塔里木盆地储层测井识别方法研究
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摘要
塔里木盆地是我国面积最大、含油气资源丰富的大型内陆叠合盆地。盆地的油气勘探经历了近五十年,期间先后在塔北、塔中、巴楚、库车等地的油气勘探获得了重大突破,发现了国内最大的海相碳酸盐岩油田、最大的海相砂岩油田和最大的陆相高压气田。近年来,不论是中石油还是中石化集团公司对塔里木盆地的海相油气勘探高度重视,特别是对下古生界海相碳酸盐岩油气聚集规律的研究成为当前高度关注的领域。盆地内的轮南、塔河、塔中等下古生界油气田的发现预示了海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的巨大前景。
碳酸盐岩储层评价是油气勘探与开发的一个世界难题,碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层有着极其复杂的孔隙空间结构与极强的各向异性,因此也一直是困扰测井解释工作者的一个巨大难题,尤其在流体性质方面,目前解释精度相对很低,一些看似好的储层实际测试却是水层,一些测井显示不好的储层段在酸压过后却是高产油层。由于大部分的测井仪器与测井方法都是针对均质性地层,到目前还没有一套针对碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层完善的测井评价方法,本文也正是基于这些问题,并在前人的研究基础上对本区碳酸盐岩储层做进一步的分析与研究。本论文取得的主要成果如下：
1、通过塔中区块录井显示资料的纵横向对比分析,发现纵向上油气显示主要集中在石炭系巴楚组、泥盆系东河塘组、志留系柯坪塔格组、奥陶系良里塔格组及鹰山组,其中以奥陶系鹰山组油气显示最为频繁；平而上卡1区块及顺托果勒区块油气显示最好。
2、天山南区块纵向上发育多套储层,钻进过程中多处见气测显示,显示主要集中在白垩系巴什基奇克组、舒善河组以及古近系的库姆格列木群。从纵向上各套储层测井解释情况来看,巴什基奇克组、苏维依组、库姆格列木群储层物性相对较好,亚格列木组因钻遇井为数不多,且岩石成分复杂而在各层组中物性最差。
3、根据四性关系分析：塔中区块石炭系及泥盆系东河砂岩物性及孔渗关系较好,其次为志留系与奥陶系物性及孔渗关系较差,碎屑岩地层主要的储集岩性为细砂岩,碳酸盐地层灰岩和云岩均可能成为储集层；天山南区块白垩系苏维依组以下至卡普沙良群储层物性相对较好,储层以中低孔低渗为主,储集类型属孔隙型储层,储层主要分布在中-细砂岩中。同时岩性是含油性的主控因素之一,不同岩性含油性亦不同,本区储层以细砂岩物性、含油性为最好,泥质粉砂岩、砾岩最差;储层物性和含油性具有一定相关性,物性越好,储层油气显示越好：随含油气饱和度增高,电阻率呈增高趋势。
4、天山南区块碎屑岩采用先识别砂岩(砾岩),再在砂岩(砾岩)中寻找孔隙发育段的方法识别储层,确定了储层电性下限：GR<90API;AC≥67μs/ft;CNL≥9%。
5、根据地质研究与岩心观察,认为塔中奥陶系礁滩体储层类型可分为：孔洞型、裂缝型、裂缝孔洞型、洞穴型。系统总结了这几类储层的地质特征及测井响应特征,建立了相应的判别标准,对孔洞和洞穴型储层的有效性评价方法进行了研究,提出了孔洞及洞穴充填程度和充填物的判别方法。
6、建立了适合天山南碎屑岩地层的电阻率绝对值判别法、孔隙度与含水饱和度交会法、束缚水饱和度与测井含水饱和度重叠法、电阻率与孔隙度交会法、三孔隙度重叠法等流体性质判别方法。探索建立了适合塔中碳酸盐岩地层的分类流体性质判别图版、电阻率指数流体识别图版及成像测井视地层水电阻率分布流体性质识别技术。
7、在储层四性关系研究基础上,分区块、分层位、分储集类型建立了塔中及天山南地区的孔、渗、饱、岩性、裂缝孔隙度等测井储层参数计算模型,所处理的储层参数与岩心分析数据具较好的相关性,证实所建立的储层参数计算模型能满足本区储层参数计算要求。
8、总结了塔中区块奥陶系主要的裂缝类型及成像特征,对裂缝的有效性判别方法进行了分析,并根据FMI裂缝解释成果,对卡1区块及顺托果勒区块进行了裂缝纵横向对比分析,结果表明：卡1区块裂缝纵向上主要发育在鹰山组及良里塔格组中上部,中18、中19井区裂缝发育程度较差。顺托果勒区块靠近塔中1号断裂的顺2井裂缝最发育,顺6井次之,顺4井构造平缓,裂缝最不发育。各井裂缝走向的横向变化很大,可以划分为单走向、双走向和多走向等类型。从裂缝的走向与构造线走向分析,部分井裂缝走向与构造线走向较为一致,如塔中86、塔中85、塔中66、中古1、古隆1、中2、中16等井,说明现今构造与古构造应力具有一定相似性。
9、对塔中区块成像测井裂缝走向与最大主应力方向关系进行分析,发现本区总体上地应力方向为北东~南西向,卡4区块中4井、中41井地应力方向变为北西、南东向,古隆1井位近似为南北偏东方向,与井旁大断层走向近似。成像测井裂缝走向与地应力方向整体一致,说明现今地应力方向有利于裂缝的张开,但中2、中17井裂缝走向与地应力方向夹角较大,不利于裂缝张开。
本论文的研究从实际资料出发,通过理论分析、实验室资料分析和实际测井资料研究,所建立的孔隙-裂缝-洞穴型储层测井评价分析方法在塔里木多个油气田应用、验证,效果显著。因此,本文的研究成果,不仅具有较强的理论意义,而且具有重要的实用价值。
