利用现场和卫星遥感数据估算南大洋碳通量
|
摘要
南大洋在全球碳循环自然源和人为源CO_2与大气之间的交换中起着关键的作用。本研究选取了中国南极科学考察第16航次和第21航次在两个航次相应时间内(1999年12月～2000年1月,2004年12月～2005年1月),在中山站和长城站往返航线覆盖的海域,为50°S到75°S,60°W到80°E之间的南极海域。通过分析南大洋表层海水pCO_2时空变异的主要调控因子,利用雪龙船现场走航观测的海表层水pCO_2和叶绿素,海表层水水温数据,推导出pCO_2与调控因子之间的经验关系。根据遥感叶绿素和SST数据推导出研究海区的pCO_2数据,并利用从QuikSCAT卫星遥感风速数据得到海气交换系数K,AVHRR卫星遥感海表层水水温数据和由NOAA全球海洋数据中心提供的大气CO_2观测数据,海表层水盐度数据,建立一维网格模型,进一步估算该海区的海气碳通量周平均和月平均变化情况。从大面积宏观的角度上分析了南极海域夏季碳通量时空分布的区域特征,并且从定量上提高了南极海域对CO_2吸收的精确性。从模式计算的结果分析了南极海域不同海区pCO_2的调控因子。主要结果如下:
1.南极海域夏季叶绿素浓度分布呈现随时间变化的向岸梯度分布的特征。在南半球高生产力季节的12月份和1月份,叶绿素高值区主要出现在冰边缘,岛屿附近和陆架海域。南极海域夏季水温由南向北呈现明显的随时间变化梯度递增分布趋势。在南极辐散带(73°E,64°S)和0经度断面上(0°E,65.5°S)两处有明显的SST涌升高值区。南极海域夏季表层水盐度的分布呈现不规则的空间分布,盐度值或高或低的块状分布。在1月份,表层海水盐度值有所下降。南极海域夏季为全年风场最弱的季节,在整个40°S以南海域以偏西风为主。
2.南极海域60°W到80°E之间海区夏季基本是大气CO_2的净汇区,pCO_2的分布特征具有明显的时空变异。CO_2的源汇强弱情况为:南大西洋＞南乔治亚岛和马尔维纳斯群岛＞南极半岛＞普里兹湾湾内＞南印度洋＞威德尔海＞普里兹湾湾外。
3.本研究计算得出在1999年12月份,2000年1月份,2004年12月份和2005年1月,50°S以南的南极海域碳吸收能力分别为:0.068GtC,0.072GtC,0.071 GtC,0.074 GtC。并估算出在1999年,2000年,2004年和2005年,南极海域年平均碳吸收能力为:0.476 GtC,0.489 GtC,0.511GtC,0.518 GtC。南极海域对大气CO_2吸收的贡献为25%。南极海域对大气CO_2的吸收呈逐年增加趋势。在威德尔海,南乔治亚岛、马尔维纳斯群岛和南极半岛,南大西洋海区的碳吸收能力逐年增加,是大气CO_2的强汇区,而南印度洋海区的碳吸收能力却呈下降趋势。
The southern ocean plays a key role in the exchange process with atmosphere of natural and anthropogenic CO_2.In this study,we applied remote sensing data in comparison with the in situ investigation data to quantitatively express air-sea fluxes of pCO_2 in the region,from 50°S to 75°S and from 60°W to 80°E in the Southern Ocean.The empirical relationships between underway measured pCO_2 and shipboard Chl-a,sea surface temperature(SST) on board RV Xuelong were used to calibrate Chl-a and SST to create pCO_2 field in the remotely sensing datasets.Weekly and monthly maps of the air-sea CO_2 flux in the interested regions were further developed using the remotely sensed wind speed data from QuikSCAT dependence of the CO_2 gas transfer velocity of Wanninkhof,remotely sensed SST data from AVHRR and observed marine salinity data,atmospheric CO_2 data offered by the World Ocean Atlas by NOAA during the period CHINARE(Chinese Antarctic Research Expeditions)-ⅩⅥ(1999.12～2000.1) and CHINARE-ⅩⅪ(2004.12～2005.1) respectively.The results show regional spatial and temporal variabilities of air-sea flux of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean(south of 50°S) in the austral summer,and improve the accuracy of estimating the uptake of atmospheric CO_2 in the Southern Ocean
Results can be mainly summarized as the followings:
1.The result reveals the pattern of chlorophyll accumulation gradiently alongshore over the summer,with lower concentrations offshore.Large phytoplankton blooms occur particularly in waters around ice edges and islands as well as in polynyas and continental shelves.Sea surface temperature increases gradiently from south to north associated with time when summer coming.The strongest upwelling of the Circumpolar Deep Water is expected to occur at the Antarctic Divergence(73°E,64°S) and in the region center with(0°E,65.5°S).The sea surface salinity shows an irregular spatial patch distribution with higher or lower value.In January,the sea surface salinity decreases for the melted fresh water.In the austral summer,wind speed 10 meters above the sea surface turn to the lowest in the whole year.West wind is dominant in the austral summer south of 40°S in the southem ocean.
