海州湾前三岛海域栉孔扇贝生态增养殖原理与关键技术
|
摘要
以海州湾前三岛周围海域为研究地点,开展了栉孔扇贝岛屿生态增养殖理论和关键技术研究。调查了海区的地理、水文、水化学环境以及饵料供应能力;现场测定了栉孔扇贝的滤水率,根据扇贝实际生长情况结合水动力学因子评估了该海域的养殖容量;监测了不同养殖模式情况下栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及污损生物附着情况;利用免疫学指标揭示了各种养殖方式下栉孔扇贝的健康状态;研究了不同水温、扇贝规格对敌害生物捕食的影响;优化了该海域栉孔扇贝的养殖模式和关键技术。主要研究结果如下:
1.查明了前三岛海域理化环境、生物资源等现状。前三岛海域水质优良,生物资源丰富,虽然饵料浓度相对较低,但是该海域海流畅通,水交换条件好,较高的流速可以弥补饵料浓度的不足,适合开展栉孔扇贝增养殖。由于各项理化因子随着时间和水深的变化而发生变化,必须根据实际情况,对养殖模式等进行相应调整,才能获得更高经济和生态效益。
2.较为系统地研究了前三岛海域深水筏式养殖栉孔扇贝生理生态学特征,评估了养殖容量。周年监测了海域的环境因子和栉孔扇贝的生长情况,利用生物沉积法,现场研究了各时期扇贝的滤食作用。结果表明:该海域养殖栉孔扇贝在当年秋、冬季和次年春季生长迅速,夏季生长相对缓慢,周年平均软组织生长速度为11.29 mg/d,平均干贝壳生长速度为48.84 mg/d,扇贝能够于次年年初达到商品规格(6cm)。不同时期栉孔扇贝的滤水率之间差异显著,滤水率随水温的升高和扇贝规格的增大而增加。利用改进的Incze等(1981)的养殖容量模型,评估了该海域养殖容量,结果表明:在现有条件下,各时期沿着海流方向适养区域长度分别为:4.0,4.6,4.7,5.1,4.5和3.2 km,平均为4.35 km。
3.揭示了不同养殖水层栉孔扇贝存活、生长以及免疫指标特征。于2007年夏、秋高温季节监测了5个不同水层(2, 5, 10, 15,与20 m)筏式养殖栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及免疫指标特征。研究表明各水层栉孔扇贝成活率差异显著,其中15 m(78.0%)和20 m(86.7%)成活率要明显高于2 m(62.9%),5 m(60.8%),和10 m(66.8%);夏季(7~9月)各水层壳高生长速度有较大差异,其中10m (205.0μm/d)与20 m(236.9μm/d)要显著高于2,5,和15 m,而秋季(9~11月份)20m生长速度最低,5m水层(262.9μm/d)要显著高于其他水层;不同水层扇贝软组织生长情况与壳的生长情况类似;扇贝血淋巴SOD活性随着水深的加深而增大,15和20 m养殖的栉孔扇贝ACP活性要高于其他水层,这表明深水养殖栉孔扇贝健康状态要优于浅水层。
4.比较研究了筏式和底播两种养殖方式情况下栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及免疫指标的周年变化。结果表明夏季栉孔扇贝的生长、免疫酶活性要低于其他季节,扇贝死亡也基本集中于夏、秋高温季节。除了2008年春季壳高以外,筏式养殖栉孔扇贝的生长、免疫酶活性都要高于底播养殖。实验结束时筏式养殖的成活率(54.6±12.3 %)要显著地低于底播养殖(86.8±3.5 %)。由此可见,在夏、秋季高温季节采取底播养殖提高成活率,然后转为筏式养殖以提高生长速度,这样可以获得更高的产量。
5.研究了日本蟳和多棘海盘车对栉孔扇贝的捕食机制。现场研究表明,成年日本蟳可以捕食壳高小于5.0 cm的栉孔扇贝,捕食强度随着水温的升高而增大,而壳高大于5.9 cm的栉孔扇贝则可以免遭日本蟳的捕食;与栉孔扇贝相比,日本蟳更倾向于捕食贻贝;室内模拟研究表明水温低于10℃时,日本蟳对大规格扇贝的捕食作用不明显。相同温度条件下,室内实验日本蟳的捕食强度要低于现场,但其温度系数(Q10)差别不大。室内实验表明多棘海盘车对栉孔扇贝也有很强的捕食作用。提出了提高底播栉孔扇贝成活率的方法,即选择大规格的扇贝在水温较低的秋、冬季进行底播。
The Qiansan Islets of Haizhou Bay were chosen for the ecological aquaculture of scallop Chlamys farreri. The geography, hydrology, environmental quality and food supply capacity were studied from May 2007 to June 2008. The clearance rate was estimated in situ, and the carrying capacity was evaluated by the actual growth rate of C.farreri and hydrology of the area. Survival, growth and immunity activities were studied at different culture depths and with different culture methods. The predation of scallop by crab Charybdis japonica and seastar Asterias amurensis were also studied, both in situ and in the laboratory. All of this yielded information on the best way to culture C. farreri in this area. The results are as follows:
1.The sea water quality was very high, and although the food quantity is low in the seawater, the high current speed can make up for lack of food concentration. The environmental parameters varied with water depth, so that culture methods need to be adjusted in terms of the actual situation to obtain a better quality of shellfish products.
2.The growth of scallop Chlamys farreri suspended in deep water of Haizhou Bay were studied from July 2007 to June 2008; and the biodeposition method was used to estimate the clearance rate of C. farreri under field conditions. Results showed that the scallop grew fast during all the culture time, with the exception of summer. The average growth rate of dry tissue weight was 11.29 mg/d, and that of dry shell weight was 48.84 mg/d, the scallop reaching commercial size (6cm in shell height) at the beginning of the second year. The clearance rate is influenced significantly by water temperature and scallop size. It increased with a rise in water temperature for the same scallop size, and it likewise increased with an increase in scallop size under constant water temperature. Using the improved Incze et al. (1981) model to evaluate the carrying capacity of scallop cultured in the area,we found that area lengths suitable for scallop culture along the current direction at different times were 4.0, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 4.5 and 3.2 km respectively, with an average value of 4.35 km.
3.The survival, growth, and immune response of C. farreri cultured in lantern nets at 5 different depths (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 m below the sea surface) were studied in Haizhou Bay during summer and autumn, 2007. The survival and growth rates of the scallops were quantified bimonthly. Immune activities in haemolymph (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acid phosphatase (ACP)) were measured to evaluate their health at the end of the study. Environmental parameters at the 5 depths also were monitored during the experiment. The mortality of the scallops mainly occurred during summer, and their survival when suspended at 15 m (78.0%) and 20 m (86.7%) was significantly higher than at 2 m (62.9%), 5 m (60.8%), and 10 m (66.8%) at the end of this study. The mean shell height growth rate was significantly faster at 10 m (205.0μm/d) and 20 m (236.9μm/d) than at 2, 5, and 15 m in summer (July 9 to September 1); but the shell growth rate at 20 m was significantly lower than at the other 4 depths in autumn (September 2 to November 6). In contrast with summer, the scallops at 5 m grew the fastest (262.9μm/d) during autumn. The growth of soft tissue at different depths manifested a trend similar to that of the shells. There was a faster growth rate of shell height and soft tissue in autumn than in summer, with the exception of the shell height at 20 m. The SOD activity of the scallops increased with depth, and the ACP activity was significantly higher at 15 and 20 m than at other depths, which suggests that scallops were healthier near the bottom. Factors explaining the depth-related mortality and growth of scallops are also discussed.
4.We examined the growth, survival, and immune response of C. farreri, during a 1- year period in deep water of Haizhou Bay. Scallops were cultured using two methods, (1) in lantern nets at 5 m depth, and (2) in bottom culture system (sleeves) on the seabed. Shell height, meat dry weight, and immune activities in haemolymph (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)) were quantified bimonthly or quarterly from July 2007 to June 2008. Survival was measured at the end of the study, and environmental parameters in the experimental layers were monitored during the experiment. The growth and immune activities of the scallops were lower during summer than at other periods, and the main mortality occurring in summer and autumn. The growth and immunity of the scallops were higher in suspended culture than in bottom culture during the experiment, with the exception of shell growth during the last study period. The survival of scallops in suspended culture (54.6±12.3 %) was significantly lower than in bottom culture (86.8±3.5 %) at the end of the study. We conclude from our results that high mortality of C. farreri can be prevented by culturing them in the bottom culture system during summer and autumn and then transferring them to suspended culture to improve scallop production.
5.The predation of C. farreri by crab Charybdis japonica and seastar Asterias amurensis was examined in situ and in the laboratory at different water temperatures. Results showed that the predation rate of small scallop (shell height<5.0 cm) increased with increasing water temperature, but that predation is negligible when the shell height of scallop exceeded 5.9 cm and also when the water temperature is lower than 10℃. The in situ predation rate was higher than in the laboratory with the same seawater temperature, but the Q10 values were similar in the two different methods. The best way to enhance the survival of bottom cultured C. farreri is to seed large scallops in autumn and winter when the water temperature is low.
