钻井泵阀阀隙流场PIV实验研究
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摘要
钻井泵阀是钻井泵的关键部件,同时也是最为脆弱的易损件之一,泵阀的失效常常导致钻井泵故障,影响到石油生产的正常运行。长期以来,人们对钻井泵阀失效问题开展了广泛的研究,但是针对泵阀阀隙流场的实验研究尚未得到成功开展。本论文从研究流场特性的角度探讨钻井泵阀失效的原因,设计并加工出钻井泵阀试验装置,利用粒子成像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)对钻井泵阀阀隙流场的特性进行了模型试验研究。试验分别对锥角为30°、35°和45°的锥阀模型在不同升距时的阀隙流场进行了粒子图像的摄取,通过数据处理,得到了九种工况下的阀隙流场状态结果。论文从流场速度、流场涡量和流速折线图三个方面对阀隙流场总体特征进行了解释和归纳。试验还利用荧光粒子进行了阀隙流场测量,得到了层次清晰的抛物线状阀隙流速分布和阀隙区域的速度脉动分布。阀隙流场的PIV测量结果较好地验证了项目前期的数值模拟的结果。论文从PIV系统测量精度、粒子跟随性,以及光线折射三个方面讨论了PIV测量试验的误差情况。文章最后部分,根据阀隙流场最大流速的变化规律,通过拟合建立了阀隙流速的数学模型；根据阀隙流场的特性,结合实际工况钻井泥浆的特性和材料磨损的相关理论,综合分析了阀隙内湍流对泵阀磨粒磨损的影响以及阀隙流速特性对泵阀冲蚀磨损影响,并且对泵阀的改进提出了建议。
The failure of the drilling pump is always due to the break of the drilling pump valve which is one of the most important but also the weakest parts of the drilling pump, seriously affecting the normal operation of petroleum production. Over the decades, the degradation of drilling pump valves has been investigated extensively and various failure mechanisms have been proposed. However, no experimental test on the fluid has been successfully performed to support some of these mechanisms. In this thesis, tests on the flow within the valve play are carried out to investigate the factors resulting in the failure of the valve. With the designed experimental apparatus, the particle image velocimetry technology (PIV) is employed to perform the experimental research on the flow characteristics of the valve play. During the testing, particle images of the valve play are captured separately under 9 working conditions of different valve angles and different valve lifts, and states of the flow field are derived after image processing. With the results, the general features of the flow are analyzed and summarized from the perspectives of velocity profiles, vorticity distributions and trend charts of velocity. A PIV test with fluorescent particles is also conducted, presenting a clear parabolic layered profile of velocity and a distribution of the velocity fluctuation. The PIV results shows good agreement with previous numerical simulations of the flow. The measuring accuracy of PIV tests is discussed from aspects of precision of PIV system, following behavior of tracing particles and light refraction. Based on the variation of maximal velocity, a mathematical model of velocity in the valve play is established in the last part of the thesis, and according to the flow features and theories of material wear, the thesis gives a comprehensive evaluation of valve failure caused by erosion and abrasion in a practical valve working with drilling slurries and makes suggestions on the improvement of the pump valve.
The failure of the drilling pump is always due to the break of the drilling pump valve which is one of the most important but also the weakest parts of the drilling pump, seriously affecting the normal operation of petroleum production. Over the decades, the degradation of drilling pump valves has been investigated extensively and various failure mechanisms have been proposed. However, no experimental test on the fluid has been successfully performed to support some of these mechanisms. In this thesis, tests on the flow within the valve play are carried out to investigate the factors resulting in the failure of the valve. With the designed experimental apparatus, the particle image velocimetry technology (PIV) is employed to perform the experimental research on the flow characteristics of the valve play. During the testing, particle images of the valve play are captured separately under 9 working conditions of different valve angles and different valve lifts, and states of the flow field are derived after image processing. With the results, the general features of the flow are analyzed and summarized from the perspectives of velocity profiles, vorticity distributions and trend charts of velocity. A PIV test with fluorescent particles is also conducted, presenting a clear parabolic layered profile of velocity and a distribution of the velocity fluctuation. The PIV results shows good agreement with previous numerical simulations of the flow. The measuring accuracy of PIV tests is discussed from aspects of precision of PIV system, following behavior of tracing particles and light refraction. Based on the variation of maximal velocity, a mathematical model of velocity in the valve play is established in the last part of the thesis, and according to the flow features and theories of material wear, the thesis gives a comprehensive evaluation of valve failure caused by erosion and abrasion in a practical valve working with drilling slurries and makes suggestions on the improvement of the pump valve.
