performance ofICISBR in wastewater treatment was studied in three stages, namely biofilmformation stage, batch operation stage and continuously operation stage.
In the biofilm formation stage, effect of biocarriers on the time of biofilmformation was studied. biofilm was cultivated in batch mode with22h’s reactiontime every cycle after inoculation. It takes merely15reaction cycles for corncobbiocarriers and25reaction cycles for polypropylene biocarriers to complete thebiofilm formation in ICISBR. Substrate removal capacity of ICISBR slightlyincreased with the increase of specific area of biocarriers after biofilm formation.
Variations of substrate concentration according to reaction time were studiedwhen ICISBR operated in batch mode. It was found that more than70%of COD and60%of NH_4~+-N were removed during0-1.5h of reaction time and solution DO wasthe lowest at outlet of ICISBR.
When ICISBR run continuously, effects of inflow substrate concentration, HRTand aeration rate on the removal of COD and NH_4~+-N were studied. Resultsindicated that increasing the inflow substrate concentration or decreasing the HRT,the removal capacity of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads all increased althougheffluent COD and NH_4~+-N increased either. By comparison, decreasing HRT wasmore efficient than increasing substrate concentration in the improvement of theremoval capacity of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads. The highest substrate removalof ICISBR can be achieved at modest aeration rate of0.3m~3/h. A high or lowaeration rate would reduce the removal capacity of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads.By comparing the removal capacity of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads at ICISApart and FB part of ICISBR at different operation condition, it was found thatremoval of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads were insignificant in FB part,consequently, influence of biocarriers on the domestic wastewater treatment ofICISBR were insignificant.
In the study of high ammonia wastewater treatment by ICISBR, first, comparedwith comparative experiment with propylene as biocarriers and glucose as liquid carbon source, denitrification ability of corncob was studied by treating nitratewastewater with corncob as biocarriers and solid carbon source. Effects of solutionCOD/N ratio and reaction time on denitrification were discussed. Results of theexperiment indicated that carbon source released from corncob can be easier used bydenitrification bacteria than liquid carbon source, as denitrification bacteria grows inthe inner layer of biofilm. Because the release rate of carbon source was slow,efficiency of denitrification decreased obviously by decreasing reaction time lowerthan8h in treating nitrate wastewater with corncob used as biocarriers and carbonsource.
Second, corncob was used as biocarriers and carbon source in treating highammonia wastewater by filling the ICISA part and the FB part of ICISBR withcorncob filler. Taking the removal of COD, NH_4~+-N, total nitrogen (TN) anddenitrification ratio as performance index of ICISBR, effects of solution C/N ratioand DO on the performance of treating high ammonia wastewater were discussed.Experimental results showed that high ammonia wastewater treatment performanceof ICISBR was significantly influenced by solution C/N ratio and DO, the bestcomprehensive performance in treating high ammonia wastewater obtained atconditions of solution C/N ratio of1.5and DO of2mg/L with the highest TNremoval percent. Removal of COD, NH_4~+-N and TN reached92.7%,41.2%and23.8%, respectively, and denitrification ratio57.7%although the inflow NH_4~+-Nconcentration reached up to200mg/L.
In conclusion, ICISBR is a novel, energy saving and efficient wastewaterbiological treatment device and possess of good application prospect in wastewatertreatment. Results from basic performance study provide the essential data and thetheory reference for further development and structure optimization of ICISBR.