1.查明了前三岛海域理化环境、生物资源等现状。前三岛海域水质优良,生物资源丰富,虽然饵料浓度相对较低,但是该海域海流畅通,水交换条件好,较高的流速可以弥补饵料浓度的不足,适合开展栉孔扇贝增养殖。由于各项理化因子随着时间和水深的变化而发生变化,必须根据实际情况,对养殖模式等进行相应调整,才能获得更高经济和生态效益。
2.较为系统地研究了前三岛海域深水筏式养殖栉孔扇贝生理生态学特征,评估了养殖容量。周年监测了海域的环境因子和栉孔扇贝的生长情况,利用生物沉积法,现场研究了各时期扇贝的滤食作用。结果表明:该海域养殖栉孔扇贝在当年秋、冬季和次年春季生长迅速,夏季生长相对缓慢,周年平均软组织生长速度为11.29 mg/d,平均干贝壳生长速度为48.84 mg/d,扇贝能够于次年年初达到商品规格(6cm)。不同时期栉孔扇贝的滤水率之间差异显著,滤水率随水温的升高和扇贝规格的增大而增加。利用改进的Incze等(1981)的养殖容量模型,评估了该海域养殖容量,结果表明:在现有条件下,各时期沿着海流方向适养区域长度分别为:4.0,4.6,4.7,5.1,4.5和3.2 km,平均为4.35 km。
3.揭示了不同养殖水层栉孔扇贝存活、生长以及免疫指标特征。于2007年夏、秋高温季节监测了5个不同水层(2, 5, 10, 15,与20 m)筏式养殖栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及免疫指标特征。研究表明各水层栉孔扇贝成活率差异显著,其中15 m(78.0%)和20 m(86.7%)成活率要明显高于2 m(62.9%),5 m(60.8%),和10 m(66.8%);夏季(7~9月)各水层壳高生长速度有较大差异,其中10m (205.0μm/d)与20 m(236.9μm/d)要显著高于2,5,和15 m,而秋季(9~11月份)20m生长速度最低,5m水层(262.9μm/d)要显著高于其他水层;不同水层扇贝软组织生长情况与壳的生长情况类似;扇贝血淋巴SOD活性随着水深的加深而增大,15和20 m养殖的栉孔扇贝ACP活性要高于其他水层,这表明深水养殖栉孔扇贝健康状态要优于浅水层。
4.比较研究了筏式和底播两种养殖方式情况下栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及免疫指标的周年变化。结果表明夏季栉孔扇贝的生长、免疫酶活性要低于其他季节,扇贝死亡也基本集中于夏、秋高温季节。除了2008年春季壳高以外,筏式养殖栉孔扇贝的生长、免疫酶活性都要高于底播养殖。实验结束时筏式养殖的成活率(54.6±12.3 %)要显著地低于底播养殖(86.8±3.5 %)。由此可见,在夏、秋季高温季节采取底播养殖提高成活率,然后转为筏式养殖以提高生长速度,这样可以获得更高的产量。
5.研究了日本蟳和多棘海盘车对栉孔扇贝的捕食机制。现场研究表明,成年日本蟳可以捕食壳高小于5.0 cm的栉孔扇贝,捕食强度随着水温的升高而增大,而壳高大于5.9 cm的栉孔扇贝则可以免遭日本蟳的捕食;与栉孔扇贝相比,日本蟳更倾向于捕食贻贝;室内模拟研究表明水温低于10℃时,日本蟳对大规格扇贝的捕食作用不明显。相同温度条件下,室内实验日本蟳的捕食强度要低于现场,但其温度系数(Q10)差别不大。室内实验表明多棘海盘车对栉孔扇贝也有很强的捕食作用。提出了提高底播栉孔扇贝成活率的方法,即选择大规格的扇贝在水温较低的秋、冬季进行底播。
The Qiansan Islets of Haizhou Bay were chosen for the ecological aquaculture of scallop Chlamys farreri. The geography, hydrology, environmental quality and food supply capacity were studied from May 2007 to June 2008. The clearance rate was estimated in situ, and the carrying capacity was evaluated by the actual growth rate of C.farreri and hydrology of the area. Survival, growth and immunity activities were studied at different culture depths and with different culture methods. The predation of scallop by crab Charybdis japonica and seastar Asterias amurensis were also studied, both in situ and in the laboratory. All of this yielded information on the best way to culture C. farreri in this area. The results are as follows:
1.The sea water quality was very high, and although the food quantity is low in the seawater, the high current speed can make up for lack of food concentration. The environmental parameters varied with water depth, so that culture methods need to be adjusted in terms of the actual situation to obtain a better quality of shellfish products.
2.The growth of scallop Chlamys farreri suspended in deep water of Haizhou Bay were studied from July 2007 to June 2008; and the biodeposition method was used to estimate the clearance rate of C. farreri under field conditions. Results showed that the scallop grew fast during all the culture time, with the exception of summer. The average growth rate of dry tissue weight was 11.29 mg/d, and that of dry shell weight was 48.84 mg/d, the scallop reaching commercial size (6cm in shell height) at the beginning of the second year. The clearance rate is influenced significantly by water temperature and scallop size. It increased with a rise in water temperature for the same scallop size, and it likewise increased with an increase in scallop size under constant water temperature. Using the improved Incze et al. (1981) model to evaluate the carrying capacity of scallop cultured in the area,we found that area lengths suitable for scallop culture along the current direction at different times were 4.0, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 4.5 and 3.2 km respectively, with an average value of 4.35 km.
3.The survival, growth, and immune response of C. farreri cultured in lantern nets at 5 different depths (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 m below the sea surface) were studied in Haizhou Bay during summer and autumn, 2007. The survival and growth rates of the scallops were quantified bimonthly. Immune activities in haemolymph (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acid phosphatase (ACP)) were measured to evaluate their health at the end of the study. Environmental parameters at the 5 depths also were monitored during the experiment. The mortality of the scallops mainly occurred during summer, and their survival when suspended at 15 m (78.0%) and 20 m (86.7%) was significantly higher than at 2 m (62.9%), 5 m (60.8%), and 10 m (66.8%) at the end of this study. The mean shell height growth rate was significantly faster at 10 m (205.0μm/d) and 20 m (236.9μm/d) than at 2, 5, and 15 m in summer (July 9 to September 1); but the shell growth rate at 20 m was significantly lower than at the other 4 depths in autumn (September 2 to November 6). In contrast with summer, the scallops at 5 m grew the fastest (262.9μm/d) during autumn. The growth of soft tissue at different depths manifested a trend similar to that of the shells. There was a faster growth rate of shell height and soft tissue in autumn than in summer, with the exception of the shell height at 20 m. The SOD activity of the scallops increased with depth, and the ACP activity was significantly higher at 15 and 20 m than at other depths, which suggests that scallops were healthier near the bottom. Factors explaining the depth-related mortality and growth of scallops are also discussed.
4.We examined the growth, survival, and immune response of C. farreri, during a 1- year period in deep water of Haizhou Bay. Scallops were cultured using two methods, (1) in lantern nets at 5 m depth, and (2) in bottom culture system (sleeves) on the seabed. Shell height, meat dry weight, and immune activities in haemolymph (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)) were quantified bimonthly or quarterly from July 2007 to June 2008. Survival was measured at the end of the study, and environmental parameters in the experimental layers were monitored during the experiment. The growth and immune activities of the scallops were lower during summer than at other periods, and the main mortality occurring in summer and autumn. The growth and immunity of the scallops were higher in suspended culture than in bottom culture during the experiment, with the exception of shell growth during the last study period. The survival of scallops in suspended culture (54.6±12.3 %) was significantly lower than in bottom culture (86.8±3.5 %) at the end of the study. We conclude from our results that high mortality of C. farreri can be prevented by culturing them in the bottom culture system during summer and autumn and then transferring them to suspended culture to improve scallop production.
5.The predation of C. farreri by crab Charybdis japonica and seastar Asterias amurensis was examined in situ and in the laboratory at different water temperatures. Results showed that the predation rate of small scallop (shell height<5.0 cm) increased with increasing water temperature, but that predation is negligible when the shell height of scallop exceeded 5.9 cm and also when the water temperature is lower than 10℃. The in situ predation rate was higher than in the laboratory with the same seawater temperature, but the Q10 values were similar in the two different methods. The best way to enhance the survival of bottom cultured C. farreri is to seed large scallops in autumn and winter when the water temperature is low.
引文
Adema CM, Van der Knaap WPW, Sminia T.1991.Molluscan haemocyte-mediated cytotoxicity: the role of reactive oxygen intermediates. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 4: 201-223.
Arsenault DJ, Himmelman JH. 1996. Size-related changes in vulnerability to predators and spatial refuge use by juvenile Iceland scallop Chlamys islandica. Marine Ecology progress Series 140: 115-122.
Austin KA, Paynter KT. 1995. Characterization of chemiluminescence measured in haemocytes of the Eastern oyster, Crassostera virginica. Journal of Experimental Zoology 273:461- 471.
Avenda?o M, Cantillánez M, Thouzeau G, 2007. Effects of water depth on survival and growth of Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819) spat in northern Chile. Aquaculture International 16: 377-391.
Axiak V,George JJ, Moore MN. 1998. Petroleum hydrocarbon in the marine bivalve venus verrucosa:accumulation and cellular responses.Marine Biology 97:225-230.
Bacher C, Grant J, Hawkins AJS, Fang JG, Zhu MY, Besnard M. 2003. Modelling the effect of food depletion on scallop growth in Sungo Bay (China) Aquat Living Resour 16 :10-24.
Bacon GS, MacDonald BA, Ward JE. 1998. Physiological responses of infaunal (Mya arenaria) and epifaunal (Placopecten magellanicus) bivalves to variations in the concentration and quality of suspended particles I. Feeding activity and selection. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 219:105-125.
Barbeau MA, Scheibling RE. 1994a. Temperature effects on predation of juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin)) by sea stars (Asterias vulgaris Verrill) and crabs (Cancer irroratus Say). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 182:27-47.
Barbeau MA, Scheibling RE. 1994b. Behavioral mechanisms of prey size selection by sea stars (Asterias vulgaris Verrill) and crabs (Cancer irroratus Say) preying on juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin)) .Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 180:103-136.
Benetti DD, Brand L, Collins J, Orhun MR, Benetti A, O'Hanlon BC, Danylchuk A, Alston D.E., Rivera JA, Cabarcas-Nu?ez A. 2006 Can offshore aquaculture be sustainable. WorldAquaculture 37: 44-47.
Bergh ?, Strand ?. 2001. Great scallop, Pecten maximus, research and culture strategies in Norway: a review. Aquaculture International 9, 305-318.
Bishop, MJ Rivera JA, Irlandi EA, Ambrose WG. Peterson GH.2005. Spatio-temporal patterns in the mortality of bay scallop recruits in North Carolina: investigation of a life history anomaly, 315(2): 127-146.
Boulding, EG, Hay TK. 1984. Crab response to prey density can result in density-dependent mortality of clams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41:521-525.
Box, A., A. Sureda, F. Galgani, A. Pons and S. Deudero, 2007. Assessment of environmental pollution at Balearic Islands applying oxidative stress biomarkers in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.Pt. C 146: 531-539.
Bricelj, V.M. Shumway S. 1991. Physiology: energy acquisition and utilization. In: Shumway, S.E. (Ed.), Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam. p. 305-346.
Broom MJ, Mason J. 1978. Growth and spawning in the pectinid Chlamys opercularis in relation to temperature and phytoplankton concentration. Marine Biology 47, 227-285.
Brown JR, Hartwick EB. 1988. Influences of temperature, salinity and available food upon suspended culture of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, 1: absolute and allometric growth. Aquaculture 70: 231-251.
Bustamante P, Miramand P. 2005.Subcellular and body distributions of 17 trace elements in the variegated scallop Chlamys varia from the French coast of the Bay of Biscay.Sci Total environ. 337:59-73.
Campa-Córdova AI, Hernández-Saavedra NY, Ascencio F. 2002. Superoxide dismutase as modulator of immune function in American white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 133, 557-565.
Cano J, Campos MJ, Román G. 2000. Growth and mortality of the king scallop grown in suspended culture in Malaga, Southern Spain. Aquaculture International 8, 207-225.
Carver CEA, Mallet AL, 1990. Estimating the carrying capacity of a coastal inlet for mussel culture. Aquaculture, 88(1):39-53.
Chan H M. 1988. Accumulation and tolerance to cadmium, copper, lead and zinc by the green mussel, Perna viridis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 48: 295-303.
Chen JH, Mai KS, Ma HM, Wang XJ, Deng D, Liu XW, Xu WM, Liufu ZG, Zhang WB, Tan BP, Ai QH. 2007a. Effects of dissolved oxygen on survival and immune responses of scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 22, 272-281.
Chen JH, Mai KS, Ma HM, Wang XJ, Deng D, Liu XW, Xu WM, Liufu ZG, Zhang WB, Tan BP, Ai QH, 2007b. Effects of dissolved oxygen on survival and immune responses of scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 22: 272-281.
Chen MY, Yang HS, Delaporte M, Zhao SJ, Xing K. 2007b. Immune responses of the scallop Chlamys farreir after air exposure to different temperatures. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345, 52-60.