2.The waters from 60°W to 80°E in the Southern Ocean is a sink of CO_2 from atmosphere during austral summer,pCO_2 distribution shows spatial and temperal variability.The sink magnitude can be sequenced as:the south Atlantic sector＞south Georgia and the Falkland island＞the Antarctic peninsula＞inner part of the Prydz bay＞south Indian sector＞Weddell sea＞outer part of the Prydz Bay.
3.Using a model of CO_2 flux,the net uptake of atmospheric CO_2 in the Antarctic Ocean is 0.068GtC,0.072 GtC,0.071 GtC,0.074 GtC in Dec,1999, Jan,2000,Dec,2004 and Jan,2005 respectively.The annual net uptake in the Antarctic Ocean is 0.476 GtC,0.489 GtC,0.511 GtC,0.518 GtC in 1999, 2000,2004 and 2005 respectively,which contributes 25%to the total uptake in the global ocean.The net uptake of CO_2 in the Antarctic Ocean increases annually especially in the region as a strong sink,the Weddell sea,south Georgia,Falkland islands,the Antarctic Peninsula and the south Atlantic sector,while in the south Indian sector,the net uptake of CO_2 decreases.
1.南极海域夏季叶绿素浓度分布呈现随时间变化的向岸梯度分布的特征。在南半球高生产力季节的12月份和1月份,叶绿素高值区主要出现在冰边缘,岛屿附近和陆架海域。南极海域夏季水温由南向北呈现明显的随时间变化梯度递增分布趋势。在南极辐散带(73°E,64°S)和0经度断面上(0°E,65.5°S)两处有明显的SST涌升高值区。南极海域夏季表层水盐度的分布呈现不规则的空间分布,盐度值或高或低的块状分布。在1月份,表层海水盐度值有所下降。南极海域夏季为全年风场最弱的季节,在整个40°S以南海域以偏西风为主。
2.南极海域60°W到80°E之间海区夏季基本是大气CO_2的净汇区,pCO_2的分布特征具有明显的时空变异。CO_2的源汇强弱情况为:南大西洋＞南乔治亚岛和马尔维纳斯群岛＞南极半岛＞普里兹湾湾内＞南印度洋＞威德尔海＞普里兹湾湾外。
3.本研究计算得出在1999年12月份,2000年1月份,2004年12月份和2005年1月,50°S以南的南极海域碳吸收能力分别为:0.068GtC,0.072GtC,0.071 GtC,0.074 GtC。并估算出在1999年,2000年,2004年和2005年,南极海域年平均碳吸收能力为:0.476 GtC,0.489 GtC,0.511GtC,0.518 GtC。南极海域对大气CO_2吸收的贡献为25%。南极海域对大气CO_2的吸收呈逐年增加趋势。在威德尔海,南乔治亚岛、马尔维纳斯群岛和南极半岛,南大西洋海区的碳吸收能力逐年增加,是大气CO_2的强汇区,而南印度洋海区的碳吸收能力却呈下降趋势。
The southern ocean plays a key role in the exchange process with atmosphere of natural and anthropogenic CO_2.In this study,we applied remote sensing data in comparison with the in situ investigation data to quantitatively express air-sea fluxes of pCO_2 in the region,from 50°S to 75°S and from 60°W to 80°E in the Southern Ocean.The empirical relationships between underway measured pCO_2 and shipboard Chl-a,sea surface temperature(SST) on board RV Xuelong were used to calibrate Chl-a and SST to create pCO_2 field in the remotely sensing datasets.Weekly and monthly maps of the air-sea CO_2 flux in the interested regions were further developed using the remotely sensed wind speed data from QuikSCAT dependence of the CO_2 gas transfer velocity of Wanninkhof,remotely sensed SST data from AVHRR and observed marine salinity data,atmospheric CO_2 data offered by the World Ocean Atlas by NOAA during the period CHINARE(Chinese Antarctic Research Expeditions)-ⅩⅥ(1999.12～2000.1) and CHINARE-ⅩⅪ(2004.12～2005.1) respectively.The results show regional spatial and temporal variabilities of air-sea flux of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean(south of 50°S) in the austral summer,and improve the accuracy of estimating the uptake of atmospheric CO_2 in the Southern Ocean