在反应器的停留时间分布研究中，以KCl为示踪剂，采用脉冲输入-出口响应技术，通过检测出口物料中示踪剂浓度随时间的变化，从而确定反应器的停留时间分布。在曝气量Va不变(0.1m~3/h)的条件下，试验研究了不同进水流量Vi下反应器的停留时间分布。根据对试验结果的无因次停留时间分布函数、无因次停留时间分布密度函数及停留时间分布的无因次方差分析，结果发现反应器中液体流型介于平推流和全混流之间，且存在相当大的滞流区。Vi=13.47L/h为反应器内流型改变的临界值，小于此流量，反应器中流型随Vi的变化而改变，液体流量越小，反应器内的返混程度越小；大于此流量，反应器内流体流型基本不随流量改变，流体返混程度也不再随流量变化。
在反应器处理人工合成生活废水研究中，为研究生物膜载体对水处理性能的影响，分别以两种玉米芯填料和聚丙烯悬浮填料作为流化床段的生物膜载体，以废水处理后的COD和NH_4~+-N去除及溶液溶解氧(DO)变化等为指标，分三阶段即-挂膜阶段、间歇运行阶段和连续运行阶段探讨了各因素对反应器处理人工合成生活废水性能的影响。
在挂膜阶段，主要研究了生物膜载体对挂膜时间的影响，反应器采用接种后间歇培养挂膜。作为生物制品的玉米芯仅需15个反应循环即可完成挂膜，而聚丙烯悬浮填料挂膜需25个反应循环。挂膜完成后，反应器的水处理性能仅随载体的表面积增大而略有增强。
间歇方式运行阶段主要考察反应器中底物随反应时间的变化规律，发现0－1.5h的反应时间段内，反应器的COD和NH_4~+-N的去除率分别超过70%和60%，且反应器出口处溶液DO在该时段最低。
在连续运行阶段，探讨了进水底物浓度、水力停留时间(HRT)和曝气量Va等操作条件对反应器的COD和NH_4~+-N去除影响。结果发现：增加进水底物浓度或减小HRT都能增强反应器的有机负荷及NH_4~+-N负荷去除能力，尽管出水COD及NH_4~+-N浓度都随之升高；减小HRT对反应器的有机及NH_4~+-N负荷去除能力提升效果更好。在适中的曝气量条件下（Va为0.3m~3/h），反应器的底物去除性能最强，曝气量过大或过小都会显著削弱反应器的有机负荷及NH_4~+-N负荷去除能力。通过对比不同工艺条件下反应器的内循环撞击流吸收器段和流化床段的进水有机负荷和NH_4~+-N负荷去除能力，发现流化床段在水处理中作用较小，有机负荷和NH_4~+-N负荷去除量均远小于内循环撞击流吸收器段，所以载体性能对反应器的生活废水处理性能影响较小。
在反应器处理高氨氮废水的研究中，首先，通过与以聚丙烯为生物膜载体、葡萄糖为液相碳源的对比试验的对比，研究以玉米芯同时作为固体碳源和生物膜载体时处理硝氮废水的反硝化性能，分析讨论了溶液的COD/N比和反应时间对反硝化的影响。结果表明：反硝化菌位于生物膜内侧，与液相碳源相比，玉米芯释放的碳源更易于被反硝化菌利用，但玉米芯的碳源释放速率较慢，反硝化反应时间低于16h时，硝氮的反硝化率显著减小。其次，在反应器的内循环撞击流吸收器段和流化床段均装填玉米芯填料，以玉米芯为生物膜载体和反硝化碳源处理高氨氮废水。以COD、NH_4~+-N、总氮（TN）去除和反硝化率为指标，分析讨论了溶液的C/N比和DO对反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响。研究结果表明，溶液的C/N比和DO对反应器处理氨氮废水的性能都有影响，在溶液C/N比为1.5及DO为2mg/L条件下，反应器处理高氨氮废水的综合性能最好，此时TN去除率最高，在进水NH_4~+-N浓度高达200mg/L条件下，其COD、NH_4~+-N和TN去除率分别达到了92.7%、41.2%和23.8%，而反硝化率也达到57.7%。
综上所述，所研发的撞击流曝气反应器符合对高效、节能污水处理装置的要求，是一种新型高效的生物法污水处理装置，具有较好的开发应用前景。本实验通过对反应器基本性能的综合研究，为反应器的进一步开发及结构优化提供了理论及实验依据。
Efficient and energy saving wastewater device has been the pursuing goal inwastewater treatment field. New types of bioreactor can be used extensively inwastewater treatment and their development has been the relatively popular researchsubject in recent years. However, the further application of these bioreactors isseriously hindered by such problems as low efficiency of traditional aerationfacilities and low mass transfer rate of substrates. Therefore, how to improveaeration efficiency and mass transfer rate of substrates need to be solved indeveloping new bioreactors. As one of the most efficient technology in promotinginterphase transfer in chemical engineering field, impinging stream has greatadvantages in improving aeration efficiency and mass transfer rate of substrates.Consequently, a novel bioreactor was developed by combination the strong points oftechnologies such as biofilm, circulating flow and impinging stream withemphasizing the following aspects: fast and sufficient absorbing of oxygen duringaeration, improving of mass transfer rate of substrates, suitable for the fast aerobicbiological treatment of wastewater, simple flow structure, efficient and energysaving. The bioreactor is named Inner Circulation Impinging Stream BiofilmReactor (ICISBR) and its main structure comprises the upper fluidized bed (FB)section and the lower inner circulation impinging stream absorber (ICISA) section.Basic performance of ICISBR was studied systematically by studying the residencetime distribution (RTD), synthetic domestic wastewater treatment and high ammoniawastewater treatment by ICISBR; corresponding results were obtained as follows.