Chen TC . 1978. Aminopeptidase and lysozyme activity levels and Serum protein concentrations in Biomphalaria glabrata (mullusca) challenged with bacteria. J Invertebrate Pathology, 32:297-302.
Cheng TC. 1989. Immunodeficiency disease in marine mollusks: measurements of some variables. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 1: 209-216.
Claereboudt MR., Burreau D, CotéJ, Himmelman JH. 1994. Fouling development and its effect on the growth of juveniles giant scallop (Placopecten magallanicus) in suspended culture. Aquaculture, 121: 324-342.
Cossins AR, Bowler K.1987. Temperature biology of animals. Chapman and Hall, London.
Cranford PJ. 1995. Relationships between food quantity and quality and absorption efficiency in sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 189, 123-142.
Crisp DJ,1971. Energy flow measurements. In: Holm NA, McInytre AD (eds) Methods for the study of marine benthos, IBP Handbook No. 16. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p 197-279.
Dahlb?ck B, Gunnarsson L. ?. H.1981. Sedimentation and sulfate reduction under a mussel culture. Marine Biology 63, 269-275.
Demple B. 1999. Radical ideas: genetic responses to oxidative stress. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 26, 64-68.
Downs C.A., Fauth, J.E. & Woodley C.M. (2001) Assessing the health of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) exposes to natural and anthropogenic stressors: a molecular biomarkersystem. Marine Biotechnology 3, 380-397.
Duarte P,Meneses R, Hawkins A J S et al, 2003.Mathematical modeling to assess the carrying capacity for multi-species culture within coastal Waters. Ecol Model,168: 109-143.
Emerson CW., Grant J, Mallet A. , Carver C. 1994. Growth and survival of sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus: effects of culture depth. Marine Ecology Progress Series 108, 119-132.
Fang JG, Sun HL, Yan J P,et al. 1996. Polyculture of scallop Chlamys farreri and kelp Laminaria japonicain Sanggou bay. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 14(4): 322-329.
Feng SY. 1988. Cellular defense mechanisms of oysters and mussels. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 18,153-168.
Fernandes, S., P. Sobral and L. van Duren, 2007. Clearance rates of Cerastoderma edule under increasing current velocity. Cont. Shelf Res. 27: 1104-1115.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2007. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2006. FAO Fisheries Department, Rome, Italy.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) .2008. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2007. FAO Fisheries Department, Rome, Italy.
Freites L, Himmelman JH, Babarro JM, Lodeiros CJ, Vélez A. 2001. Bottom culture of the tropical scallop Lyropecten (Nodipecten) nodosus (L.) in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture International 9, 45-60.
Frishman Z, Nooman A, Naidu KS, Cahill FM. 1980. Farming scallop in Newfoundland, Canada: A cost-benefit analysis. Third International Pectinid Workshop, Port Erin, Isle of Man, 28 pp. Gibbs M M, James MR,. Pickmere SE, Woods PH. 1991. Hydrodynamics and water column
properties at six stations associated with mussel farming in Perlorus Sound, 1984–1985. New Zealand J. Marine Freshwater Res 25:239-254.
Giles H, Pilditch CA. 2006. Effects of mussel (Perna canaliculus) biodeposit decomposition on benthic respiration and nutrient fluxes. Mar Biol 150:261-271.
Grant J, Bacher CA. 2001. Numerical model of flow modification induced by suspended aquaculture in a Chinese bay. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58(5): 1003-1011.
Grant J,CW, Emerson A,, Mallet Carver C. 2003. Growth advantages of ear hanging compared to cage culture for sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus. Aquaculture 217: 301–323.
Grecian LA, Parsons GJ, Dabinett P, Couturier C.2000. Influence of season, initial size, depth, gear type and stocking density on the growth rates and recovery of sea scallop, Placopecten magellanius, on a farm-based nursery. Aquaculture International 8, 183-206.
Guo X M, Ford S, Zhang FS. 1999. Molluscan aquaculture in China. J. Shellfish Res,18:19-31.
Hamada T, Yamashita N, Watanabe T, Natsume S. 2001. Drilling position of the ear affects growth and mortality of scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis, Jay) in ear-hanging culture. Aquaculture 193, 249-256.
Hamza-Chaffai A, Pellerin J, Amiard JC.2003. Health assessment of a marine bivalve Ruditapes decussatus from the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia). Environment International.28, 609-617.
Hargrave BT, Burns NM. 1979. Assessment of sediment trap collection efficiency. Limnol Oceanogr, 24(6):1124-1136.
Harrison JE, Schultz J. 1978. Myeloperoxidase: confirmation and nature of hemebinding inequivalence. Resolution of a carbonyl-substituted heme. Biochimica and Biophysica Acta 536, 341-349.
Hatcher A, Grant J, Schofield B. 1994. Effects of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation, benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 115: 219-235.
Hatcher BG, Scheibling RE, Barbeau MA, Hennigar AW, Taylor LH,Windust AJ. 1996.
Dispersion and mortality of a population of sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) seeded in a tidal channel. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:38-54.
Hawkins AJS, Fang JG, Pascoe PL, Zhang JH, Zhang XL, Zhu MY. 2001. Modelling short-term responsive adjustments in particle clearance rate among bivalve suspension-feeders: separate unimodal effects of seston volume and composition in the scallop Chlamys farreri. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 262(1): 61-73.
Ho J, Zheng GX. 1994 Ostrincola koe (Copepoda, Myicolidae) and mass mortality of cultured hard clam (Meretrix meretrix) in China. Hydrobiologia 284: 169-173.
Holmblad T,S?derh?ll K. 1999. Cell adhesion molecules and antioxidative enzymes in a crustacean, possible role in immunity. Aquaculture 172:111-123.
Honkoop PJC, Bayne BL. 2002. Stocking density and growth of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) in Port Stephens, Australia.Aquaculture 213:171-186.
Ibarrola I, Navarro E, Iglesias JIP. 1998. Short-term adaptation of digestive processes in the cockle Cerastoderma edule exposed to different food quantity and quality. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 168, 32-40.
Iglesias JIP, Urrutia MB, Navarro E et al.1998. Measuring feeding and absorption in suspension-feeding bivalves: an appraisal of the biodeposition method..J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 219: 71-86.
Inglis GJ, Hayden BJ, Ross AH. 2000 . An overview of factors affecting the carrying capacity of coastal embayments for mussel culture. Report NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand), p. 31.
Irato P,Piccinni E, Cassini A, Santovito G..2007. Antioxidant responses to variations in dissolved oxygen of Scapharca inaequivalvis and Tapes philippinarum, two bivalve species from the lagoon of Venice. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 54: 1020-1030.
Juanes F, Hartwick EB. 1990.Prey size selection in dungeness crabs: the effect of claw damage. Ecology, 71:744-758.
Kam LE, Leung P, Ostrowski AC. 2003. Economics of offshore aquaculture of Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis) in Hawaii. Aquaculture 223: 63-87.
Kamenos NA, Moore PG, Hall-Spencer JM. 2004. Maerl grounds provide both refuge and high growth potential for juvenile queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis L.). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 313:241-54.
Kaspar HF, Gillespie PA, Boyer IC , MacKenzie A L. 1985. Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle and benthic communities in Kenepuru Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Marine Biology 85:127-136.
King EJJagatheesan. KA. 1959. A method for the determination of tartrate labile prostatic acid phosphatase in serum. J. Clin. Path. 12: 85-89.
Kirby-Smith, WW, Barber RT. 1974. Suspension-feeding aquaculture systems: effects of phytoplankton concentration and temperature on growth of the bay scallop. Aquaculture 3: 135-145.
Kirby-Smith WW. 1972. Growth of the bay scallop: the influence of experimental water currents. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 8: 7-18.
Lau PS, Wong HL, Garrigues P. 2004. Seasonal variation in antioxidative responses and acetylcholinesterase activity in Perna viridis in eastern oceanic and western estuarine waters of Hong Kong. Continental Shelf Research 24: 1969-1987.
Liu SL, Jiang XL, Hu XK, Gong J, Hwang H, Mai KS. 2004. Effects of temperature on non-specific immune parameters in two scallop species: Argopecten irradians (Lamarck 1819) and Chlamys farreri (Jones & Preston 1904). Aquaculture Research 35: 678–682.
Livingstone DR. 2001. Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42: 65-66.
Lodeiros CJM , Himmelman JH. 2000. Identification of factors affecting growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture, 182: 91-114.
Lodeiros C, Pico D, Prieto A, Narváez N, Guerra A. 2002. Growth and survival of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata (R?ding 1758) in supended and bottom culture in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture International 10: 327-338.
Lodeiros CJM, Himmelman JH. 1996. Influence of fouling on the growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac (L. 1758) in suspended culture. Aquaculture Research 27, 749-756.
Lodeiros CJM, Himmelman JH. 2000. Identification of factors affecting growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture 182, 91-114.
Lodeiros CJM, Rengel JJ, Freites L, Morales F, Himmelman JH. 1998. Growth and survival of the tropical scallop Lyropecten (Nodipecten) nodosus maintained in suspended culture at three depths. Aquaculture 165, 41-50.
Lodeiros CJM, Himmelman JH. 1996. Influence of fouling on the growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac (L. 1758) in suspended culture. Aquaculture Research 27: 749-756.
Lodeiros CJM, Himmelman JH. 2000. Identification of factors affecting growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture182: 91-114.
Lodeiros CJM, Rengel JJ, Freites L, Morales F, Himmelman JH. 1998. Growth and survival of the tropical scallop Lyropecten (Nodipecten) nodosus maintained in suspended culture at three depths. Aquaculture 165: 41-50.
López DA, Riquelme VA, González ML. 2000. The effects of epibionts and predators on the growth and mortality rates of Argopecten purpuratus cultures in southern Chile. Aquaculture International 8, 431-442.
Lou YS. 1991. Physiology: energy acquisition and utilization. In: Shumway, S.E. (Ed.), Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 809-824.
MacDonald BA, Thompson RJ. 1986. Influence of temperature and food availability on the ecological energetics of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus. Marine Biology 93, 37-48.
Maeda-Martínez AN, Ormart P, Mendez L, Acosta B, Sicard MT. 2000. Scallop growout using a new bottom-culture system. Aquaculture 189:73-84.
Maguire JA, Burnell GM. 2001. The effect of stocking density in suspended culture on growth and carbohydrate content of the adductor muscle in two populations of the scallop (Pecten maximus L.) in Bantry Bay, Ireland. Aquaculture 198: 95-108.
Mao YZ, Zhou Y, Yang HS, et al. 2006. Seasonal variation in metabolism of cultured Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Sanggou Bay, China. Aquaculture, 253: 322-333.
Martinez G, Brokordt K, Aguilera C et al, 2000. Guderley H.Effect of diet and temperature upon muscle metabolic capacities and biochemical composition of gonad and muscle in Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck 1819. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 247(1):29-49.
Mendoza Y, Freites L, Lodeiros CJ, López JA, Himmelman JH. 2003. Evaluation of biological and economical aspects of the culture of the scallop Lyropecten (Nodipecten) nodosus in suspended and bottom culture. Aquaculture 221: 207-219.
