增压流化床流动与富氧燃烧辐射换热的研究
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摘要
增压富氧燃烧技术是燃煤发电站捕集CO2较为经济的技术之一。适合高压富氧煤燃烧较成熟的技术是增压流化床锅炉。本文设计搭建了增压流化床冷、热态实验台,从实验分析与理论研究的角度,对增压流化床内的气固流动与富氧燃烧辐射换热特性进行了研究。
冷态实验中,在压力0.1-4.5MPa范围内,以Geldart A和B为实验床料,研究了压力对流化特性的影响。结果表明：随压力的升高,B类颗粒的最小流化速度减小,而A类颗粒的基本保持不变,两类颗粒的最小流化空隙率变化较小,但床层膨胀高度均有所增大；A类颗粒的最小鼓泡速度、最小鼓泡空隙率和乳化相空隙率均随压力的升高而增大；基于实验测量值及理论分析,整理得到了可以预测增压流化床流动特性的关联式。采用CCD摄像法对增压床内气泡特性进行了研究,在相同床高和较高气速下,两类颗粒的气泡直径和气泡群上升速度均随压力的升高而减小,而气泡频率和分率均增大。根据前人及本实验结果,拟合得到了增压流化床中气泡直径和流化气体在两相间分配份额的定量计算关联式。结果表明,实验值与拟合值吻合较好,离散程度在18%以内。
热态实验中,在压力0.1～0.6MPa和温度20-800℃范围内,以Geldart B和D为实验床料,测量了两类颗粒的最小流化速度,并得到了预测增压流化床热态最小流化速度的关联式和合理计算步骤。结果表明：在压力不变的情况下,温度对最小流化速度的影响随床料的种类和压力的不同而有明显的差别,并且预测值与实验结果吻合较好；在床温和给煤量不变的情况下,随压力的升高,烟煤燃烧烟气中CO浓度和最小CO浓度所对应的过量空气系数均减小；基于已得到的有关高压下流化、燃烧特性,建立了增压流化床中密相区的传热模型。
针对增压富氧燃烧流化床炉内稀相区的辐射换热,建立了描述含灰高浓度三原子混合气体非灰辐射特性的部分光谱k模型。采用该模型与离散坐标法相结合的方法,计算了不同工况下增压富氧燃烧含灰高浓度三原子混合气体的辐射强度和壁面热流量,并与标准计算模型、灰体加权和模型和全光谱关联k分布模型的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：由于灰体加权和模型将飞灰颗粒近似为灰体,使得其误差最大值达到了35%。全光谱k分布模型在温度变化剧烈时,使得关联k假设完全失效,导致全光谱k分布模型产生很大的误差。而本文提出的模型与标准模型的计算结果吻合较好,最大相对误差在12%以内。
Pressurized oxygen-enriched combustion power cycle is one of the most promising carbon capture and sequestration technologies in power plant. In this system, the development of pressurized oxygen-enriched combustor is a key issue. Until now, the most ideal and mature technology is the widely used pressurized bubbling fluidized bed in chemical industry which can satisfy the new system just by further rising operation pressure. Knowledge of the fundamental behaviors of high pressure fluidization combustion and radiative heat transfer is mandatory for optimal design and operation of the high pressure fluidized bed reactors employed in new system. So a pressurized fluidized bed test facility was established, in which the cold-state and hot-state tests were done and theoretical analysis was given.
In cold-state test, an experimental study of the influence of pressure on fluidization characteristics was carried out over the range of operating absolute pressure0.1-4.5MPa with Geldart A and B particles. The results show that for B particle minimum fluidization velocity is found to decrease obviously, but there is no influence of pressure for A particle. It is found that the bed expansion height increases with the increasing of pressure for fixed value of gas velocity whilst average bed voidage at minimum fluidization velocity is unaffected from B to A particles. For A particle minimum bubbling velocity average bed voidage at minimum bubbling velocity, and dense phase voidage are found to increase obviously with pressure. Furthermore, the existing correlations which are developed for predicting high pressure fluidization were examined based on the experimental data. The influence of pressure on bubble properties in bed was studied with CCD cameras. It is found that bubble diameter and velocity decrease obviously with the increasing of pressure, but bubble frequency and fraction increase with increasing of pressure. Correlations of bubble diameter and allocation of fluidization gas between two phases in pressurized fluidized bed were proposed based on other worker's data and experimental results. The results show that calculated result using correlations show good agreement with observed values and the degree of dispersion is with18%.