引文
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[2]牛勇,侯郁,龙运佳.我国钻井装备的发展及可靠性应用[J].石油工业技术监督,2000,16(10)：22-24,26
[3]付云霞.往复泵泵阀的失效分析与结构参数优化研究[D].大庆：大庆石油学院,2003
[4]夏元白.国内外钻井泵泵阀的结构及使用现状[J].国内外石油机械技术水平调研,1988,9：2-17
[5]杨国安.新型钻井泵泵阀结构设计及理论分析[D].山东东营：石油大学机电工程学院,1994
[6]Stjern G, Agle A, Horsrud P. Local rock mechanical knowledge improves drilling performancein fractured formations at the Heidrun field[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2003,38 (3-4):83-96
[7]李君裕.魏斯特法尔现象及泵阀运动规律的探讨[J].石油机械,1984,6：11-16
[8]孟英峰,梁红.往复泵泵阀运动规律的建模与仿真[J].石油机械,1995,23(5)：16-20
[9]赵仕俊.往复泵泵阀无冲击条件的讨论.石油钻采机械,1983,3：62-64
[10]Joffe S H D. The wear of pump valves in fine particle quartzite slurries[J]. Wear,1990,135(2): 279-291
[11]董刚,张九渊.固体粒子冲蚀磨损研究进展[J].材料科学与工程学报,2003,21(2)：307-312
[12]陈冠国,郝雪第.关于冲蚀磨损问题[J].河北理工学院学报,1997,19(4)：27-32
[13]庞佑霞,刘厚才,唐果宁.基于流体机械工况的冲蚀磨损特性研究[J].机械工程材料,2004,28(12)：36-38
[14]刘厚才,文泽军,庞佑霞.40Cr的冲蚀磨损性能研究[J].润滑与密封,2007,32(5)：79-80
[15]张凤田.压裂泵泵阀磨损机理研究及其有限元分析[D].南充：西南石油学院,2002
[16]王鑫.机械设备磨料磨损的分析与探讨[J].现代经济信息,2009,17：256-257
[17]王秀勇,路永明,张金中.钻井泵泵阀失效分析与机理[J].石油矿场机械,1994,23(1)：13-16
[18]王中辉,李安,张金中,等.钻井泵泵阀失效的故障树分析[J].石油矿场机械,1995,24(1)：26-27
[19]翟玉生,王吉俊,张金中,等.阀盘的运动特性与泵阀失效机理[J].石油大学学报：自然科学版,1996,20(5)：51-55
[20]郑水荣,王秀勇.钻井泵泵阀与阀座间的接触应力分析[J].石油机械,2001,29(9)：50-52
[21]翟玉生,李安.钻井泵阀隙钻井液流速分布初探[J].石油机械,1996,24(12)：16-19
[22]夏元白,何礼.钻井泵阀位移测试系统及位移测试[J].石油机械,1997,25(4)：31-33
[23]夏元白,邹华吉.钻井泵泵阀关闭时冲击力的测定[J].石油机械,2000,28(7)：15-16
[24]夏元白,罗辉.钻井泵阀冲击力的应变测试方法[J].石油矿场机械,2001,(6)：30-32
[25]WESTERWEEL J. Fundamentals of digital particle image velocimetry[J]. Measurement Science and Technology,1997,8 (12):1379-1392
[26]孙鹤泉,沈永明,王永学,等.PIV技术的几种实现方法[J].水科学进展,2004,15(1)：105-108
[27]杨小林,严敬.PIV测速原理与应用[J].西华大学学报(自然科学版),2005,24(1)：19-20
[28]盛森芝,徐月亭,袁辉靖.近十年来流动测量技术的新发展[J].力学与实践,2002,24(5)：1-14
[29]徐玉明,迟卫,莫立新.PIV测试技术及其应用[J].舰船科学技术,2007,29(3)：101-105
[30]董明哲,汪洋,蒋宁涛.PIV系统测量误差的实验评价方法以及实验参数的优化[J].实验流体力学,2005,19(2)：79-83
[31]北京立方天地科技发展有限责任公司.粒子图像分析系统使用手册.2008
[32]李军.PIV技术在涡轮静叶测量中的应用[J].激光与红外,2008,38(2)：105-108
[33]华东石油学院等七个单位.石油矿场往复泵[M].兰州石油机械研究所,1975.166
[34]陈卓如,金朝铭等.工程流体力学[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1987.78-81
[35]丁祖荣.流体力学(上册)[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003.179-182
[36]方昆凡.工程材料手册非金属材料卷[M].北京：北京出版社,2002.44-49
[37]郑津洋,董其伍,桑芝富.过程设备设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001.256-298
[38]Meinhart C D, Wereley S T, Santiago J G. PIV measurements of a microchannel flow[J]. Experiments in Fluids,27 (1999):414-419
[39]文键,厉彦忠,王斯民,等.基于PIV技术对换热器入口流场的可视化研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008,40(1)：113-117
[40]黄欢明.轴流泵内流场的数值模拟与PIV实验研究[D].上海：上海交通大学,2008
[41]阮驰,孙传东,白永林,等.水流场PIV测试系统示踪粒子特性研究[J].实验流体力学,2006,20(002)：72-77
[42]Willert C E, Gharib M. Digital particle image velocimetry[J]. Experiments in fluids,1991, 10(4):181-193
[43]Westerweel J, Dabiri D, Gharib M. The effect of a discrete window offset on the accuracy of cross-correlation analysis of digital PIV recordings [J]. Experiments in fluids,1997,23(1):20-28
[44]杨国安,黄聪,于丽.基于FLUENT的钻井泵阀隙流场仿真计算[J].石油矿场机械,2008,37(3)：41-44
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