Minchin D. 1992. Biological observations on young scallops, Pecten maximus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72: 807-819.
Morel GM, Bossy SF 2001. A seeding experiment of juvenile great scallops (Pecten maximus (L.)) off the Island of Jersey. Aquaculture International 9:367-377.
Navarro JM, Leiva GE, Martinez G, Aguilera C. 2000. Interactive effects of diet and temperature on the scope for growth of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus during reproductive conditioning. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 247: 67-83
Newell RC, Branch GM. 1980. The influence of temperature on the maintenance of metabolic energy balance in marine invertebrates. Adv mar Biol 17:329-396.
Ngo, TTT, Kang SG, Kang DH, Sorgeloos P, Choi KS.2006. Effect of culture depth on the proximate composition and reproduction of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas from Gosung Bay, Korea. Aquaculture 253: 712-720.
Nickell TD, Moore PG. 1992. The behavioural ecology of epibenthic scavenging invertebrates in the Clyde Sea area: laboratory experiments on attractions to bait in moving water, underwater TV observation in situ and general conclusions. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 159: 15-35.
Nunes JP, Ferreira JG, Gazeau F et al.2003. A model for sustainable management of shellfish polyculture in coastal bays.Aquaculture 219: 257-277.
Ordás M.C., Novoa B. & Figueras A. (2000) Modulation of the chemiluminescence response of Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) haemocytes. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 10: 611-622.
Pan LQ, Ren JY, Liu J. 2005. Effects of benzo(k)fluoranthene exposure on the biomarkers of scallop Chlamys farreri. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 141:248-256.
Pan LQ, Ren JY, Liu J. 2006. Responses of antioxidant systems and LPO level to benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(k) fluoranthene in the haemolymph of the scallop Chlamys ferrari. Envrion. Pollut. 141: 443-451.
Parsons JG, Dadswell MJ. 1992. Effect of stocking density on growth, production, and survival of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, held in intermediate culture in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick. Aquaculture 103:291-309.
Patrick S, Faury N, Goulletquer P. 2006. Seasonal changes in carbohydrate metabolism and its relationship with summer mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) in Marennes–Oléron bay (France). Aquaculture 252:328-338.
Pellerin-Massicotte J. 1994. Oxidative processes as indicators of chemical stress in marine bivalves. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health. 3: 101-111.
Pilditch CA, Grant J, Bryan KR. 2001. Seston supply to sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) in suspended culture; Shellfish mariculture in the Benguela system: Water flow patterns within a mussel farm in Saldanha. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58(2): 241-253.
Pilditch CA, Grant J. 1999. Effect of temperature fluctuations and food supply on the growth and metabolism of juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). Marine Biology 134, 235-248.
Powers SP, Kittinger JN. 2002. Hydrodynamic mediation of predator–prey interactions: differential patterns of prey susceptibility and predator success explained by variation in water flow. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 273:171-187.
Qian PY, Wu CY, Wu M. 1996. Integrated cultivation of the red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and the pearl oyster Pinctada martensi. Aquaculture 147: 21-25.
Ribera D, Narbonne JE, Daubeze M, Michel X. 1989. Characterisation, tissue distribution and sexual differences of some parameters related to lipid peroxidation in mussels. Mar. Environ. Res. 28: 279-283.
Román G., Campos MJ, Acosta CP, Cano J.1999. Growth of the queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) in suspended culture: influence of density and depth. Aquaculture 178: 43-62.
Sakurai I, Seto M. 2000.Movement and orientation of the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay) in response to water flow. Aquaculture , 181: 269-279.
Santovito G., Piccinni E, Cassini A, Irato P, Albergoni V. 2005. Antioxidant responses of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, to environmental variability of dissolved oxygen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, C: 140, 321-329.
SaràG, Mazzola A.2004.The carrying capacity for Mediterranean bivalve suspension feeders: evidence from analysis of food availability and hydrodynamics and their integration into a local model. Ecol Modell 179:281-296.
Schneider DW, Madon SP, Stoeckel JA, Sparks RE, 1998. Seston quality controls zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) energetics in turbid rivers. Oecologia 117:331-341.
Silina AV, Zhukova NV. 2007. Growth variability and feeding of scallop Patinopecten yessoensis on different bottom sediments: evidence from fatty acid analysis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 348: 46-59.
Somani SM, Husain K, Schlorff EC. 1997. Response of antioxidant system to physical andchemical stress. In: Baskin, S.I., Salem, H. (Eds.), Oxidants, Antioxidants, and Free Radicals. Taylor Francis, Washington, DC. p. 125-141.
Songsangjinda P, Matsuda O, Yamamoto T, Rajendran N, Maeda H. 2000. The role of suspended oyster culture on the nitrogen cycle in Hiroshima Bay. J. Oceanogr 56, 223–231.
Strohmeier T, Aure J, Duinker A, Castberg T, Svardal A, Strand ?. 2005. Flow reduction, seston depletion, meat content and distribution of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in a long-line blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) farm. J Shellfish Res. 24:15-23.
Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. 1988. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical Chemistry 34: 497-500.
Taylor JJ, Southgate PC, Rose RA. 1997b. Fouling animals and their effect on the growth of silver-lip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in suspended culture. Aquaculture 153: 31-40.
Taylor JJ, Rose RA, Southgate PC, Taylor CE. 1997a. Effects of stocking density on growth and survival of early juvenile silver-lip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson), held in suspended nursery culture. Aquaculture 153: 41-49.
Telfor T, Robinson K. 2003 Environmental quality and carrying capacity for aquaculture in mulroy bay co. donegal. Marine Environment and Health Series,9.
Tomaru Y, Kawabata Z, Nakano S. 2001. Mass mortality of the Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii in relation to water temperature, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton composition. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 44: 61-68.
Tomaru Y, Kumatabara Y, Kawabata Z, Nakano S. 2002. Effect of water temperature an chlorophyll abundance on shell growth of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, in suspended culture at different depths and sites. Aquac. Res. 33: 109-116.
Tremblay R, Myrand B, Sevigny J, Blier P, Guderley H. 1998. Bioenergetic and genetic parameters in relation to susceptibility of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis (L.) to summer mortality. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 221: 27-58.
Uddin MJ, Park KI, Kang DH, Park YJ, Choi KS. 2007. Comparative reproductive biology of Yezo scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, under two different culture systems on the east coast of Korea. Aquaculture 265:139-147.
Uki N. 2006. Stock enhancement of the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis in Hokkaido.Fisheries Research 80: 62-66.
Vélez A, Freites L, Himmelman JH, Senior W, Marín N. 1995. Growth of the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac, in bottom and suspended culture in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture 136, 257-276.
Ventilla RF. 1982. The scallop industry in Japan. Advances in Marine Biology 20: 310-381.
Viarengo A, Canesi L, Pertica M, Livingstone DR. 1991. Seasonal variations in the antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation of the digestive gland of mussels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 100C:187-190.
Viarengo A, Pertica M, Canesi L, Accomando R, Mancinelli G, Orunesu M. 1989. Lipid peroxidation and level of antioxydant compounds (GSH, Vitamin E) in the digestive glands of mussels of three different age groups exposed to anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Mar. Environ. Res. 28: 291-295.
Vyshkvartsev D I, Regulev V N, Reguleva T N, et al. 2005.The Role of the Oldest Mariculture Farm in Restoration of Stock of the Japanese Scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1856) in Posyet Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 31(3):181-186.
Wildish DJ, Saulnier AM. 1993. Hydrodynamic control of filtration in Placopecten magellanicus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 174: 65-82.
Wilhelm Filho D, Tribess TA, Gáspari C, Claudio FD, Torres MA , Magalh?es ARM. 2001. Seasonal changes in antioxidant defenses in the digestive gland of the brown mussel (Perna perna). Aquaculture 203, 149-158.
Wills ED.1987. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation in lipids and biological membranes. In: K. Snell, B. Mullock (eds) Biochemical Toxicology a Practical Approach IRL Press, Oxford, Washington DC. pp 127-152.
Wong MC, Barbeau MA. 2003. Effects of substrate on interactions between juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus Gmelin) and predatory sea stars (Asterias vulgaris Verrill) and rock crabs (Cancer irroratus Say). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 287: 155-178.
Xiao J, Ford SE, Yang HS, Zhang GF, Zhang FS, Guo XM. 2005. Studies on mass summer mortality of cultured Zhikong scallops (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston) in China. Aquaculture 250: 602-615.
Xing J, Lin TT, Zhan WB. 2008. Variations of enzyme activities in the haemocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri after infection with the acute virus necrobiotic virus (AVNV). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 25: 847-852.
Yang HP, Zhang FS , Guo X. 2000. Triploid and tetraploid Zhikong, Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston, produced by inhibiting polar body I. M arine Biotechnology 2: 466-475.
Zhou Y, Yang HS, Liu SL, Yuan XT, Mao YZ, Liu Y, Xu X L Zhang FS.Feeding and growth on bivalve biodeposits by the deposit feeder Stichopus japonicus Selenka (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) co-cultured in lantern nets. Aquaculture 256: 510-520.
包振民,万俊芬,王继业,等. 2002.海洋经济贝类育种研究进展.青岛海洋大学学报, 32(4): 567-573.
毕远溥. 2006.大连黑岛海域筏式养殖试验.水产科学. 25(9):468-470.
董双林,李德尚. 1998.认海水养殖的养殖容量.青岛海洋大学学报... 28(2):253-258.
董双林,潘克厚. 2000.海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展.青岛海洋大学学报, 30(4):575-582.
方建光,张爱君. 1996.桑沟湾栉孔扇贝养殖容量的研究.海洋水产研究, 17(2): 18-31.
付卓朱守维. 2008.锦州浅海毛蚶底播增养殖成效调查,河北渔业2:39-42.
国家海洋局. 2007.海洋监测规范.海洋出版社.
贺广凯. 1996.黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体中重金属残留量水平.中国环境科学16(2):96-100.
贺先钦,薛真福,王有君,等.1997.虾夷扇贝地播增殖的试验.水产科学.16 (2): 7-10.
胡颢琰,唐静亮,王益鸣,等. 2006.浙江近岸有害赤潮发生区麻痹性贝毒素研究,海洋环境科学, 25(1): 63-65.
季如宝,毛兴华,朱明远. 1998.贝类养殖对海湾生态系统的影响,黄渤海海洋.16(1):21-27.
蒋增杰,方建光,门强,王巍. 2006.桑沟湾贝类筏式养殖与环境相互作用研究.南方水产. 2(1): 23-29.
孙慧玲,匡世焕.1996.桑沟湾栉孔扇贝不同养殖方式及适宜养殖水层研究.中国水产科学, 3(4): 60-65.
匡世焕,孙慧玲,李锋等.1996a.桑沟湾栉孔扇贝不同季节滤水率和同化率的比较.海洋与湖沼,27(2): 194-199.
匡世焕,孙慧玲,李锋.1996b.栉孔扇贝生殖活动前后的滤食和生长.海洋水产研究, 17(2): 80-86.