In hot-state test, the minimum fluidization velocity of Geldart B and D particles were measured in the range of operating absolute pressure0.1-0.6MPa and temperature20～800℃.The results show that at a given pressure, the effect of temperature on minimum fluidization velocity is dependent on the material. Based on Ergun equation and bed stress analysis, an equation about minimum fluidization velocity was proposed, and then a reasonable calculation steps about minimum fluidization velocity at elevated pressure and temperature was given. The discrete degree between predicted minimum fluidization velocity and experimental results is small. The influence of pressure on combustion characteristics of bituminous coal was carried out in bed. Under the circumstances of constant bed temperature and coal feeding rate, the CO concentration and excess air coefficient corresponding to minimum CO concentration in flue gas are found to decrease with the increasing of pressure. A new theoretical heat transfer model of dense zone in pressurized fluidized bed was established based on the high pressure experimental results of fluidization and combustion.
A part spectrum k-distribution model is developed to calculate the radiative properties of sparse zone in pressurized fluidized bed under oxygen-enriched combustion mode, characterized by possibly high concentration of water vapor and carbon dioxide compared to air-fired boilers. In order to verify the model, calculation and analysis are carried out in coal-fired boiler of flue gas with soot under the pressurized oxygen-enriched combustion mode by coupling with discrete ordinate method, results of radiation and wall flux are compared with that of line by line calculation, full spectrum correlated k distribution and weighted sum of grey gases model. The results show that the deviation of weighted-sum-of-grey-gases model is more than35%, because of grey approximation. The deviation of full spectrum correlated k distribution model is also big, because the correlated k hypothesis is invalid when temperature changes quickly. However the relative error of the part spectrum k-distribution model is within12%and much smaller than that of other models when comparing with benchmark line-by-line calculations.
冷态实验中,在压力0.1-4.5MPa范围内,以Geldart A和B为实验床料,研究了压力对流化特性的影响。结果表明：随压力的升高,B类颗粒的最小流化速度减小,而A类颗粒的基本保持不变,两类颗粒的最小流化空隙率变化较小,但床层膨胀高度均有所增大；A类颗粒的最小鼓泡速度、最小鼓泡空隙率和乳化相空隙率均随压力的升高而增大；基于实验测量值及理论分析,整理得到了可以预测增压流化床流动特性的关联式。采用CCD摄像法对增压床内气泡特性进行了研究,在相同床高和较高气速下,两类颗粒的气泡直径和气泡群上升速度均随压力的升高而减小,而气泡频率和分率均增大。根据前人及本实验结果,拟合得到了增压流化床中气泡直径和流化气体在两相间分配份额的定量计算关联式。结果表明,实验值与拟合值吻合较好,离散程度在18%以内。
热态实验中,在压力0.1～0.6MPa和温度20-800℃范围内,以Geldart B和D为实验床料,测量了两类颗粒的最小流化速度,并得到了预测增压流化床热态最小流化速度的关联式和合理计算步骤。结果表明：在压力不变的情况下,温度对最小流化速度的影响随床料的种类和压力的不同而有明显的差别,并且预测值与实验结果吻合较好；在床温和给煤量不变的情况下,随压力的升高,烟煤燃烧烟气中CO浓度和最小CO浓度所对应的过量空气系数均减小；基于已得到的有关高压下流化、燃烧特性,建立了增压流化床中密相区的传热模型。
针对增压富氧燃烧流化床炉内稀相区的辐射换热,建立了描述含灰高浓度三原子混合气体非灰辐射特性的部分光谱k模型。采用该模型与离散坐标法相结合的方法,计算了不同工况下增压富氧燃烧含灰高浓度三原子混合气体的辐射强度和壁面热流量,并与标准计算模型、灰体加权和模型和全光谱关联k分布模型的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：由于灰体加权和模型将飞灰颗粒近似为灰体,使得其误差最大值达到了35%。全光谱k分布模型在温度变化剧烈时,使得关联k假设完全失效,导致全光谱k分布模型产生很大的误差。而本文提出的模型与标准模型的计算结果吻合较好,最大相对误差在12%以内。
Pressurized oxygen-enriched combustion power cycle is one of the most promising carbon capture and sequestration technologies in power plant. In this system, the development of pressurized oxygen-enriched combustor is a key issue. Until now, the most ideal and mature technology is the widely used pressurized bubbling fluidized bed in chemical industry which can satisfy the new system just by further rising operation pressure. Knowledge of the fundamental behaviors of high pressure fluidization combustion and radiative heat transfer is mandatory for optimal design and operation of the high pressure fluidized bed reactors employed in new system. So a pressurized fluidized bed test facility was established, in which the cold-state and hot-state tests were done and theoretical analysis was given.