This specification is set for the theses of Chengdu University of Technology. The Tarim Basin is the largest inland superimposed basin which enriches oil and gas resources in China. Oil and gas exploration in the basin has experienced almost50years, and we have made a series of significant breakthroughs in Tazhong, Tabei, Bachu, Kuche and other areas, and have found the largest marine carbonate oil field, marine sandstone oil field and continental high pressure gas field in our country. In recent years, CNPC and Sinopec attaches great importance to marine oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin, especially to research of oil and gas accumulation in Lower Paleozoic marine carbonate rocks. The discoveries of Lower Paleozoic oil and gas fields in Lunnan, Tahe and Tazhong areas indicate the great prospects of oil and gas exploration in marine carbonate rocks.
The carbonate reservoir evaluation is a world problem in the process of oil and gas exploration and development. Carbonate fractured reservoirs have extremely complex pore space structure and strong anisotropy, which also has been a huge problem troubling logging interpretation workers, especially in the fluid properties that has relatively low interpretation accuracy. Some seemingly good reservoirs are water layers after actual testing, and some logging display poor reservoirs are productive oil layers after acid fracturing. As most of the logging instruments and logging methods are for homogeneous strata, and there is not a perfect logging evaluation method for carbonate fractured reservoir, we make further analysis and research on carbonate reservoir in this thesis based on all the above issues and previous studies, and the main achievements are as follows:
1, Vertical and horizontal contrast analysis of logging information in Tazhong area reveals that oil and gas shows mainly concentrate in Carboniferous Bachu formation, Devonian Donghetang formation, Silurian Kepingtage formation, Ordovician Lianglitage and Yingshan formations in the vertical, among which Yingshan formation has the most frequent oil and gas shows; there are better oil and gas shows in Kal area and Shuntuoguole area in the plane.
2, In the vertical multiple sets of reservoirs are developed in Tianshannan area, and have many gas shows in drilling which are mainly concentrated in the Bashijiqike formation, ShuShanRiver formation of Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary KumuGeliemu formation. Seen from logging interpretation of each set of reservoir, reservoir physical properties of Bashijiqike formation, Suweiyi formation, and KumuGeliemu formation are relatively good, and Yageliemu formation has the worst physical property because of less drilled wells and complex rock composition.