李德尚,熊邦喜. 1994.水库对投饵网箱养鱼的负荷力水生生物学报. 18(3):223-229
李文姬,薛真福. 2005.持续发展虾夷扇贝的健康增养殖.水产科学24(9): 50-52.
刘剑昭李德尚. 2000.关于水产养殖容量的研究.海洋科学.24(10): 28-29.
刘小林,常亚青,相建海,刘宪杰,李富花,刘保忠.2003.栉孔扇贝中国种群与日本种群杂交一代的中期生长发育.水产学报. 27(30):193-199.
卢振彬,杜琦,蔡清海,方民杰等. 2004.福建罗源湾贝类的养殖容量.中国水产科学, 11(2): 104-110.
马洪明,刘晓伟,麦康森,邓登,刘付志国. 2006.盐度突降对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)抗病力指标的影响.高技术通讯. 16(7):746-751.
马强,于瑞海,王昭萍,孔令锋.2005.防栉孔扇贝养成死亡的新方法--栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝混养试验. 2:51-54.
农业部渔业局主编. 2008.中国渔业年鉴.北京:中国农业出版社.
潘鲁青,范德朋,马牲等, 2002.环境因子对缢蛏滤水率的影响.水产学报. 26(6): 220-230.
彭建华,陈文祥,栾建国,刘家寿,程郁春.2004.温度、pH对二种淡水贝类滤水率的影响.动物学杂志, 39(6): 2-6.
祁铭华,马绍赛,曲克明,辛福言. 2004.沉积环境中硫化物的形成及其与贝类养殖的关系.海洋水产研究25(1): 85-89.
山东省科学技术委员会. 1995a.山东海岛研究.济南:山东科学技术出版社.
山东省科学技术委员会.山东省海岸带和海洋资源综合调查报告. 1995b.北京:中国科学技术出版社,
孙慧玲,方建光,匡世焕等, 1995.栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri在模拟自然水环境中滤水率的测定.中国水产科学. 2(4): 16-21
唐启升. 1996.关于容纳量及其研究水产养殖容量的研究.海洋水产研究.17(2):1-6.
王崇明,王秀华,艾海新,李赟,贺桂珍,黄剑宇,宋微波.2004.栉孔扇贝大规模死亡致病病原的研究.水产学报.28(5):447-554.
王德利. 2001.贝藻混养技术在我国海水养殖中的应用与研究.黄渤海海洋. 19(1): 78-81.
王吉桥,于晓明,郝玉兵等.2006. 4种滤食性贝类滤水率的测定.水产科学, 25(5): 217-221
王俊,姜祖辉, 1999.扇贝能量收支的研究.海洋水产研究, 20(2): 71-75.
王俊,姜祖辉,陈瑞盛等. 2004.栉孔扇贝生物沉积作用的研究.中国水产科学, 11(3): 225-230.
王俊,姜祖辉,唐启升, 2001.栉孔扇贝的滤食率与同化率.中国水产科学, 8(4): 27-31.
王俊,唐启升. 2001.双壳贝类能量学及其研究进展.海洋水产研究, 22(3): 80-83.
王如才,王昭萍,张建中. 1998.海水贝类养殖学.青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社. 149-202.
王如才,郑小东. 2004.我国海产贝类养殖进展及发展前景.中国海洋大学学报. 34(5): 775-780.
王远隆,王健伟,邱兆星,张豫,王健伟. 2001.养殖扇贝大面积死亡的原因及对策.海洋湖沼通报. 3:63-69.
王远隆,兰锡禄,杨晓岩,张德华. 1992.栉孔扇贝地播增殖扩大试验研究.齐鲁渔业. 2:3-6.
王远隆,李美真,邱兆星,张豫. 2001.养殖扇贝大面积死亡的原因及对策.海洋湖沼通报. 3:63–69.
王昭萍,李慷均,于瑞海,郑小东,王如才. 2004.贝类四倍体育种研究进展.中国海洋大学学报, 34(2): 195-202.
王昭萍,王如才,张筱兰.1999.贝类多倍体育种研究及应用现状.齐鲁渔业. 16(5): 32-33.
魏贻尧,姜卫国,李刚. 1983.合浦珠母贝、长耳珠母贝和大珠母贝种间人工杂交的研究I.人工杂交和杂交后代的观察.热带海洋. 2(4): 309-315.
薛秋红,孙耀等.2001.紫贻贝对石油径烃的生物富集动力学参数的测定.海洋水产研究. 22(1):32-36.
杨爱国,王清印,刘志鸿,周丽青.2004.栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝杂交及子一代的遗传性状.海洋水产研究. 25(5):1-5.
杨红生,张福绥.1999.浅海筏式养殖系统贝类养殖容量研究进展. 23(1):84-90.
杨鸣,任一平,徐宾铎,万初坤. 2008.胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔秋季性腺发育研究.海洋湖沼通报. 1:96-103.
于瑞海王如才. 1998.栉孔扇贝大面积死亡原因分析及预防的探讨.海洋湖沼通报. 3:69-72.
袁秀堂,杨红生,周毅,毛玉泽,许强,王丽丽.刺参对浅海筏式贝类养殖系统的修复潜力. 2008.应用生态学报. 19(4):866-872.
袁有宪,陈聚法,陈碧娟,曲克明,过锋,李秋芬,崔毅. 2001.栉孔扇贝对环境变化适应性研究—盐度、pH对存活、呼吸、摄食及消化的影响.中国水产科学. 7(4)73-77.
袁有宪,曲克明,陈聚法,陈碧娟,过锋,李秋芬,崔毅. 2000.栉孔扇贝对环境变化适应性研究─温度对存活、呼吸、摄食及消化的影响.中国水产科学. 7(3):24-27.
张涛,杨红生,王萍等,2001.烟台四十里湾养殖海区影响栉孔扇贝肥满度和生长因素的研究.海洋水产研究. 22(1): 25–31.
张福绥杨红生. 2001.我国海水滤食性贝类养殖业:回顾与展望.贝类学论文集Ⅸ[ C].北京:海洋出版社. 120-126.
张福绥.杨红生. 1999a.山东沿岸夏季栉孔扇贝大规模死亡原因分析.海洋科学.1:44–47.
张福绥,杨红生,1999b.栉孔扇贝大规模死亡问题的对策与应急措施.海洋科学. 2:38-42.
张福绥. 2003.近现代中国水产养殖业发展回顾与展望.世界科技研究与发展. 25(3): 5-13.
张国范,薛真福. 1999.我国养殖贝类大规模死亡的原因分析及防止对策.中国水产. 9:34-39.
张国范. 2006.海洋贝类遗传育种研究20年.厦门大学学报:自然科学版.45(22):190-194.
张继红,方建光,梁翻鹏, 2002.低温对栉孔扇贝能量收支的影响.中国水产科学. 9(1): 48–51.
张继红,方建光,王诗欢. 2008.大连獐子岛海域虾夷扇贝养殖容量.水产学报. 32(2):236-241.
张继红,方建光.2006.栉孔扇贝对春季桑沟湾颗粒有机物的摄食压力.水产学报.30(2): 277-280.
张继红,方建光.栉孔扇贝对春季桑沟湾颗粒有机物的摄食压力.水产学报.2006, 30(2):277-280.
张起信. 1991.魁蚶的人工底播增殖.海洋科学. 6:3-4.
张少娜,孙耀,宋云利,于志刚. 2004.紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)对4种重金属的生物富集动力学特性研究.海洋与湖沼. 35(5): 438-445.
张涛,杨生生,王萍,何义朝,张福绥. 2001.烟台四十里湾养殖海区影响栉孔扇贝肥满度和生长因素的研究.海洋水产研究, 22: 25-31.
张维翥,吴信忠,李登峰,孙敬锋. 2005.栉孔扇贝血液细胞的免疫功能.动物学报.51: 669-677.
张学雷,朱明远,李瑞香等. 2004.贝类养殖环境的多参数同步连续监测.海洋科学进展. 22(3): 340-345.
周维武,邢克敏. 2002,关于缢蛏的养殖技术之二:北方地区缢蛏综合养殖技术中国水产. 4,52-53.
周毅,毛玉泽,杨红生等. 2002b.四十里湾栉孔扇贝清滤率、摄食率和吸收效率的现场研究.生态学报. 22(9):1455-1462.
周毅,杨红生,张福绥. 2002a.四十里湾栉孔扇贝的生长余力和C、N、P元素收支.中国水产科学. 9(2): 161–166.
周毅,杨红生,毛玉泽,等. 2003.桑沟湾栉孔扇贝生物沉积的现场测定.动物学杂志. 38(4): 40-44.
周毅,杨红生,张福绥. 2003.栉孔扇贝生理生态学特征的实验研究.应用生态学报. 14(2): 227-233.
周毅,杨红生,张福绥.2003.栉孔扇贝生理生态学特征的实验研究.应用生态学报.14(2): 227-233.
Arsenault DJ, Himmelman JH. 1996. Size-related changes in vulnerability to predators and spatial refuge use by juvenile Iceland scallop Chlamys islandica. Marine Ecology progress Series 140: 115-122.
Austin KA, Paynter KT. 1995. Characterization of chemiluminescence measured in haemocytes of the Eastern oyster, Crassostera virginica. Journal of Experimental Zoology 273:461- 471.
Avenda?o M, Cantillánez M, Thouzeau G, 2007. Effects of water depth on survival and growth of Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819) spat in northern Chile. Aquaculture International 16: 377-391.
Axiak V,George JJ, Moore MN. 1998. Petroleum hydrocarbon in the marine bivalve venus verrucosa:accumulation and cellular responses.Marine Biology 97:225-230.
Bacher C, Grant J, Hawkins AJS, Fang JG, Zhu MY, Besnard M. 2003. Modelling the effect of food depletion on scallop growth in Sungo Bay (China) Aquat Living Resour 16 :10-24.
Bacon GS, MacDonald BA, Ward JE. 1998. Physiological responses of infaunal (Mya arenaria) and epifaunal (Placopecten magellanicus) bivalves to variations in the concentration and quality of suspended particles I. Feeding activity and selection. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 219:105-125.
Barbeau MA, Scheibling RE. 1994a. Temperature effects on predation of juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin)) by sea stars (Asterias vulgaris Verrill) and crabs (Cancer irroratus Say). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 182:27-47.
Barbeau MA, Scheibling RE. 1994b. Behavioral mechanisms of prey size selection by sea stars (Asterias vulgaris Verrill) and crabs (Cancer irroratus Say) preying on juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin)) .Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 180:103-136.
Benetti DD, Brand L, Collins J, Orhun MR, Benetti A, O'Hanlon BC, Danylchuk A, Alston D.E., Rivera JA, Cabarcas-Nu?ez A. 2006 Can offshore aquaculture be sustainable. WorldAquaculture 37: 44-47.
Bergh ?, Strand ?. 2001. Great scallop, Pecten maximus, research and culture strategies in Norway: a review. Aquaculture International 9, 305-318.
Bishop, MJ Rivera JA, Irlandi EA, Ambrose WG. Peterson GH.2005. Spatio-temporal patterns in the mortality of bay scallop recruits in North Carolina: investigation of a life history anomaly, 315(2): 127-146.