Results can be mainly summarized as the followings:
1.The result reveals the pattern of chlorophyll accumulation gradiently alongshore over the summer,with lower concentrations offshore.Large phytoplankton blooms occur particularly in waters around ice edges and islands as well as in polynyas and continental shelves.Sea surface temperature increases gradiently from south to north associated with time when summer coming.The strongest upwelling of the Circumpolar Deep Water is expected to occur at the Antarctic Divergence(73°E,64°S) and in the region center with(0°E,65.5°S).The sea surface salinity shows an irregular spatial patch distribution with higher or lower value.In January,the sea surface salinity decreases for the melted fresh water.In the austral summer,wind speed 10 meters above the sea surface turn to the lowest in the whole year.West wind is dominant in the austral summer south of 40°S in the southem ocean.
2.The waters from 60°W to 80°E in the Southern Ocean is a sink of CO_2 from atmosphere during austral summer,pCO_2 distribution shows spatial and temperal variability.The sink magnitude can be sequenced as:the south Atlantic sector＞south Georgia and the Falkland island＞the Antarctic peninsula＞inner part of the Prydz bay＞south Indian sector＞Weddell sea＞outer part of the Prydz Bay.
3.Using a model of CO_2 flux,the net uptake of atmospheric CO_2 in the Antarctic Ocean is 0.068GtC,0.072 GtC,0.071 GtC,0.074 GtC in Dec,1999, Jan,2000,Dec,2004 and Jan,2005 respectively.The annual net uptake in the Antarctic Ocean is 0.476 GtC,0.489 GtC,0.511 GtC,0.518 GtC in 1999, 2000,2004 and 2005 respectively,which contributes 25%to the total uptake in the global ocean.The net uptake of CO_2 in the Antarctic Ocean increases annually especially in the region as a strong sink,the Weddell sea,south Georgia,Falkland islands,the Antarctic Peninsula and the south Atlantic sector,while in the south Indian sector,the net uptake of CO_2 decreases.
引文
1.陈立奇,高众勇,杨绪林等.北极地区碳循环研究意义和展望[J].极地研究,2004,16(3):171-180.
2.王庚辰.温室气体浓度和排放监测及相关过程[M].北京,中国环境科学出版社,1996.第四部分.
3.Battle M,Bender M L,Tans P P,et al.Global carbon sinks and their variability inferred from atmospheric CO_2 and δ 13C[J].Science,2000,287:2467-2470.
4.Hoppema M,Fahrbach E,Stoll M H C,et al.Annual uptake of atmospheric CO_2 by the Weddell Sea derived from a surface layer balance,including estimations of entrainment and new production[J].Journal of Marine Systems,1999,19(4):219-233.
5.Caldeira K,Duffy P B.The role of the Southern Ocean in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide[J].Science,2000,287:620-622.
6.Louanchi F,Hoppema M.Interannual variations of the Antarctic Ocean CO_2 uptake from 1986 to 1994[J].Marine Chemistry,2000,72:103-114.