3, According to the analysis of four characters of reservoir:properties and relationship of porosity and permeability in Carboniferous and Devonian Donghe sandstone in Tazhong area are relatively good, and that of Devonian and Ordovician are worse. Fine-grained sandstones are main reservoir lithology in clastic rocks, and limestone and dolomite are likely to become reservoirs in carbonate strata; reservoir properties from Cretaceous Suweiyi formation to Kapushaliangqun formation are relatively good in Tianshannan area, which are mainly low porosity and permeability, and reservoir type is pore space reservoir distributed in the medium-thin sandstone. Since that lithology is one of the main control factors of the property of oiliness, and different lithologys have different properties of oiliness, fine-grained sandstone has the best properties of physic and oiliness, that of muddy siltstone and conglomerate are the worst; there are some relationship between reservoir properties of physic and oiliness, the better the physical properties, the better the oil and gas shows of reservoirs; with increased hydrocarbon saturation, the resistivity rises.
4, We adopt this method to identify the reservoirs of clastic rocks in Tianshannan area:first identify sandstone (conglomerate), then search for pore growth section in sandstone (conglomerate), and determine the reservoir electrical minimum:GR <90API; AC≤67μs/ft; CNL≥9%.
5, According to geological studies and core observation, we believe that reservoir types of Ordovician reef-bank in Tazhong area can be divided into:Vuggy type, fractured type, Fractured-Vuggy type and cavernous type.We Systematicly summarize the geological features and logging response characteristics of these several types of reservoirs, establish the corresponding identification standards, research on the effectiveness evaluation method of Vuggy and cavernous reservoir, and put forwards identification methods of filling and filling degree of vug and caves.
6, We establish a series of methods to identify fluid properties, such as absolute value of resistivity discriminate method, porosity and water saturation intersection method, bound water saturation and water saturation overlapping method, resistivity and porosity intersection method, three porosity overlapping method and so on for Tianshannan clastic rocks; and explore to establish classification fluid properties discrimination plates, the resistivity index fluid identification plates and water resistivity distribution of imaging logging apparent formation fluid properties identification technology for carbonate rocks in Tazhong area.
7, On the basis of research on four characters of reservoir, we establish logging reservoir parameters calculation model of permeability, saturation, lithology, and fracture porosity in Tazhong area and Tianshannan area with division of blocks, formations and reservoir types. Processed reservoir parameters have good correlation with core analysis data, which confirms that the model of the reservoir parameters can meet with the computing requirements in this district.
8, We summarize Ordovician fracture types and imaging characteristics of Tazhong area, analysis the effectiveness of fracture discrimination and make vertical and horizonal contrast analysis of fractures in Kal area and Shuntuoguole area according to interpretation results of the FMI fractures, and results show that: fractures in Kal area are mainly developed in the Yingshan formation and the upper Lianglitage formation in the vertical, and the development degree of fractures in Zhong18, Zhong19well area is poorer. Fractures of Shun2well in Shuntuoguole area near Tazhong No.1fault are most developed, that of Shun6well are secondary, and that of Shun4well are worst because of its smooth structure. The lateral changes of the fracture trend of all wells are so big that fractures can be divided into single direction, double direction and multi-trends. Analysis from fractures trend and tectonic line, fracture trends of part of the wells, such as Tazhong86, Tazhong85, Tazhong66, Zhonggul, Gulong1, Zhong2, Zhongl6and so on, are more consistent with structure line, which explains that stress of present structure and the ancient structure has some similarity.
9, Analysis of relationship between FMI fracture strike and the direction of maximum principal stress in Tazhong area shows that the stress orientation in this area is NE-SW in general, but that of Zhong4, Zhong41in Ka4area becomes NW-SE, and that of near Gulongl is approximately by East form North to South, and approximate to orientation of the large fault near the well. The direction of the stress orientation and FMI fractures are overall consitent, which shows that at present stress direction is propitious to fracture growth, while there is a larger angle between fracture strike and stress orientation in Zhong2and Zhong17, and it is not conducive to fracture growth.