Boulding, EG, Hay TK. 1984. Crab response to prey density can result in density-dependent mortality of clams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41:521-525.
Box, A., A. Sureda, F. Galgani, A. Pons and S. Deudero, 2007. Assessment of environmental pollution at Balearic Islands applying oxidative stress biomarkers in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.Pt. C 146: 531-539.
Bricelj, V.M. Shumway S. 1991. Physiology: energy acquisition and utilization. In: Shumway, S.E. (Ed.), Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam. p. 305-346.
Broom MJ, Mason J. 1978. Growth and spawning in the pectinid Chlamys opercularis in relation to temperature and phytoplankton concentration. Marine Biology 47, 227-285.
Brown JR, Hartwick EB. 1988. Influences of temperature, salinity and available food upon suspended culture of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, 1: absolute and allometric growth. Aquaculture 70: 231-251.
Bustamante P, Miramand P. 2005.Subcellular and body distributions of 17 trace elements in the variegated scallop Chlamys varia from the French coast of the Bay of Biscay.Sci Total environ. 337:59-73.
Campa-Córdova AI, Hernández-Saavedra NY, Ascencio F. 2002. Superoxide dismutase as modulator of immune function in American white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 133, 557-565.
Cano J, Campos MJ, Román G. 2000. Growth and mortality of the king scallop grown in suspended culture in Malaga, Southern Spain. Aquaculture International 8, 207-225.
Carver CEA, Mallet AL, 1990. Estimating the carrying capacity of a coastal inlet for mussel culture. Aquaculture, 88(1):39-53.
Chan H M. 1988. Accumulation and tolerance to cadmium, copper, lead and zinc by the green mussel, Perna viridis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 48: 295-303.
Chen JH, Mai KS, Ma HM, Wang XJ, Deng D, Liu XW, Xu WM, Liufu ZG, Zhang WB, Tan BP, Ai QH. 2007a. Effects of dissolved oxygen on survival and immune responses of scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 22, 272-281.
Chen JH, Mai KS, Ma HM, Wang XJ, Deng D, Liu XW, Xu WM, Liufu ZG, Zhang WB, Tan BP, Ai QH, 2007b. Effects of dissolved oxygen on survival and immune responses of scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 22: 272-281.
Chen MY, Yang HS, Delaporte M, Zhao SJ, Xing K. 2007b. Immune responses of the scallop Chlamys farreir after air exposure to different temperatures. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345, 52-60.
Chen TC . 1978. Aminopeptidase and lysozyme activity levels and Serum protein concentrations in Biomphalaria glabrata (mullusca) challenged with bacteria. J Invertebrate Pathology, 32:297-302.
Cheng TC. 1989. Immunodeficiency disease in marine mollusks: measurements of some variables. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 1: 209-216.
Claereboudt MR., Burreau D, CotéJ, Himmelman JH. 1994. Fouling development and its effect on the growth of juveniles giant scallop (Placopecten magallanicus) in suspended culture. Aquaculture, 121: 324-342.
Cossins AR, Bowler K.1987. Temperature biology of animals. Chapman and Hall, London.
Cranford PJ. 1995. Relationships between food quantity and quality and absorption efficiency in sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 189, 123-142.
Crisp DJ,1971. Energy flow measurements. In: Holm NA, McInytre AD (eds) Methods for the study of marine benthos, IBP Handbook No. 16. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p 197-279.
Dahlb?ck B, Gunnarsson L. ?. H.1981. Sedimentation and sulfate reduction under a mussel culture. Marine Biology 63, 269-275.
Demple B. 1999. Radical ideas: genetic responses to oxidative stress. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 26, 64-68.
Downs C.A., Fauth, J.E. & Woodley C.M. (2001) Assessing the health of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) exposes to natural and anthropogenic stressors: a molecular biomarkersystem. Marine Biotechnology 3, 380-397.
Duarte P,Meneses R, Hawkins A J S et al, 2003.Mathematical modeling to assess the carrying capacity for multi-species culture within coastal Waters. Ecol Model,168: 109-143.
Emerson CW., Grant J, Mallet A. , Carver C. 1994. Growth and survival of sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus: effects of culture depth. Marine Ecology Progress Series 108, 119-132.
Fang JG, Sun HL, Yan J P,et al. 1996. Polyculture of scallop Chlamys farreri and kelp Laminaria japonicain Sanggou bay. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 14(4): 322-329.
Feng SY. 1988. Cellular defense mechanisms of oysters and mussels. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 18,153-168.
Fernandes, S., P. Sobral and L. van Duren, 2007. Clearance rates of Cerastoderma edule under increasing current velocity. Cont. Shelf Res. 27: 1104-1115.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2007. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2006. FAO Fisheries Department, Rome, Italy.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) .2008. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2007. FAO Fisheries Department, Rome, Italy.
Freites L, Himmelman JH, Babarro JM, Lodeiros CJ, Vélez A. 2001. Bottom culture of the tropical scallop Lyropecten (Nodipecten) nodosus (L.) in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture International 9, 45-60.
Frishman Z, Nooman A, Naidu KS, Cahill FM. 1980. Farming scallop in Newfoundland, Canada: A cost-benefit analysis. Third International Pectinid Workshop, Port Erin, Isle of Man, 28 pp. Gibbs M M, James MR,. Pickmere SE, Woods PH. 1991. Hydrodynamics and water column
properties at six stations associated with mussel farming in Perlorus Sound, 1984–1985. New Zealand J. Marine Freshwater Res 25:239-254.
Giles H, Pilditch CA. 2006. Effects of mussel (Perna canaliculus) biodeposit decomposition on benthic respiration and nutrient fluxes. Mar Biol 150:261-271.
Grant J, Bacher CA. 2001. Numerical model of flow modification induced by suspended aquaculture in a Chinese bay. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58(5): 1003-1011.
Grant J,CW, Emerson A,, Mallet Carver C. 2003. Growth advantages of ear hanging compared to cage culture for sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus. Aquaculture 217: 301–323.
Grecian LA, Parsons GJ, Dabinett P, Couturier C.2000. Influence of season, initial size, depth, gear type and stocking density on the growth rates and recovery of sea scallop, Placopecten magellanius, on a farm-based nursery. Aquaculture International 8, 183-206.
Guo X M, Ford S, Zhang FS. 1999. Molluscan aquaculture in China. J. Shellfish Res,18:19-31.
Hamada T, Yamashita N, Watanabe T, Natsume S. 2001. Drilling position of the ear affects growth and mortality of scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis, Jay) in ear-hanging culture. Aquaculture 193, 249-256.
Hamza-Chaffai A, Pellerin J, Amiard JC.2003. Health assessment of a marine bivalve Ruditapes decussatus from the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia). Environment International.28, 609-617.
Hargrave BT, Burns NM. 1979. Assessment of sediment trap collection efficiency. Limnol Oceanogr, 24(6):1124-1136.
Harrison JE, Schultz J. 1978. Myeloperoxidase: confirmation and nature of hemebinding inequivalence. Resolution of a carbonyl-substituted heme. Biochimica and Biophysica Acta 536, 341-349.
Hatcher A, Grant J, Schofield B. 1994. Effects of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation, benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 115: 219-235.
Hatcher BG, Scheibling RE, Barbeau MA, Hennigar AW, Taylor LH,Windust AJ. 1996.
Dispersion and mortality of a population of sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) seeded in a tidal channel. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:38-54.
Hawkins AJS, Fang JG, Pascoe PL, Zhang JH, Zhang XL, Zhu MY. 2001. Modelling short-term responsive adjustments in particle clearance rate among bivalve suspension-feeders: separate unimodal effects of seston volume and composition in the scallop Chlamys farreri. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 262(1): 61-73.
Ho J, Zheng GX. 1994 Ostrincola koe (Copepoda, Myicolidae) and mass mortality of cultured hard clam (Meretrix meretrix) in China. Hydrobiologia 284: 169-173.
Holmblad T,S?derh?ll K. 1999. Cell adhesion molecules and antioxidative enzymes in a crustacean, possible role in immunity. Aquaculture 172:111-123.
Honkoop PJC, Bayne BL. 2002. Stocking density and growth of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) in Port Stephens, Australia.Aquaculture 213:171-186.
Ibarrola I, Navarro E, Iglesias JIP. 1998. Short-term adaptation of digestive processes in the cockle Cerastoderma edule exposed to different food quantity and quality. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 168, 32-40.
Iglesias JIP, Urrutia MB, Navarro E et al.1998. Measuring feeding and absorption in suspension-feeding bivalves: an appraisal of the biodeposition method..J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 219: 71-86.
Inglis GJ, Hayden BJ, Ross AH. 2000 . An overview of factors affecting the carrying capacity of coastal embayments for mussel culture. Report NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand), p. 31.
Irato P,Piccinni E, Cassini A, Santovito G..2007. Antioxidant responses to variations in dissolved oxygen of Scapharca inaequivalvis and Tapes philippinarum, two bivalve species from the lagoon of Venice. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 54: 1020-1030.
Juanes F, Hartwick EB. 1990.Prey size selection in dungeness crabs: the effect of claw damage. Ecology, 71:744-758.
Kam LE, Leung P, Ostrowski AC. 2003. Economics of offshore aquaculture of Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis) in Hawaii. Aquaculture 223: 63-87.
Kamenos NA, Moore PG, Hall-Spencer JM. 2004. Maerl grounds provide both refuge and high growth potential for juvenile queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis L.). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 313:241-54.
Kaspar HF, Gillespie PA, Boyer IC , MacKenzie A L. 1985. Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle and benthic communities in Kenepuru Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Marine Biology 85:127-136.
King EJJagatheesan. KA. 1959. A method for the determination of tartrate labile prostatic acid phosphatase in serum. J. Clin. Path. 12: 85-89.
Kirby-Smith, WW, Barber RT. 1974. Suspension-feeding aquaculture systems: effects of phytoplankton concentration and temperature on growth of the bay scallop. Aquaculture 3: 135-145.
Kirby-Smith WW. 1972. Growth of the bay scallop: the influence of experimental water currents. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 8: 7-18.
Lau PS, Wong HL, Garrigues P. 2004. Seasonal variation in antioxidative responses and acetylcholinesterase activity in Perna viridis in eastern oceanic and western estuarine waters of Hong Kong. Continental Shelf Research 24: 1969-1987.
Liu SL, Jiang XL, Hu XK, Gong J, Hwang H, Mai KS. 2004. Effects of temperature on non-specific immune parameters in two scallop species: Argopecten irradians (Lamarck 1819) and Chlamys farreri (Jones & Preston 1904). Aquaculture Research 35: 678–682.
Livingstone DR. 2001. Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42: 65-66.
Lodeiros CJM , Himmelman JH. 2000. Identification of factors affecting growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture, 182: 91-114.
Lodeiros C, Pico D, Prieto A, Narváez N, Guerra A. 2002. Growth and survival of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata (R?ding 1758) in supended and bottom culture in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture International 10: 327-338.
Lodeiros CJM, Himmelman JH. 1996. Influence of fouling on the growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac (L. 1758) in suspended culture. Aquaculture Research 27, 749-756.
