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中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的编制研究
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摘要
本研究旨在整合以往主观幸福感测量研究的基础上,编制一套中国城市居民主观幸福感量表,并对该量表进行了试用研究。整个研究都是围绕着中国城市居民主观幸福感量表编制这一主题展开的。全文由导言和另外四个部分组成。
     导言从分析人类度量幸福的努力、以及国内外主观幸福感测量研究所面临的状况入手,指出对主观幸福感测量进行深入研究、并编制一套中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的必要性,介绍了整个研究的总体构架、主要内容、以及基本的研究思路,说明了编制中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的重要现实意义。
     第一部分是中国城市居民主观幸福感量表编制的准备。首先从理论上为中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的编制进行了必要的准备。在整合以往主观幸福感测量研究和幸福形而上学探讨的基础上,本研究提出了体验论主观幸福感测量研究的观点与思路。认为,幸福是人们对现实生活的主观反映,它既同人们生活的客观条件密切相关,又体现了人们的需求和价值。主观幸福感正是由这些因素共同作用而产生的个体对自身存在与发展状况的一种积极的心理体验。体验论主观幸福感测量研究的着眼点在于主观幸福感体验的内容,即能够引起主观幸福感体验的体验对象。体验论主观幸福感测量坚持实证主义与现象学相结合的方法论,强调充分发挥研究者和被研究者的“双主体”作用。体验论主观幸福感测量研究所关注的是一种相对稳定的心理现象,并力求使所开发的测量工具在特定文化背景下具有普遍适用性。论文的第一部分还将几种常用主观幸福感量表试用于我国城市居民,证实了编制中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的必要性,并依据体验论主观幸福感的研究思路,采用深度访谈的方法,对我国城市居民主观幸福感的测量指标体系进行了初步建构。
     第二部分是中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的编制。本部分依据体验论主观幸福感测量的研究思路,在第一部分初步构建的我国城市居民主观幸福感测量指标体系的基础上,采用因素分析和逻辑分析相结合的方法,先后编制了四套城市居民主观幸福感测验,并在山东省范围内随机抽取了常模样组,取得了城市居民主观幸福感测验Ⅳ的山东地区常模,从而完成中国城市居民土观幸福感量表的编制。经检验,由54个项目组成的中国城市居民主观幸福感量表具有良好的测量
    
    学特性,该量表内容简洁,施测费时较少,操作简便易行,可以作为对我国城市
    居民主观生活质量进行动态检测和追踪研究的一种可供选择的工具,也可用于帮
    助城市居民个体在精神健康和心理发展方面进行诊断、咨询与指导。为了便于在
    大规模抽样调查研究中应用,在中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的基础上,本研究
    又编制了由20个项目组成的该量表的简本。本部分还对一我国城市居民主观幸福
    感的构成成分进行了实证的探索,探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析的结果,支
    持了第一部分提出的有关假定。
     第三部分是中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的试用研究。本部分由三项相对独
    立的研究组成。第一项研究采用了另一样本,对中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的
    信度和效度进行了检验,并以该量表为工具,考察了我国城市居民卞观幸福感在
    J胜别、年龄、教育、婚姻、职业、收入、地区以及城市规模等方面存在的组群差
    异。第二项研究对我国城市居民婚姻状况与主观幸福感量表的关系进行了初步研
    究,揭示了我国城市居民在二者关系上所表现的一些特点。第三项研究以我国城
    市老年被试为对象,对中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的测量特性进行了检验,并
    考察了受教育程度和家庭收入状况等因素对我国城市老年人主观幸福感的影响。
     论文的第四部分对整个研究进行了系统的总结。指出了本研究的特色与一些
    创新之处,分析了整个研究尚存在的问题与不足之处,并对今后的研究进行了展
    望与构想。
The purpose of this research was to develop the subjective well-being scale for Chinese citizens (SWBS-CC) based on the past subjective well-being measures, and to try the scale in applying research. The subject of the whole research is to develop SWBS-CC. This dissertation comprised introduction and other four sections.
    In the introduction, this research analyzed the effort of happiness measurement made by human being and the status of SWB measures inside and outside homeland. It was advanced to take deep investigation in SWB measures, and the urgent task was to develop SWBS-CC. In this section, we introduced the whole structure, the main content, and the essential train of thought in the present research. We also brought forward the important practical meaning of it.
    The first section named as the preparation for the workout of SWBS-CC. In this section, grounded in the past literature on measures of SWB and related literature on happiness from metaphysics, we proposed the standpoint and train of thought through experience view. It was considered that happiness was the subjective reflection to the real-life, it was not only related to the people's objective life condition, but also related to their need and value. SWB is the positive psychological experience to one's status of existence and development. The respect of measures research through experience view was the content of the experience, namely the object that brought the experience. The measures research through experience view would study in the conformity train of thought, and it would focus on the relatively steady psychological phenomenon. The measurement instrument developed through this view would be suitable generally. In this section, we also analyzed the metrical characteristics of some familiar self-repor
    ted SWB scales when they were applied to Chinese citizen. It was found that there were some limitations in these scales owing to the cultural difference, and it was necessary to develop a suitable scale to measure SWB of Chinese citizens. Based on the existing literature and deep interview, we put forward the primary system of measures indicators for Chinese citizen.
    The second section named as workout of SWBS-CC. In this section, according as the system of measures indicators posed in section one, and according as research through experience view and grounded in the past theoretical and empirical literature, we developed the SWBS-CC through factor analysis and logical analysis. Firstly
    