7.Webb D J,Suginohara N.Oceanography:Vertical mixing in the ocean[J].Nature,2001,409:37,doi:10.1038/35051171.
8.Sweeney C,Dennis A H,Craig A C,et al.Biogeochemical regimes,net community production and carbon export in the Ross Sea,Antarctica[J].Deep Sea Res.,2000,Ⅱ47:3369-3394.
9.Morrison J M,Gaurin S,Codispoti LA,et al.Seasonal evolution of hydrographic properties in the Antarctic circumpolar current at 170° W during 1997 - 1998[J].Deep Sea Res.,2001,Ⅰ48:3943-3972.
10.Metzl N,Brunet C,Jabaud-Jan A,et al.Summer and winter air- sea CO_2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean[J].Deep Sea Res.,2006,Ⅰ53:1548-1563.
11. Mccarrthy J L, Brewer P G, Feldman G. Global ocean flux[J]. Oceanus, 1986, 29(4):16-26.
12. Murphy P P, Feely R A, Gammon R H. Assessment of the air-sea exchange of CO_2 in the South Pacific during austral autumn[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1991, 96:20455 - 20465.
13. Treguer P, Pondaven P. Preface: Climatic changes and the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean: a step forward[J]. Deep-sea Research, 2002,1149: 1597-1600.
14. Takahashi T, Sutherland S C, Sweeney C, et al. Global sea-air C02 flux based on climatological surface ocean PCO_2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects[J]. Deep-sea Research, 2002, II49: 1601-1622.
15. Gibson J A E, Trull T W. Annual cycle of fCO_2 under sea-ice and in open water in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica[J]. Marine Chemistry, 1999, 66: 187-200.
16. Etcheto J, Boutin J, Merlivat L. Seasonal variation of the CO_2 exchange coefficient over the global ocean using satellite wind speed measurements[J].Tellus, 1991, 43B: 247-255.
17. Etcheto J, Merlivat L. Satellite determination of the carbon dioxide exchange coefficient at the ocean-atmosphere interface: a first step[J]. J. Geophys. Res.,1988,93: 15669-15678.
18. Ciais P, Tans P P, Trolier M, et al. A large northern hemisphere terrestrial CO_2 sink indicated by the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO_2[J]. Science, 1995,269: 1098-1101.
19. Tans P P, Berry J A, Keeling R F. Oceanic 13C/12C observations: a new window on ocean CO_2 uptake[J]. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 1993, 7: 353-368.
20. Olsen A, Trinanes J A, Wanninkhof R, et al. Sea-air flux of CO_2 in the Caribbean sea estimated using in situ and remote sensing data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004, 89: 309-325.
21.李四海,王宏,许卫东.海洋水色卫星遥感研究与进展[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(2):190-196.
22.Mary-Elena C.Remote sensing tools to study ocean biogeochemistry[J],the state of the art,Sessao Especial-Workshops,Anais X SBSR,Foz do Iguacu,2001,21-26,INPE,779-784.
23.谢文君,陈君.海洋遥感的应用与展望[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(3):123-128.
24.Rangama Y,Boutin J,Etcheto J,et al.Variability of the net air-sea CO_2 flux inferred from shipboard and satellite measurements in the Southern Ocean south of Tasmania and New Zealand[J].Journal of Geophysical research,2005,110,C09005.
25.林敏基.海洋与海岸带遥感应用[M].北京,海洋出版社,1991.138-142.
26.Wanninkhof R.Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical research,1992,97(C5):7373-7382.
27.Cosca C E,Feely R A,Boutin J,et al.Seasonal and interannual CO_2 fluxes for the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean as determined from fCO_2-SST relationships[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(C8):3278,doi:10,1029/2000JC000677.
28.郝春江,解思梅,王毅等.利用卫星遥感监测南极海冰的研究进展[C].南极与全球环境的相互作用和影响论文集,北京,气象出版社,1996.393-396.
29.尹涛,杨清华,许淙.极地科学考察中海冰监测和预报的研究应用[J].海洋预报,2005,22:24-26.