Lodeiros CJM, Himmelman JH. 2000. Identification of factors affecting growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture 182, 91-114.
Lodeiros CJM, Rengel JJ, Freites L, Morales F, Himmelman JH. 1998. Growth and survival of the tropical scallop Lyropecten (Nodipecten) nodosus maintained in suspended culture at three depths. Aquaculture 165, 41-50.
Lodeiros CJM, Himmelman JH. 1996. Influence of fouling on the growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac (L. 1758) in suspended culture. Aquaculture Research 27: 749-756.
Lodeiros CJM, Himmelman JH. 2000. Identification of factors affecting growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture182: 91-114.
Lodeiros CJM, Rengel JJ, Freites L, Morales F, Himmelman JH. 1998. Growth and survival of the tropical scallop Lyropecten (Nodipecten) nodosus maintained in suspended culture at three depths. Aquaculture 165: 41-50.
López DA, Riquelme VA, González ML. 2000. The effects of epibionts and predators on the growth and mortality rates of Argopecten purpuratus cultures in southern Chile. Aquaculture International 8, 431-442.
Lou YS. 1991. Physiology: energy acquisition and utilization. In: Shumway, S.E. (Ed.), Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 809-824.
MacDonald BA, Thompson RJ. 1986. Influence of temperature and food availability on the ecological energetics of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus. Marine Biology 93, 37-48.
Maeda-Martínez AN, Ormart P, Mendez L, Acosta B, Sicard MT. 2000. Scallop growout using a new bottom-culture system. Aquaculture 189:73-84.
Maguire JA, Burnell GM. 2001. The effect of stocking density in suspended culture on growth and carbohydrate content of the adductor muscle in two populations of the scallop (Pecten maximus L.) in Bantry Bay, Ireland. Aquaculture 198: 95-108.
Mao YZ, Zhou Y, Yang HS, et al. 2006. Seasonal variation in metabolism of cultured Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Sanggou Bay, China. Aquaculture, 253: 322-333.
Martinez G, Brokordt K, Aguilera C et al, 2000. Guderley H.Effect of diet and temperature upon muscle metabolic capacities and biochemical composition of gonad and muscle in Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck 1819. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 247(1):29-49.
Mendoza Y, Freites L, Lodeiros CJ, López JA, Himmelman JH. 2003. Evaluation of biological and economical aspects of the culture of the scallop Lyropecten (Nodipecten) nodosus in suspended and bottom culture. Aquaculture 221: 207-219.
Minchin D. 1992. Biological observations on young scallops, Pecten maximus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72: 807-819.
Morel GM, Bossy SF 2001. A seeding experiment of juvenile great scallops (Pecten maximus (L.)) off the Island of Jersey. Aquaculture International 9:367-377.
Navarro JM, Leiva GE, Martinez G, Aguilera C. 2000. Interactive effects of diet and temperature on the scope for growth of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus during reproductive conditioning. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 247: 67-83
Newell RC, Branch GM. 1980. The influence of temperature on the maintenance of metabolic energy balance in marine invertebrates. Adv mar Biol 17:329-396.
Ngo, TTT, Kang SG, Kang DH, Sorgeloos P, Choi KS.2006. Effect of culture depth on the proximate composition and reproduction of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas from Gosung Bay, Korea. Aquaculture 253: 712-720.
Nickell TD, Moore PG. 1992. The behavioural ecology of epibenthic scavenging invertebrates in the Clyde Sea area: laboratory experiments on attractions to bait in moving water, underwater TV observation in situ and general conclusions. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 159: 15-35.
Nunes JP, Ferreira JG, Gazeau F et al.2003. A model for sustainable management of shellfish polyculture in coastal bays.Aquaculture 219: 257-277.
Ordás M.C., Novoa B. & Figueras A. (2000) Modulation of the chemiluminescence response of Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) haemocytes. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 10: 611-622.
Pan LQ, Ren JY, Liu J. 2005. Effects of benzo(k)fluoranthene exposure on the biomarkers of scallop Chlamys farreri. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 141:248-256.
Pan LQ, Ren JY, Liu J. 2006. Responses of antioxidant systems and LPO level to benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(k) fluoranthene in the haemolymph of the scallop Chlamys ferrari. Envrion. Pollut. 141: 443-451.
Parsons JG, Dadswell MJ. 1992. Effect of stocking density on growth, production, and survival of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, held in intermediate culture in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick. Aquaculture 103:291-309.
Patrick S, Faury N, Goulletquer P. 2006. Seasonal changes in carbohydrate metabolism and its relationship with summer mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) in Marennes–Oléron bay (France). Aquaculture 252:328-338.
Pellerin-Massicotte J. 1994. Oxidative processes as indicators of chemical stress in marine bivalves. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health. 3: 101-111.
Pilditch CA, Grant J, Bryan KR. 2001. Seston supply to sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) in suspended culture; Shellfish mariculture in the Benguela system: Water flow patterns within a mussel farm in Saldanha. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58(2): 241-253.
Pilditch CA, Grant J. 1999. Effect of temperature fluctuations and food supply on the growth and metabolism of juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). Marine Biology 134, 235-248.
Powers SP, Kittinger JN. 2002. Hydrodynamic mediation of predator–prey interactions: differential patterns of prey susceptibility and predator success explained by variation in water flow. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 273:171-187.
Qian PY, Wu CY, Wu M. 1996. Integrated cultivation of the red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and the pearl oyster Pinctada martensi. Aquaculture 147: 21-25.
Ribera D, Narbonne JE, Daubeze M, Michel X. 1989. Characterisation, tissue distribution and sexual differences of some parameters related to lipid peroxidation in mussels. Mar. Environ. Res. 28: 279-283.
Román G., Campos MJ, Acosta CP, Cano J.1999. Growth of the queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) in suspended culture: influence of density and depth. Aquaculture 178: 43-62.
Sakurai I, Seto M. 2000.Movement and orientation of the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay) in response to water flow. Aquaculture , 181: 269-279.
Santovito G., Piccinni E, Cassini A, Irato P, Albergoni V. 2005. Antioxidant responses of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, to environmental variability of dissolved oxygen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, C: 140, 321-329.
SaràG, Mazzola A.2004.The carrying capacity for Mediterranean bivalve suspension feeders: evidence from analysis of food availability and hydrodynamics and their integration into a local model. Ecol Modell 179:281-296.
Schneider DW, Madon SP, Stoeckel JA, Sparks RE, 1998. Seston quality controls zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) energetics in turbid rivers. Oecologia 117:331-341.
Silina AV, Zhukova NV. 2007. Growth variability and feeding of scallop Patinopecten yessoensis on different bottom sediments: evidence from fatty acid analysis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 348: 46-59.
Somani SM, Husain K, Schlorff EC. 1997. Response of antioxidant system to physical andchemical stress. In: Baskin, S.I., Salem, H. (Eds.), Oxidants, Antioxidants, and Free Radicals. Taylor Francis, Washington, DC. p. 125-141.
Songsangjinda P, Matsuda O, Yamamoto T, Rajendran N, Maeda H. 2000. The role of suspended oyster culture on the nitrogen cycle in Hiroshima Bay. J. Oceanogr 56, 223–231.
Strohmeier T, Aure J, Duinker A, Castberg T, Svardal A, Strand ?. 2005. Flow reduction, seston depletion, meat content and distribution of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in a long-line blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) farm. J Shellfish Res. 24:15-23.
Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. 1988. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical Chemistry 34: 497-500.
Taylor JJ, Southgate PC, Rose RA. 1997b. Fouling animals and their effect on the growth of silver-lip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in suspended culture. Aquaculture 153: 31-40.
Taylor JJ, Rose RA, Southgate PC, Taylor CE. 1997a. Effects of stocking density on growth and survival of early juvenile silver-lip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson), held in suspended nursery culture. Aquaculture 153: 41-49.
Telfor T, Robinson K. 2003 Environmental quality and carrying capacity for aquaculture in mulroy bay co. donegal. Marine Environment and Health Series,9.
Tomaru Y, Kawabata Z, Nakano S. 2001. Mass mortality of the Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii in relation to water temperature, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton composition. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 44: 61-68.
Tomaru Y, Kumatabara Y, Kawabata Z, Nakano S. 2002. Effect of water temperature an chlorophyll abundance on shell growth of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, in suspended culture at different depths and sites. Aquac. Res. 33: 109-116.
Tremblay R, Myrand B, Sevigny J, Blier P, Guderley H. 1998. Bioenergetic and genetic parameters in relation to susceptibility of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis (L.) to summer mortality. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 221: 27-58.
Uddin MJ, Park KI, Kang DH, Park YJ, Choi KS. 2007. Comparative reproductive biology of Yezo scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, under two different culture systems on the east coast of Korea. Aquaculture 265:139-147.
Uki N. 2006. Stock enhancement of the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis in Hokkaido.Fisheries Research 80: 62-66.
Vélez A, Freites L, Himmelman JH, Senior W, Marín N. 1995. Growth of the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac, in bottom and suspended culture in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture 136, 257-276.
Ventilla RF. 1982. The scallop industry in Japan. Advances in Marine Biology 20: 310-381.
Viarengo A, Canesi L, Pertica M, Livingstone DR. 1991. Seasonal variations in the antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation of the digestive gland of mussels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 100C:187-190.
Viarengo A, Pertica M, Canesi L, Accomando R, Mancinelli G, Orunesu M. 1989. Lipid peroxidation and level of antioxydant compounds (GSH, Vitamin E) in the digestive glands of mussels of three different age groups exposed to anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Mar. Environ. Res. 28: 291-295.
Vyshkvartsev D I, Regulev V N, Reguleva T N, et al. 2005.The Role of the Oldest Mariculture Farm in Restoration of Stock of the Japanese Scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1856) in Posyet Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 31(3):181-186.
Wildish DJ, Saulnier AM. 1993. Hydrodynamic control of filtration in Placopecten magellanicus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 174: 65-82.
Wilhelm Filho D, Tribess TA, Gáspari C, Claudio FD, Torres MA , Magalh?es ARM. 2001. Seasonal changes in antioxidant defenses in the digestive gland of the brown mussel (Perna perna). Aquaculture 203, 149-158.
Wills ED.1987. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation in lipids and biological membranes. In: K. Snell, B. Mullock (eds) Biochemical Toxicology a Practical Approach IRL Press, Oxford, Washington DC. pp 127-152.
Wong MC, Barbeau MA. 2003. Effects of substrate on interactions between juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus Gmelin) and predatory sea stars (Asterias vulgaris Verrill) and rock crabs (Cancer irroratus Say). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 287: 155-178.
Xiao J, Ford SE, Yang HS, Zhang GF, Zhang FS, Guo XM. 2005. Studies on mass summer mortality of cultured Zhikong scallops (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston) in China. Aquaculture 250: 602-615.
Xing J, Lin TT, Zhan WB. 2008. Variations of enzyme activities in the haemocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri after infection with the acute virus necrobiotic virus (AVNV). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 25: 847-852.
Yang HP, Zhang FS , Guo X. 2000. Triploid and tetraploid Zhikong, Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston, produced by inhibiting polar body I. M arine Biotechnology 2: 466-475.
