锦州湾重金属污染状况及其对菲律宾蛤仔的遗传损伤
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摘要
本论文通过开展锦州湾海域的水体、沉积物和生物体重金属的监测,并选取菲律宾蛤仔为材料,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测了重金属对体外暴露的菲律宾蛤仔鳃细胞的遗传损伤,对该海域三大介质中重金属污染物的分布变化规律、重金属的遗传毒性进行了研究。主要结论如下:
(1)调查海域水体中4种溶解态重金属的平均浓度高值区主要出现在一些工厂和排污口附近海域。锦州湾重金属污染因子是Cd和Zn,其次是Pb。污染程度为Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞Cu。锦州湾海区重金属污染程度高于毗邻的连山湾与小凌河口。
(2)调查海域表层沉积物中重金属分布在小凌河口海区由近岸向远岸升高,连山湾则反之;锦州湾海区Cu与Pb分布无规律,Zn含量呈现随着远离污染源而升高的趋势,Cd相反。潮间带表层沉积物重金属的分布由近岸向海升高。调查海域和潮间带沉积物4种重金属潜在生物毒性风险依次为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn和Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn。潜在生态危害指数(77.83)处于轻微污染,对生态系统的危害程度依次为锦州湾＞小凌河口＞连山湾。锦州湾潮间带潜在的生态危害极强(RI为445.84)。
(3)锦州湾底栖软体动物体内,Cu、Cd、As和Hg的含量都低于《海洋生物质量》中的一类标准与我国无公害食品的标准,而Pb和Zn则略超标,污染程度依次为Pb＞Zn＞As＞Cd＞Cu＞Hg。沉积物对不同重金属的富集能力依次为Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd,底栖软体动物是Cu＞Pb＞Zn＞Cd。
(4)菲律宾蛤仔鳃细胞的DNA损伤和Cu、Pb与Cd处理浓度之间存在明显的剂量一效应关系,Zn没有检测到遗传毒性。在一类水质标准下,Cd表现出明显的遗传损伤,而在二类水质标准下,Cu与Pb都开始出现明显的遗传损伤;一类水质下的联合浓度没有检测到遗传毒性,二类水质下的联合浓度都开始出现明显的遗传损伤,三、四类水质标准下的联合浓度的遗传损伤与二类水质下的联合浓度相比出现降低的趋势,锦州湾海水中的重金属浓度对菲律宾蛤仔鳃细胞的遗传损伤程度也在一类与二类重金属联合浓度下处理的遗传损伤程度之间。因此,单细胞凝胶电泳技术在海洋环境污染评价上的应用是可行的。
Jinzhou Bay has been identified as one of the main heavy metal polluted coastal regions along the Chinese coastline.By monitoring of heavy metal in the water, sediment and organism of Jinzhou Bay,the trend of heavy metal distribution and change was carried on,and genotoxic damage was tested in gill cells of clam(Ruditapes philippinarum) exposed to heavy metal in vitro using the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay).The main results are shown as follows:
(1) The highest concentrations of dissolved metal were determined in samples collected from southwest of the bay near sewage outfalls and plants.The concentrations of dissolved metals increased toward inshore as compared with the offshore.The principal contaminated factors were Zn and Cd,and next was Pb in the Jinzhou Bay. The pollution level from high to low is Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞Cu.Jinzhou Bay areas is most contaminative areas.
(2) The distribution trend of heavy metal in sediment of Xiaoling Estuary is increasing from inshore to offshore,that of Lianshan Bay is contrary.The distribution of Cu and Pb in Jinzhou Bay is irregular,but that of Zn increase with the distance from pollution source,and that of Cd is contrary.The distribution trend of heavy metal in tidal sediment of Jinzhou Bay is increasing from inshore to sea.Potential ecological risk order is following:Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn in sea area sediment and Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn in tidal sediment.Potential ecological risk index in sea area and tidal sediment is 77.83 and 445.84,respectively.The degree of contamination and the potential ecological risk are low in sea area sediment and extremely higher in tidal sediment,which Cd is the main contribute to.The degree of contamination and the potential ecological risk order is following:Jinzhou Bay＞Xiaoling Estuary＞Lianshan Bay.
(3) Cu,Cd,As and Hg content in marine benthons mollusk is below the classⅠstandard for marine biological quality,but Pb and Zn exceed the classⅠstandard. The degree of contamination in marine mollusk order is following:Pb＞Zn＞As＞Cd＞Cu＞Hg.The sediment enrich more heavy metal than mollusk.The accumulate capability sequence of sediment is Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd,that of marine mollusk is Cu＞ Pb＞Zn＞Cd.