30.吴培中.海洋初级生产力的卫星探测[J].国土资源遥感,2000,3:7-15.
31.檀赛春,石广玉.海洋初级生产力的卫星遥感[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(8):863-870.
32.Morre J K,Mark R A,James G R,et al.SeaWiFS satellite ocean color data from the Southern Ocean[J].GRL,1999,26(10):1465-1468.
33.Wanninkhof R,Olsen A,Trinanes J.Air-sea CO_2 fluxes in the Caribbean Sea from 2002 -2004[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2OO6,doi:10,1016/j.jmarsys.
34.Etcheto J,Dandonneau Y,Boutin J.Estimating the interannual variability of the air-sea CO_2 flux in the east equatorial pacific[J].Physical Chem.1999,Earth(B),24(5):.405-410.
35.Louanchi F,Hoppema M.Interannual variations of the Antarctic Ocean CO_2 uptake from 1986 to 1994[J].Marine Chemistry,2000,72:103-114.
36.Ono T,Saino T,Kurita N,et al.Basin-scale extrapolation of shipboard pCO_2 data by using satellite SST and Chla[J].Remosing Sensing,2004,25(19):3803-3815.
37.Sarma V Y S S,Saino T,Sasaoka K,et al.Basin-scale pCO_2 distribution using satellite sea surface temperature,Chla,and climatological salinity in the North Pacific in spring and summer[J].Global Biogeochemical cycles,2006,Vol20,GB3005,doi:10,1029/2005GB002494.
38.Mark P S,Geoffrey S,Donald B O,et al.Sea-air flux of CO_2 in the North Pacific using shipboard and satellite data[J].Journal of Geophysical research,1995,100(C7):13571-13583.
39.宁修仁,刘子琳,史君贤等.1990/1991年南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域浮游植物粒度化级生物量和初级生产力[M].中国海洋学文集,1998,9:42-54.
40.刘子琳,宁修仁,朱根海等.1989/1990年南大洋环极表层水浮游植物分级生物量、初级生产力和颗粒有机碳的分布[M].中国海洋学文集,1998,9:22-30.
41.刘子琳,蔡昱明,陈中元等.1998/1999年南极夏季普里兹湾及北部海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征[J].极地研究,2002,14(1):12-21.
42.王伟强,黄宣宝,张远辉.南印度洋海-气二氧化碳分压差及其通量[J].台湾海峡,1998,17(3):262-268.
43.陈立奇.南极地区与全球变化集成研究展望[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):133-137.
44.陈立奇.南极和北极地区在全球变化中的作用研究[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):245-253.
45.高众勇,陈立奇,王伟强.南大洋二氧化碳源汇分布及其海-气通量研究[J].极地研究,2001,13(3):175-186.
46.高众勇,陈立奇.南大洋碳循环研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2002,24(4):41-48.
47.Deacon G E E R.The hydrology of the southern ocean[J].Discovery Reports,1937,15:1-24.
48.Read J F,Lucas M I,Holley S E,et al.Phytoplankton,nutrients and hydrography in the frontal zone between the Southwest Indian Subtropical gyre and the Southern Ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research Ⅰ,2000,47:2341-2368.
49.Franck V M,Brzezinski M A,Coale K H,et al.Iron and silicic acid concentrations regulate Si uptake north and south of the Polar Frontal Zone in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ,2000,47:3315-3338.
50.Bakker D C E,Watson A J,Law C S.Southern Ocean iron enrichment promotes inorganic carbon drawdown[J].Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ,2001,48:2483-2507.
51.Sabine C L,Key R M.Controls on f(CO_2) in the South Pacific[J].Mar.Chem.,1998,60(1-2):95-110.
52.Tréguer P and Jacques G.Dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton and fluxes of carbon,nitrogen and silicon in the Antarctic Ocean[J].Polar Biology,1992,12:149-162.
53.Bates N R,Hansell D A,Carlson C A,et al.Distribution of CO_2 species,estimates of net community production,and air - sea CO_2 exchange in the Ros Sea polynya[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1998a,103:2883-2896.