    
    According as the indicators system, we collected and created items to develop the SWB questionnaire I for Chinese citizen which contained 150 items, and then we got SWB I for Chinese citizen which contained 43 items through factor analysis and logical analysis. It was prove to have good internal consistency reliability and criterion validity, but the items that it contained were insufficient and were asymmetrical in each dimensionality. Thus, we added some items and developed questionnaire II, and obtained test II through the same method. The rest might be deduced by analogy, and the test IV which contained 54 items belonged to 10 sub-tests were developed finally. It had good reliability and validity. Using systematic random sampling techniques, we sampled normal sample group (N = 1103) from Shandong province. We got the norm of Shandong area through applying test IV to the normal sample group. Thus, the development of SWBS-CC was finished. In order to fit for large-scale research, we developed the brief SWBS-CC which containing 20 items. In this section we also explored the structure of Chinese citizen's SWB through empirical method. The outcome of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesis that the SWB of Chinese citizen comprised pleasure & developmental experience and physical & mental health experience.
    The third section named as research on applying the SWBS-CC. This section was made up of three relatively independent researches. In research 1, we selected another sample (N = 646) to verify the reli
引文
[1] 柏拉图,《理想国》第162-173页。
    [2] 18世纪末,英国功利主义伦理学鼻祖边沁继承了西方哲学史上快乐主义的传统,从“最大多数人的最大幸福(the greatest happiness of the greatest number)”原则出发,解释个体与社会的利益调整以及个人的行为选择问题。在边沁看来,特定的行为能否给个人和社会带来幸福,可以通过计算人们从中体验到的快乐和痛苦情感的量来加以判断。所体验到的快乐或痛苦的量由强度(intensity)、持续时间(duration)、确定程度(certainty or uncertainty)、切近程度((?)ropinquity or remoteness)、增殖性(fecundity)、纯度(purity)、扩展范围(extent)七个因素决定.他还设计了一套完整的计算方法来度量个人的苦乐状态及社会的苦乐趋势(唐凯鳞,2000)。边沁的努力重新激发了人们度量幸福的兴趣,但是由于过分注重构成幸福情感要素的量,他的研究也受到了广泛的质疑。边沁思想的重要继承者穆勒就曾毫不客气地指出,“我们估计一切其他东西的价值的时候,都把品质与分量同加考虑;偏偏以为快乐只按分量来估价,这就未免荒谬了”(穆勒:《功用主义》第8页)。19世纪后半期,英国另一位功利主义伦理学大师西季威克,对边沁之后伦理学对幸福度量的探索进行了较为系统的反思.西季威克认为,伦理学对幸福度量的有关研究,主要基于利己的快乐主义的假设,它包括经验的快乐主义和客观的快乐主义两种取向。然而,这两种研究取向所得到的结果,都是极不可靠的。经验的快乐主义采取的是经验-反思的方法,由于受到主体状态和外部条件的影响,人们对快乐的体验总是模糊不定,甚至体验到虚假的幸福;而且,用当前的体验来预测未来的幸福状态,足极不可靠的。客观的快乐主义在对幸福进行度量时,着眼于幸福的客观条件和根源,而且依据的是常识或多数人的意见,似乎较为合理。但是仔细分析便可发现,在人们的日常习惯与追求中,引导他们对幸福做出估价的那些原则,却往往是错误的和虚假的,因而这种方法也具有不准确性和不确定性(西季威克,《伦理学方法》第119-182页)。在西季威克看来,伦理学对幸福的实证研究,既无可能也无必要。自此以后,伦理学基本将对幸福的实证研究拒斥于自身的研究范围之外,
    [3] Well-being一词有“幸福”、“健康”、“福利”之意.韦氏英语辞典1997年版对well-being的解释是:一种良好的或满意的生存条件;一种健康(health)、幸福(happiness)、兴旺(prosperity)的状态;福利(welfare)。从字面意义上看,subjective well-being可以译作“主观幸福”、“主观健康” (在这层含义上运用较多的另一术语是psychological well-being)或“主观福利”。事实上,从不同的研究取向出发,国外的有关研究对上述几个方面几乎均有涉及。总的看来,“主观幸福”(或“幸福感”)大致可以涵盖其它两个方面,加之我国研究者大多也习惯了“主观幸福感”这一译法,所以本研究仍然沿用这一概念,不做过多的文字与逻辑上的推敲。
    [4] 胡塞尔,《纯粹现象学通论》第43页。
    [5] 胡塞尔,《现象学与哲学的危机》第49页。
    [6] 体验能否以及如何成为科学心理学研究的对象,是一个值得认真研究的问题,鉴于本论文的重点在于主观幸福感的测量,在此对该问题不做详细展开,仅提出一些基本研究思路。值得注意的是,20世纪以来“体险”这种心理状态已经引起了多学科的关注。60年代德国哲学家伽达默尔在《真理与方法》一书中曾对“体险”概念进行了较为系统的形而上学考察(H.G.Gademer,1960)。80年代苏联心理学家瓦西留克曾试图从心理适应的角度将体验作为一个新的心理学范畴而加以阐释(瓦西留克,1989)。上世纪末,两位美国学者Pine与Gilmore在《哈佛商业评论》上撰文认为,继农业经济、工业经济、服务经济之后,体验经济将成为第四个经济发展阶段(B.J.Pine II、J.H.Gilmore,1998)。在跨世纪之际,有人甚至揣测21世纪是否可能成为“体验的时代”(孙利天,2001).在体验已经成为一种广为关注的心理现象之时,科学心理学不能不对之作出相应的反映。
    
    
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