This thesis researches from the actual data, based on theoretical analysis, laboratory data analysis and actual logging data research, establishes a pore-fracture-cave reservoir logging evaluation methods, which are applied and validated in several Tarim oil and gas fields, and receives significant effect. Therefore, the research results not only have strong theoretical significance, but also have important practical value.
碳酸盐岩储层评价是油气勘探与开发的一个世界难题,碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层有着极其复杂的孔隙空间结构与极强的各向异性,因此也一直是困扰测井解释工作者的一个巨大难题,尤其在流体性质方面,目前解释精度相对很低,一些看似好的储层实际测试却是水层,一些测井显示不好的储层段在酸压过后却是高产油层。由于大部分的测井仪器与测井方法都是针对均质性地层,到目前还没有一套针对碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层完善的测井评价方法,本文也正是基于这些问题,并在前人的研究基础上对本区碳酸盐岩储层做进一步的分析与研究。本论文取得的主要成果如下：
1、通过塔中区块录井显示资料的纵横向对比分析,发现纵向上油气显示主要集中在石炭系巴楚组、泥盆系东河塘组、志留系柯坪塔格组、奥陶系良里塔格组及鹰山组,其中以奥陶系鹰山组油气显示最为频繁；平而上卡1区块及顺托果勒区块油气显示最好。
2、天山南区块纵向上发育多套储层,钻进过程中多处见气测显示,显示主要集中在白垩系巴什基奇克组、舒善河组以及古近系的库姆格列木群。从纵向上各套储层测井解释情况来看,巴什基奇克组、苏维依组、库姆格列木群储层物性相对较好,亚格列木组因钻遇井为数不多,且岩石成分复杂而在各层组中物性最差。
3、根据四性关系分析：塔中区块石炭系及泥盆系东河砂岩物性及孔渗关系较好,其次为志留系与奥陶系物性及孔渗关系较差,碎屑岩地层主要的储集岩性为细砂岩,碳酸盐地层灰岩和云岩均可能成为储集层；天山南区块白垩系苏维依组以下至卡普沙良群储层物性相对较好,储层以中低孔低渗为主,储集类型属孔隙型储层,储层主要分布在中-细砂岩中。同时岩性是含油性的主控因素之一,不同岩性含油性亦不同,本区储层以细砂岩物性、含油性为最好,泥质粉砂岩、砾岩最差;储层物性和含油性具有一定相关性,物性越好,储层油气显示越好：随含油气饱和度增高,电阻率呈增高趋势。
4、天山南区块碎屑岩采用先识别砂岩(砾岩),再在砂岩(砾岩)中寻找孔隙发育段的方法识别储层,确定了储层电性下限：GR<90API;AC≥67μs/ft;CNL≥9%。
5、根据地质研究与岩心观察,认为塔中奥陶系礁滩体储层类型可分为：孔洞型、裂缝型、裂缝孔洞型、洞穴型。系统总结了这几类储层的地质特征及测井响应特征,建立了相应的判别标准,对孔洞和洞穴型储层的有效性评价方法进行了研究,提出了孔洞及洞穴充填程度和充填物的判别方法。
6、建立了适合天山南碎屑岩地层的电阻率绝对值判别法、孔隙度与含水饱和度交会法、束缚水饱和度与测井含水饱和度重叠法、电阻率与孔隙度交会法、三孔隙度重叠法等流体性质判别方法。探索建立了适合塔中碳酸盐岩地层的分类流体性质判别图版、电阻率指数流体识别图版及成像测井视地层水电阻率分布流体性质识别技术。
7、在储层四性关系研究基础上,分区块、分层位、分储集类型建立了塔中及天山南地区的孔、渗、饱、岩性、裂缝孔隙度等测井储层参数计算模型,所处理的储层参数与岩心分析数据具较好的相关性,证实所建立的储层参数计算模型能满足本区储层参数计算要求。
8、总结了塔中区块奥陶系主要的裂缝类型及成像特征,对裂缝的有效性判别方法进行了分析,并根据FMI裂缝解释成果,对卡1区块及顺托果勒区块进行了裂缝纵横向对比分析,结果表明：卡1区块裂缝纵向上主要发育在鹰山组及良里塔格组中上部,中18、中19井区裂缝发育程度较差。顺托果勒区块靠近塔中1号断裂的顺2井裂缝最发育,顺6井次之,顺4井构造平缓,裂缝最不发育。各井裂缝走向的横向变化很大,可以划分为单走向、双走向和多走向等类型。从裂缝的走向与构造线走向分析,部分井裂缝走向与构造线走向较为一致,如塔中86、塔中85、塔中66、中古1、古隆1、中2、中16等井,说明现今构造与古构造应力具有一定相似性。
9、对塔中区块成像测井裂缝走向与最大主应力方向关系进行分析,发现本区总体上地应力方向为北东~南西向,卡4区块中4井、中41井地应力方向变为北西、南东向,古隆1井位近似为南北偏东方向,与井旁大断层走向近似。成像测井裂缝走向与地应力方向整体一致,说明现今地应力方向有利于裂缝的张开,但中2、中17井裂缝走向与地应力方向夹角较大,不利于裂缝张开。
本论文的研究从实际资料出发,通过理论分析、实验室资料分析和实际测井资料研究,所建立的孔隙-裂缝-洞穴型储层测井评价分析方法在塔里木多个油气田应用、验证,效果显著。因此,本文的研究成果,不仅具有较强的理论意义,而且具有重要的实用价值。