In cold-state test, an experimental study of the influence of pressure on fluidization characteristics was carried out over the range of operating absolute pressure0.1-4.5MPa with Geldart A and B particles. The results show that for B particle minimum fluidization velocity is found to decrease obviously, but there is no influence of pressure for A particle. It is found that the bed expansion height increases with the increasing of pressure for fixed value of gas velocity whilst average bed voidage at minimum fluidization velocity is unaffected from B to A particles. For A particle minimum bubbling velocity average bed voidage at minimum bubbling velocity, and dense phase voidage are found to increase obviously with pressure. Furthermore, the existing correlations which are developed for predicting high pressure fluidization were examined based on the experimental data. The influence of pressure on bubble properties in bed was studied with CCD cameras. It is found that bubble diameter and velocity decrease obviously with the increasing of pressure, but bubble frequency and fraction increase with increasing of pressure. Correlations of bubble diameter and allocation of fluidization gas between two phases in pressurized fluidized bed were proposed based on other worker's data and experimental results. The results show that calculated result using correlations show good agreement with observed values and the degree of dispersion is with18%.
In hot-state test, the minimum fluidization velocity of Geldart B and D particles were measured in the range of operating absolute pressure0.1-0.6MPa and temperature20～800℃.The results show that at a given pressure, the effect of temperature on minimum fluidization velocity is dependent on the material. Based on Ergun equation and bed stress analysis, an equation about minimum fluidization velocity was proposed, and then a reasonable calculation steps about minimum fluidization velocity at elevated pressure and temperature was given. The discrete degree between predicted minimum fluidization velocity and experimental results is small. The influence of pressure on combustion characteristics of bituminous coal was carried out in bed. Under the circumstances of constant bed temperature and coal feeding rate, the CO concentration and excess air coefficient corresponding to minimum CO concentration in flue gas are found to decrease with the increasing of pressure. A new theoretical heat transfer model of dense zone in pressurized fluidized bed was established based on the high pressure experimental results of fluidization and combustion.
A part spectrum k-distribution model is developed to calculate the radiative properties of sparse zone in pressurized fluidized bed under oxygen-enriched combustion mode, characterized by possibly high concentration of water vapor and carbon dioxide compared to air-fired boilers. In order to verify the model, calculation and analysis are carried out in coal-fired boiler of flue gas with soot under the pressurized oxygen-enriched combustion mode by coupling with discrete ordinate method, results of radiation and wall flux are compared with that of line by line calculation, full spectrum correlated k distribution and weighted sum of grey gases model. The results show that the deviation of weighted-sum-of-grey-gases model is more than35%, because of grey approximation. The deviation of full spectrum correlated k distribution model is also big, because the correlated k hypothesis is invalid when temperature changes quickly. However the relative error of the part spectrum k-distribution model is within12%and much smaller than that of other models when comparing with benchmark line-by-line calculations.
引文
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