In the study of RTD of ICISBR, RTD was determined by impulse inputting thetracer (KCl solution), and then inspection the variations of tracer concentrations ofoutlet solution with residence time at conditions of different rate of inflow Vi andconstant aeration rate Va0.1m~3/h. According to the analysis of nondimensional RTDfunction, nondimensional RTD density function and nondimensional RTD varianceof the test results, liquid flow pattern falls in between plug flow and perfect mixingflow and there exists sizable stagnant area in ICISBR. Vi of13.47L/h is the criticalvalue for the transitions of liquid flow pattern, under this flow rate, flow patternchanged with the change of flow rate and the backmixing extent is proportional tothe liquid flow rate. Above this critical flow rate, flow pattern and the backmixing extent stop changing despite of the increase of the liquid flow rate.
In the study of synthetic domestic wastewater treatment by ICISBR, two typesof corncob fillers and suspended polypropylene filler were used as biofilm carriersin FB section of the reactor in order to study the effects of biocarriers on thesubstrate removal performance of ICISBR. Removal of COD and NH_4~+-N andvariations of solution DO were used as the performance index, performance ofICISBR in wastewater treatment was studied in three stages, namely biofilmformation stage, batch operation stage and continuously operation stage.
In the biofilm formation stage, effect of biocarriers on the time of biofilmformation was studied. biofilm was cultivated in batch mode with22h’s reactiontime every cycle after inoculation. It takes merely15reaction cycles for corncobbiocarriers and25reaction cycles for polypropylene biocarriers to complete thebiofilm formation in ICISBR. Substrate removal capacity of ICISBR slightlyincreased with the increase of specific area of biocarriers after biofilm formation.
Variations of substrate concentration according to reaction time were studiedwhen ICISBR operated in batch mode. It was found that more than70%of COD and60%of NH_4~+-N were removed during0-1.5h of reaction time and solution DO wasthe lowest at outlet of ICISBR.
When ICISBR run continuously, effects of inflow substrate concentration, HRTand aeration rate on the removal of COD and NH_4~+-N were studied. Resultsindicated that increasing the inflow substrate concentration or decreasing the HRT,the removal capacity of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads all increased althougheffluent COD and NH_4~+-N increased either. By comparison, decreasing HRT wasmore efficient than increasing substrate concentration in the improvement of theremoval capacity of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads. The highest substrate removalof ICISBR can be achieved at modest aeration rate of0.3m~3/h. A high or lowaeration rate would reduce the removal capacity of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads.By comparing the removal capacity of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads at ICISApart and FB part of ICISBR at different operation condition, it was found thatremoval of organic loads and NH_4~+-N loads were insignificant in FB part,consequently, influence of biocarriers on the domestic wastewater treatment ofICISBR were insignificant.
In the study of high ammonia wastewater treatment by ICISBR, first, comparedwith comparative experiment with propylene as biocarriers and glucose as liquid carbon source, denitrification ability of corncob was studied by treating nitratewastewater with corncob as biocarriers and solid carbon source. Effects of solutionCOD/N ratio and reaction time on denitrification were discussed. Results of theexperiment indicated that carbon source released from corncob can be easier used bydenitrification bacteria than liquid carbon source, as denitrification bacteria grows inthe inner layer of biofilm. Because the release rate of carbon source was slow,efficiency of denitrification decreased obviously by decreasing reaction time lowerthan8h in treating nitrate wastewater with corncob used as biocarriers and carbonsource.
Second, corncob was used as biocarriers and carbon source in treating highammonia wastewater by filling the ICISA part and the FB part of ICISBR withcorncob filler. Taking the removal of COD, NH_4~+-N, total nitrogen (TN) anddenitrification ratio as performance index of ICISBR, effects of solution C/N ratioand DO on the performance of treating high ammonia wastewater were discussed.Experimental results showed that high ammonia wastewater treatment performanceof ICISBR was significantly influenced by solution C/N ratio and DO, the bestcomprehensive performance in treating high ammonia wastewater obtained atconditions of solution C/N ratio of1.5and DO of2mg/L with the highest TNremoval percent. Removal of COD, NH_4~+-N and TN reached92.7%,41.2%and23.8%, respectively, and denitrification ratio57.7%although the inflow NH_4~+-Nconcentration reached up to200mg/L.
In conclusion, ICISBR is a novel, energy saving and efficient wastewaterbiological treatment device and possess of good application prospect in wastewatertreatment. Results from basic performance study provide the essential data and thetheory reference for further development and structure optimization of ICISBR.
引文
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