54.Bates N R,Takahashi T,Chipman D W,et al.Variability of pCO_2 on diel to seasonal time scales in the Sargasso Sea[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1998b, 103: 15567-15585.
55. Barbini R, Fantoni R, Palucci A, et al. Simultaneous measurements of remote lidar chlorophyll and surface CO_2 distributions in the Ross Sea[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2003, 24: 3807-3819.
56. Sweeney C. The annual cycle of surface waterCO_2 and O_2 in the Ross Sea: a model for gas exchange on the continental shelves of Antarctic. Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea[J]. Antarctic Res. Series, 2002,78: 295-312.
57. Hales B, Takahashi T. High-resolution biogeochemical investigation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the AESOPS (U.S. JGOFS) Program[J]. Glob. Biocheochem.Cycles, 2004, 18, GB3006. doi:10. 1029/2003GB002165.
58. Speer K G, Rintoul S R, Sloyan B M. The diabatic Deacon cell[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2000, 30: 3213-3222.
59. Chisholm S W. Stirring times in the Southern Ocean[J]. Nautre, 2000, 407:685-687.
60. Takahashi T, Olafsson J, Goddard J, et al. Seasonal variation of CO_2 and nutrients in the highlatitude surface oceans: a comparative study[J]. Glob. Biogeochem.Cycles, 1993, 7: 843-878.
61. Bellerby R G J, Turner D R, Robertson J E. Surface pH and pCO_2 distributions in the Bellingshausen Sea, SouthernOcean, during the early Austral summer[J].Deep Sea Res., 1995, 1142(4-5): 1093-1107.
62. Poisson A. Ocean geochemistry—carbon dioxide uptake at sea[J]. Nature, 1998,396: 521-522.
63. Wanninkhof R, Sullivan K F, Top Z. Air - sea gas transfer in the Southern Ocean[J].J. Geophys. Res., 2004,109, C08S19. doi:10.1029/ 2003JC001767.
64. Comiso J C, McClain C R, Sullivan C W, et al. Coastal zone color scanner pigment concentrations in the Southern Ocean and relationships to geophysical surface features[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1993, 98: 2419-2451.
65. SmithWO, Keene N K and Comiso J C. Interannual variability in estimated primary productivity of the Antarctic marginal ice zone[J]. In: Sahrhage D. ed.Antarctic ocean and resources variability, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988,131-139.
66. Holm-Hansen O, Mitchell B G. Spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton and primary production in the western Bransfield Strait region[J]. Deep-Sea Research, 1991, 38: 961-980.
67. Smith Jr. W O, Harrison W G. New production in polar regions: the role of environmental controls[J]. Deep-Sea Research, 1991, 38: 1463-1479.
68. Pakhomov E A, Perissinotto R, McQuaid C D, et al. Zooplankton structure and grazing in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in late austral summer 1993[J]. Deep-Sea Research, 2000, 147: 1663-1686.
69. Pu S Z, Dong Z Q, Hu X M, et al. Variability of the Continental Water Boundary near the Prydz Bay[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2002, 4(1): 1-10.
70. Gordon A L, Huber B A. Southern Ocean winter mixed layer[J]. J. Geophys. Res.,1990, 95: 11655-11672.
71. Hoppema M, Stoll M H C, de Baar H J W. CO_2 in the Weddell Gyre and Antarctic Circumpolar Current: austral autumn and early winter[J]. Marine Chemistry,2000,72: 203-220.
72. Dikson A G, Goyet C. Determination of pCO_2 in air that is in equilibrium with a discrete sample of sea water, in: DOE Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water[Z],1994, version 2, eds., ORNL/CDIAC-74.
73. Hooker S B, McClain C R. The calibration and validation of SeaWiFS data[J].Progress in Oceanography, 2000,45(3-4): 427-465.
74.O' Reilly J E,Maritorena S,Mitchell BG,et al.Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFs[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,2001,103(Cll):24937 - 24953.
75.Werdell P J,Bailey S,Fargion G,et al.Unique data repository facilitates ocean colour satellite validation[J].EOS Trans.AGU,2003,84:379-385.