Zhou Y, Yang HS, Liu SL, Yuan XT, Mao YZ, Liu Y, Xu X L Zhang FS.Feeding and growth on bivalve biodeposits by the deposit feeder Stichopus japonicus Selenka (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) co-cultured in lantern nets. Aquaculture 256: 510-520.
包振民,万俊芬,王继业,等. 2002.海洋经济贝类育种研究进展.青岛海洋大学学报, 32(4): 567-573.
毕远溥. 2006.大连黑岛海域筏式养殖试验.水产科学. 25(9):468-470.
董双林,李德尚. 1998.认海水养殖的养殖容量.青岛海洋大学学报... 28(2):253-258.
董双林,潘克厚. 2000.海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展.青岛海洋大学学报, 30(4):575-582.
方建光,张爱君. 1996.桑沟湾栉孔扇贝养殖容量的研究.海洋水产研究, 17(2): 18-31.
付卓朱守维. 2008.锦州浅海毛蚶底播增养殖成效调查,河北渔业2:39-42.
国家海洋局. 2007.海洋监测规范.海洋出版社.
贺广凯. 1996.黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体中重金属残留量水平.中国环境科学16(2):96-100.
贺先钦,薛真福,王有君,等.1997.虾夷扇贝地播增殖的试验.水产科学.16 (2): 7-10.
胡颢琰,唐静亮,王益鸣,等. 2006.浙江近岸有害赤潮发生区麻痹性贝毒素研究,海洋环境科学, 25(1): 63-65.
季如宝,毛兴华,朱明远. 1998.贝类养殖对海湾生态系统的影响,黄渤海海洋.16(1):21-27.
蒋增杰,方建光,门强,王巍. 2006.桑沟湾贝类筏式养殖与环境相互作用研究.南方水产. 2(1): 23-29.
孙慧玲,匡世焕.1996.桑沟湾栉孔扇贝不同养殖方式及适宜养殖水层研究.中国水产科学, 3(4): 60-65.
匡世焕,孙慧玲,李锋等.1996a.桑沟湾栉孔扇贝不同季节滤水率和同化率的比较.海洋与湖沼,27(2): 194-199.
匡世焕,孙慧玲,李锋.1996b.栉孔扇贝生殖活动前后的滤食和生长.海洋水产研究, 17(2): 80-86.
李德尚,熊邦喜. 1994.水库对投饵网箱养鱼的负荷力水生生物学报. 18(3):223-229
李文姬,薛真福. 2005.持续发展虾夷扇贝的健康增养殖.水产科学24(9): 50-52.
刘剑昭李德尚. 2000.关于水产养殖容量的研究.海洋科学.24(10): 28-29.
刘小林,常亚青,相建海,刘宪杰,李富花,刘保忠.2003.栉孔扇贝中国种群与日本种群杂交一代的中期生长发育.水产学报. 27(30):193-199.
卢振彬,杜琦,蔡清海,方民杰等. 2004.福建罗源湾贝类的养殖容量.中国水产科学, 11(2): 104-110.
马洪明,刘晓伟,麦康森,邓登,刘付志国. 2006.盐度突降对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)抗病力指标的影响.高技术通讯. 16(7):746-751.
马强,于瑞海,王昭萍,孔令锋.2005.防栉孔扇贝养成死亡的新方法--栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝混养试验. 2:51-54.
农业部渔业局主编. 2008.中国渔业年鉴.北京:中国农业出版社.
潘鲁青,范德朋,马牲等, 2002.环境因子对缢蛏滤水率的影响.水产学报. 26(6): 220-230.
彭建华,陈文祥,栾建国,刘家寿,程郁春.2004.温度、pH对二种淡水贝类滤水率的影响.动物学杂志, 39(6): 2-6.
祁铭华,马绍赛,曲克明,辛福言. 2004.沉积环境中硫化物的形成及其与贝类养殖的关系.海洋水产研究25(1): 85-89.
山东省科学技术委员会. 1995a.山东海岛研究.济南:山东科学技术出版社.
山东省科学技术委员会.山东省海岸带和海洋资源综合调查报告. 1995b.北京:中国科学技术出版社,
孙慧玲,方建光,匡世焕等, 1995.栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri在模拟自然水环境中滤水率的测定.中国水产科学. 2(4): 16-21
唐启升. 1996.关于容纳量及其研究水产养殖容量的研究.海洋水产研究.17(2):1-6.
王崇明,王秀华,艾海新,李赟,贺桂珍,黄剑宇,宋微波.2004.栉孔扇贝大规模死亡致病病原的研究.水产学报.28(5):447-554.
王德利. 2001.贝藻混养技术在我国海水养殖中的应用与研究.黄渤海海洋. 19(1): 78-81.
王吉桥,于晓明,郝玉兵等.2006. 4种滤食性贝类滤水率的测定.水产科学, 25(5): 217-221
王俊,姜祖辉, 1999.扇贝能量收支的研究.海洋水产研究, 20(2): 71-75.
王俊,姜祖辉,陈瑞盛等. 2004.栉孔扇贝生物沉积作用的研究.中国水产科学, 11(3): 225-230.
王俊,姜祖辉,唐启升, 2001.栉孔扇贝的滤食率与同化率.中国水产科学, 8(4): 27-31.
王俊,唐启升. 2001.双壳贝类能量学及其研究进展.海洋水产研究, 22(3): 80-83.
王如才,王昭萍,张建中. 1998.海水贝类养殖学.青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社. 149-202.
王如才,郑小东. 2004.我国海产贝类养殖进展及发展前景.中国海洋大学学报. 34(5): 775-780.
王远隆,王健伟,邱兆星,张豫,王健伟. 2001.养殖扇贝大面积死亡的原因及对策.海洋湖沼通报. 3:63-69.
王远隆,兰锡禄,杨晓岩,张德华. 1992.栉孔扇贝地播增殖扩大试验研究.齐鲁渔业. 2:3-6.
王远隆,李美真,邱兆星,张豫. 2001.养殖扇贝大面积死亡的原因及对策.海洋湖沼通报. 3:63–69.
王昭萍,李慷均,于瑞海,郑小东,王如才. 2004.贝类四倍体育种研究进展.中国海洋大学学报, 34(2): 195-202.
王昭萍,王如才,张筱兰.1999.贝类多倍体育种研究及应用现状.齐鲁渔业. 16(5): 32-33.
魏贻尧,姜卫国,李刚. 1983.合浦珠母贝、长耳珠母贝和大珠母贝种间人工杂交的研究I.人工杂交和杂交后代的观察.热带海洋. 2(4): 309-315.
薛秋红,孙耀等.2001.紫贻贝对石油径烃的生物富集动力学参数的测定.海洋水产研究. 22(1):32-36.
杨爱国,王清印,刘志鸿,周丽青.2004.栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝杂交及子一代的遗传性状.海洋水产研究. 25(5):1-5.
杨红生,张福绥.1999.浅海筏式养殖系统贝类养殖容量研究进展. 23(1):84-90.
杨鸣,任一平,徐宾铎,万初坤. 2008.胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔秋季性腺发育研究.海洋湖沼通报. 1:96-103.
于瑞海王如才. 1998.栉孔扇贝大面积死亡原因分析及预防的探讨.海洋湖沼通报. 3:69-72.
袁秀堂,杨红生,周毅,毛玉泽,许强,王丽丽.刺参对浅海筏式贝类养殖系统的修复潜力. 2008.应用生态学报. 19(4):866-872.
袁有宪,陈聚法,陈碧娟,曲克明,过锋,李秋芬,崔毅. 2001.栉孔扇贝对环境变化适应性研究—盐度、pH对存活、呼吸、摄食及消化的影响.中国水产科学. 7(4)73-77.
袁有宪,曲克明,陈聚法,陈碧娟,过锋,李秋芬,崔毅. 2000.栉孔扇贝对环境变化适应性研究─温度对存活、呼吸、摄食及消化的影响.中国水产科学. 7(3):24-27.
张涛,杨红生,王萍等,2001.烟台四十里湾养殖海区影响栉孔扇贝肥满度和生长因素的研究.海洋水产研究. 22(1): 25–31.
张福绥杨红生. 2001.我国海水滤食性贝类养殖业:回顾与展望.贝类学论文集Ⅸ[ C].北京:海洋出版社. 120-126.
张福绥.杨红生. 1999a.山东沿岸夏季栉孔扇贝大规模死亡原因分析.海洋科学.1:44–47.
张福绥,杨红生,1999b.栉孔扇贝大规模死亡问题的对策与应急措施.海洋科学. 2:38-42.
张福绥. 2003.近现代中国水产养殖业发展回顾与展望.世界科技研究与发展. 25(3): 5-13.
张国范,薛真福. 1999.我国养殖贝类大规模死亡的原因分析及防止对策.中国水产. 9:34-39.
张国范. 2006.海洋贝类遗传育种研究20年.厦门大学学报:自然科学版.45(22):190-194.
张继红,方建光,梁翻鹏, 2002.低温对栉孔扇贝能量收支的影响.中国水产科学. 9(1): 48–51.
张继红,方建光,王诗欢. 2008.大连獐子岛海域虾夷扇贝养殖容量.水产学报. 32(2):236-241.
张继红,方建光.2006.栉孔扇贝对春季桑沟湾颗粒有机物的摄食压力.水产学报.30(2): 277-280.
张继红,方建光.栉孔扇贝对春季桑沟湾颗粒有机物的摄食压力.水产学报.2006, 30(2):277-280.
张起信. 1991.魁蚶的人工底播增殖.海洋科学. 6:3-4.
张少娜,孙耀,宋云利,于志刚. 2004.紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)对4种重金属的生物富集动力学特性研究.海洋与湖沼. 35(5): 438-445.
张涛,杨生生,王萍,何义朝,张福绥. 2001.烟台四十里湾养殖海区影响栉孔扇贝肥满度和生长因素的研究.海洋水产研究, 22: 25-31.
张维翥,吴信忠,李登峰,孙敬锋. 2005.栉孔扇贝血液细胞的免疫功能.动物学报.51: 669-677.
张学雷,朱明远,李瑞香等. 2004.贝类养殖环境的多参数同步连续监测.海洋科学进展. 22(3): 340-345.
周维武,邢克敏. 2002,关于缢蛏的养殖技术之二:北方地区缢蛏综合养殖技术中国水产. 4,52-53.
周毅,毛玉泽,杨红生等. 2002b.四十里湾栉孔扇贝清滤率、摄食率和吸收效率的现场研究.生态学报. 22(9):1455-1462.
周毅,杨红生,张福绥. 2002a.四十里湾栉孔扇贝的生长余力和C、N、P元素收支.中国水产科学. 9(2): 161–166.
周毅,杨红生,毛玉泽,等. 2003.桑沟湾栉孔扇贝生物沉积的现场测定.动物学杂志. 38(4): 40-44.
周毅,杨红生,张福绥. 2003.栉孔扇贝生理生态学特征的实验研究.应用生态学报. 14(2): 227-233.
周毅,杨红生,张福绥.2003.栉孔扇贝生理生态学特征的实验研究.应用生态学报.14(2): 227-233.