This specification is set for the theses of Chengdu University of Technology. The Tarim Basin is the largest inland superimposed basin which enriches oil and gas resources in China. Oil and gas exploration in the basin has experienced almost50years, and we have made a series of significant breakthroughs in Tazhong, Tabei, Bachu, Kuche and other areas, and have found the largest marine carbonate oil field, marine sandstone oil field and continental high pressure gas field in our country. In recent years, CNPC and Sinopec attaches great importance to marine oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin, especially to research of oil and gas accumulation in Lower Paleozoic marine carbonate rocks. The discoveries of Lower Paleozoic oil and gas fields in Lunnan, Tahe and Tazhong areas indicate the great prospects of oil and gas exploration in marine carbonate rocks.
The carbonate reservoir evaluation is a world problem in the process of oil and gas exploration and development. Carbonate fractured reservoirs have extremely complex pore space structure and strong anisotropy, which also has been a huge problem troubling logging interpretation workers, especially in the fluid properties that has relatively low interpretation accuracy. Some seemingly good reservoirs are water layers after actual testing, and some logging display poor reservoirs are productive oil layers after acid fracturing. As most of the logging instruments and logging methods are for homogeneous strata, and there is not a perfect logging evaluation method for carbonate fractured reservoir, we make further analysis and research on carbonate reservoir in this thesis based on all the above issues and previous studies, and the main achievements are as follows:
1, Vertical and horizontal contrast analysis of logging information in Tazhong area reveals that oil and gas shows mainly concentrate in Carboniferous Bachu formation, Devonian Donghetang formation, Silurian Kepingtage formation, Ordovician Lianglitage and Yingshan formations in the vertical, among which Yingshan formation has the most frequent oil and gas shows; there are better oil and gas shows in Kal area and Shuntuoguole area in the plane.
2, In the vertical multiple sets of reservoirs are developed in Tianshannan area, and have many gas shows in drilling which are mainly concentrated in the Bashijiqike formation, ShuShanRiver formation of Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary KumuGeliemu formation. Seen from logging interpretation of each set of reservoir, reservoir physical properties of Bashijiqike formation, Suweiyi formation, and KumuGeliemu formation are relatively good, and Yageliemu formation has the worst physical property because of less drilled wells and complex rock composition.