76.Lavender P,Froidefond M,Aiken M.SeaWiFS validation in European coastal waters using optical and bio-geochemical measurements[J].Int.J.Remote Sens.,2004,25:1481 -1488.
77.Barbini R,Colao F,Fantoni R,et al.Comparison of SeaWiFS,MODIS-Terra and MODIS-aqua in the southern ocean[J].J.Remote Sens.2005,26:2471-2478.
78.McClain E P,Pichel W G,Walton C C.Comparative performance of AVHRR-based multichannel sea surface temperatures[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1985,90(C6):11587- 11601.
79.JPL.QuikSCAT Science Data Product User' s Manual(version 2.0).[M]Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publ.D-18053[M],Pasadena,2001.
80.Reynolds R W,Smith T M.Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation[J].J.Climate,1994,7:929-948.
81.刘春霞,何溪澄.QuikSCAT散射计矢量风统计特征及南海大风遥感分析[J].热带气象学报,2003,19:107-117.
82.Wentz F J,Mattox L A.New algorithms for microwave measurements of ocean winds:Application to seasat and the special sensor microwave imager[J].J Geophys Res,1986,91(2):2289.
83.Freilich M H.SeaWinds algorithm theoretical basis docu ment.http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/quikscat/qscat doc:NASA/J PL,2000.
84.Yueh S H,Stiles B W,Tsai W Y,et al.QuikSCAT Geophysical Model Function for Tropical Cyclones and Application to Hurricane Floyd[J].Nature, 2001,39(12):75-87.
85.Antonov J I,Locarnini R A,Boyer T Pet al.World Ocean Atlas 2005,Volume 2:Salinity.S.Levitus,Ed.NOAA Atlas NESDIS 62,U.S.Government Printing Office,Washington,D.C.,2006,182.
86.Conkright M E,Locarnini S A,Garcia H E,et al.World Ocean Atlas 2001:Objective Analyses,.Data Statistics,and Figures,CD-ROM Documentation[Z].National Oceanographic Data Center,Silver Spring,MD,2002,17.
87.Weiss R F,Price B A.Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater[J].Mar.Chem.,1980,8:347-359.
88.李宁,李学刚,宋金明.海洋碳循环研究的关键生物地球化学过程[J].海洋环境科学,2005,24(2):75-80.
89.Weiss R F.Carbon dioxide in water and seawater:the solubility of a non-ideal gas[J].Mar.Chem.,1974,2:203-205.
90.Liss P S,Merlivat.Air-sea gas exchange rates.Introduction and synthesis.In:the role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling,1986,113-127.
91.Jacobs C M J,Kohsiek W,Oost W A.Air-sea fluxes and transfer velocity of CO_2over the North Sea:result from ASGhMAGE.Tellus,1999,51B:629-641.
92.Marina M,Kendra L D,Chuanmin H.Spatial and temporal variability of SeaWifs chlorophyll a distributions west of the Antarctic Peninsula:implications for krill production[J].Deep-Sea research,2008,II55:377-392.
93.Holm-Hansen O,El-Sayed S Z,Franceschini G A,et al.Primary production and the factors controlling phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean[J].In:Proceedings of the Third SCAR Symposium of Antarctic Biology on Adaptations within Antarctic Ecosystems,1977,11-50.
94.Smith W O,Nelson D M.Phytoplankton bloom produced by a receding ice edge in the Ross Sea:spatial coherence with the density field[J].Science,1985,227: 163-166.
95.Sullivan C W,Arrigo K R,McClain C R,et al.Distribution of phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Ocean[J].Science,1993,262:1832-1837.
96.Moore J K,Abbott M R.Phytoplankton chlorophyll distributions and primary production in the Southern Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105:28709 - 28722.
97.Arrigo K R,van Dijken G L.Phytoplankton dynamics within 37 Antarctic coastal polynya systems[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108:3271.
98.Garibotti I A,Vernet M,Ferrario M E,et al.Phytoplankton spatial distribution patterns along the western Antarctic Peninsula(Southern Ocean)[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2003,261:21- 39.