(4) There is good dose-effect relationship for DNA damage induced by Cu,Pb and Cd. Zn treatment has no influence on DNA damage levels of gill cells isolated from clam(R. philippinarum) in vitro.As expected,gill cells exhibit a increase in DNA damage induced by Cd at very low concentrations(the ClassⅠof Sea Water Quality Standard in China),a significant increase in DNA damage induced by Cd,Cu and Pb from the ClassⅡ.DNA damage of gill cells is not detected at the classⅠof 4 heavy metals blended concentration,the classⅡof 4 heavy metals blended concentration exposures caused significant differences in DNA damage of gill cells.DNA damage levels of gill cells shows a decreasing trend with the ClassⅢandⅣconcentration.DNA damage levels induced by the mean 4 heavy metals blended concentration of Jinzhou Bay between that of induced by the ClassⅢandⅣblended concentration.The comet assay could represent a useful test to evaluate the biological consequences of environmental contamination by metals on marine organisms,being sensitive to cellular damage
(1)调查海域水体中4种溶解态重金属的平均浓度高值区主要出现在一些工厂和排污口附近海域。锦州湾重金属污染因子是Cd和Zn,其次是Pb。污染程度为Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞Cu。锦州湾海区重金属污染程度高于毗邻的连山湾与小凌河口。
(2)调查海域表层沉积物中重金属分布在小凌河口海区由近岸向远岸升高,连山湾则反之;锦州湾海区Cu与Pb分布无规律,Zn含量呈现随着远离污染源而升高的趋势,Cd相反。潮间带表层沉积物重金属的分布由近岸向海升高。调查海域和潮间带沉积物4种重金属潜在生物毒性风险依次为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn和Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn。潜在生态危害指数(77.83)处于轻微污染,对生态系统的危害程度依次为锦州湾＞小凌河口＞连山湾。锦州湾潮间带潜在的生态危害极强(RI为445.84)。
(3)锦州湾底栖软体动物体内,Cu、Cd、As和Hg的含量都低于《海洋生物质量》中的一类标准与我国无公害食品的标准,而Pb和Zn则略超标,污染程度依次为Pb＞Zn＞As＞Cd＞Cu＞Hg。沉积物对不同重金属的富集能力依次为Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd,底栖软体动物是Cu＞Pb＞Zn＞Cd。
(4)菲律宾蛤仔鳃细胞的DNA损伤和Cu、Pb与Cd处理浓度之间存在明显的剂量一效应关系,Zn没有检测到遗传毒性。在一类水质标准下,Cd表现出明显的遗传损伤,而在二类水质标准下,Cu与Pb都开始出现明显的遗传损伤;一类水质下的联合浓度没有检测到遗传毒性,二类水质下的联合浓度都开始出现明显的遗传损伤,三、四类水质标准下的联合浓度的遗传损伤与二类水质下的联合浓度相比出现降低的趋势,锦州湾海水中的重金属浓度对菲律宾蛤仔鳃细胞的遗传损伤程度也在一类与二类重金属联合浓度下处理的遗传损伤程度之间。因此,单细胞凝胶电泳技术在海洋环境污染评价上的应用是可行的。
Jinzhou Bay has been identified as one of the main heavy metal polluted coastal regions along the Chinese coastline.By monitoring of heavy metal in the water, sediment and organism of Jinzhou Bay,the trend of heavy metal distribution and change was carried on,and genotoxic damage was tested in gill cells of clam(Ruditapes philippinarum) exposed to heavy metal in vitro using the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay).The main results are shown as follows:
(1) The highest concentrations of dissolved metal were determined in samples collected from southwest of the bay near sewage outfalls and plants.The concentrations of dissolved metals increased toward inshore as compared with the offshore.The principal contaminated factors were Zn and Cd,and next was Pb in the Jinzhou Bay. The pollution level from high to low is Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞Cu.Jinzhou Bay areas is most contaminative areas.
(2) The distribution trend of heavy metal in sediment of Xiaoling Estuary is increasing from inshore to offshore,that of Lianshan Bay is contrary.The distribution of Cu and Pb in Jinzhou Bay is irregular,but that of Zn increase with the distance from pollution source,and that of Cd is contrary.The distribution trend of heavy metal in tidal sediment of Jinzhou Bay is increasing from inshore to sea.Potential ecological risk order is following:Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn in sea area sediment and Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn in tidal sediment.Potential ecological risk index in sea area and tidal sediment is 77.83 and 445.84,respectively.The degree of contamination and the potential ecological risk are low in sea area sediment and extremely higher in tidal sediment,which Cd is the main contribute to.The degree of contamination and the potential ecological risk order is following:Jinzhou Bay＞Xiaoling Estuary＞Lianshan Bay.
(3) Cu,Cd,As and Hg content in marine benthons mollusk is below the classⅠstandard for marine biological quality,but Pb and Zn exceed the classⅠstandard. The degree of contamination in marine mollusk order is following:Pb＞Zn＞As＞Cd＞Cu＞Hg.The sediment enrich more heavy metal than mollusk.The accumulate capability sequence of sediment is Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd,that of marine mollusk is Cu＞ Pb＞Zn＞Cd.
(4) There is good dose-effect relationship for DNA damage induced by Cu,Pb and Cd. Zn treatment has no influence on DNA damage levels of gill cells isolated from clam(R. philippinarum) in vitro.As expected,gill cells exhibit a increase in DNA damage induced by Cd at very low concentrations(the ClassⅠof Sea Water Quality Standard in China),a significant increase in DNA damage induced by Cd,Cu and Pb from the ClassⅡ.DNA damage of gill cells is not detected at the classⅠof 4 heavy metals blended concentration,the classⅡof 4 heavy metals blended concentration exposures caused significant differences in DNA damage of gill cells.DNA damage levels of gill cells shows a decreasing trend with the ClassⅢandⅣconcentration.DNA damage levels induced by the mean 4 heavy metals blended concentration of Jinzhou Bay between that of induced by the ClassⅢandⅣblended concentration.The comet assay could represent a useful test to evaluate the biological consequences of environmental contamination by metals on marine organisms,being sensitive to cellular damage
引文
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