3, According to the analysis of four characters of reservoir:properties and relationship of porosity and permeability in Carboniferous and Devonian Donghe sandstone in Tazhong area are relatively good, and that of Devonian and Ordovician are worse. Fine-grained sandstones are main reservoir lithology in clastic rocks, and limestone and dolomite are likely to become reservoirs in carbonate strata; reservoir properties from Cretaceous Suweiyi formation to Kapushaliangqun formation are relatively good in Tianshannan area, which are mainly low porosity and permeability, and reservoir type is pore space reservoir distributed in the medium-thin sandstone. Since that lithology is one of the main control factors of the property of oiliness, and different lithologys have different properties of oiliness, fine-grained sandstone has the best properties of physic and oiliness, that of muddy siltstone and conglomerate are the worst; there are some relationship between reservoir properties of physic and oiliness, the better the physical properties, the better the oil and gas shows of reservoirs; with increased hydrocarbon saturation, the resistivity rises.
4, We adopt this method to identify the reservoirs of clastic rocks in Tianshannan area:first identify sandstone (conglomerate), then search for pore growth section in sandstone (conglomerate), and determine the reservoir electrical minimum:GR <90API; AC≤67μs/ft; CNL≥9%.
5, According to geological studies and core observation, we believe that reservoir types of Ordovician reef-bank in Tazhong area can be divided into:Vuggy type, fractured type, Fractured-Vuggy type and cavernous type.We Systematicly summarize the geological features and logging response characteristics of these several types of reservoirs, establish the corresponding identification standards, research on the effectiveness evaluation method of Vuggy and cavernous reservoir, and put forwards identification methods of filling and filling degree of vug and caves.
6, We establish a series of methods to identify fluid properties, such as absolute value of resistivity discriminate method, porosity and water saturation intersection method, bound water saturation and water saturation overlapping method, resistivity and porosity intersection method, three porosity overlapping method and so on for Tianshannan clastic rocks; and explore to establish classification fluid properties discrimination plates, the resistivity index fluid identification plates and water resistivity distribution of imaging logging apparent formation fluid properties identification technology for carbonate rocks in Tazhong area.
7, On the basis of research on four characters of reservoir, we establish logging reservoir parameters calculation model of permeability, saturation, lithology, and fracture porosity in Tazhong area and Tianshannan area with division of blocks, formations and reservoir types. Processed reservoir parameters have good correlation with core analysis data, which confirms that the model of the reservoir parameters can meet with the computing requirements in this district.
8, We summarize Ordovician fracture types and imaging characteristics of Tazhong area, analysis the effectiveness of fracture discrimination and make vertical and horizonal contrast analysis of fractures in Kal area and Shuntuoguole area according to interpretation results of the FMI fractures, and results show that: fractures in Kal area are mainly developed in the Yingshan formation and the upper Lianglitage formation in the vertical, and the development degree of fractures in Zhong18, Zhong19well area is poorer. Fractures of Shun2well in Shuntuoguole area near Tazhong No.1fault are most developed, that of Shun6well are secondary, and that of Shun4well are worst because of its smooth structure. The lateral changes of the fracture trend of all wells are so big that fractures can be divided into single direction, double direction and multi-trends. Analysis from fractures trend and tectonic line, fracture trends of part of the wells, such as Tazhong86, Tazhong85, Tazhong66, Zhonggul, Gulong1, Zhong2, Zhongl6and so on, are more consistent with structure line, which explains that stress of present structure and the ancient structure has some similarity.
9, Analysis of relationship between FMI fracture strike and the direction of maximum principal stress in Tazhong area shows that the stress orientation in this area is NE-SW in general, but that of Zhong4, Zhong41in Ka4area becomes NW-SE, and that of near Gulongl is approximately by East form North to South, and approximate to orientation of the large fault near the well. The direction of the stress orientation and FMI fractures are overall consitent, which shows that at present stress direction is propitious to fracture growth, while there is a larger angle between fracture strike and stress orientation in Zhong2and Zhong17, and it is not conducive to fracture growth.
This thesis researches from the actual data, based on theoretical analysis, laboratory data analysis and actual logging data research, establishes a pore-fracture-cave reservoir logging evaluation methods, which are applied and validated in several Tarim oil and gas fields, and receives significant effect. Therefore, the research results not only have strong theoretical significance, but also have important practical value.
引文
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