99.刘子琳,宁修仁,蔡昱明等.1999/2000年夏季环南极表层海水叶绿素a和初级生产力[J].2000,极地研究,112(4):235-244.
100.Mitchell B G,Holm-Hansen O.Bio-optical properties of Antarctic Peninsula waters:differentiation from temperate ocean models[J].Deep-Sea Research,1991,38:1009-1028.
101.El-Sayed S Z.Observations on phytoplankton bloom in the Weddell Sea[J].Biology of the Antarctic Seas,1971,Ⅳ(17):301- 312.
102.El-Sayed S Z,Taguchi S.Primary production and standing crop of phytoplankton along the ice-edge in the Weddell Sea[J].Deep-Sea Research,1981,28A:1017 - 1032.
103.Sedwick P N,DiTullio GR.Regulation of algal blooms in Antarctic shelf waters by the release of iron from melting sea ice[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1997,24:2515-2518.
104.Atkinson A,Whitehouse M J,Priddle J,et al.South Georgia,Antarctica:a productive,cold water,pelagic ecosystem[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2001,216:279-308.
105.Peter W,Whitehouse M J,Rachael S,et al.Plankton community structure south and west of South Georgia(Southern Ocean):Links with production and physical forcing[J].Deep-sea research,2007,Ⅰ54:1871-1889.
106.Fraser W R,Trivelpiece W Z.Factors controlling the distribution of seabirds:winter-summer heterogeneity in the distribution of Ade' lie penguin populations[J].Antarctic Research Series,1996,70:257-272.
107.Arrigo K R,Worthen D,Schnell A,et al.Primary production in Southern Ocean waters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103:15587-15600.
108.Deibel D,Daly K L.Zooplankton processes.Polynyas:Windows into Polar Oceans[J].Elsevier Oceanography Series,2007,74:271-321.
109.Smith R C,Dierssen H M,Vernet M.Phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the western Antarctic Peninsula region[J].Antarctic Research Series,1996,70:333-356.
110.Rodriguez F,Varela M,Zapata M.Phytoplankton assemblages in the Gerlache and Bransfield Straits(Antarctic Peninsula) determined by light microscopy and CHEMTAX analysis of HPLC pigment data[J].Deep-Sea Research,2002,Ⅱ49:723-747.
111.Park Y H,Charriaud E,Fieux M.Thermohaline structure of the Antarctic Surface Water/Winter Water in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean[J].Journal of Marine Systems,1998,17:5-23.
112.Gordon A L,Huber B A.Thermohaline stratification below the Southern Ocean sea ice[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89:641-648.
113.Deacon G E R.Physical and biological zonation in the Southern Ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research,1982,29(1A):1-15.
114.闫明,刘金芳,杨亮等.南大西洋海面风场时空特征分析[J].海洋预报,2004,121(1): 27-34.
115.贺志刚,董兆乾,蒲书箴.东南印度洋各锋位置和走向的季节变化及其与风场变化的关系[J].海洋学报,2007,29(2):18-24.
116.Nihashi S,Cavalieri D J.Observational evidence of a hemispheric-wide ice-ocean albedo feedback effect on Antarctic sea-ice decay[5].J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,C12001,doi:10.1029/2005JC003447.
117.宁修仁,刘子琳,史君贤等.南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域浮游植物粒度分级生物量和初级生产力[J].极地研究,1993,5(4):50-62.
118.Conway T 5,Tans P P,Waterman L S,et al.Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationrClimate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory global air sampling network[5].J.Geophys.Res.,1994,D99:22831-22855.
119.Francey R 5,Tans P P,Allison C E,et al.Changes in oceanic and terrestrial carbon uptake since 198215].Nature,1995,373:326-330.
120.马丽娟,陆龙骅,卞林根.南极海冰的时空变化特征[J].极地研究,2004,16(1):29-37.
121.Tans P P,Fung I Y,Takahashi T.Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO_2 budget[J].Science,1990,247(2):1431 - 1438.
122.Takahashi T,Feely R A,Weiss R F,et al.Global air-sea fluxes of CO_2:an estimate based on measurements of sea-air pCO_2 difference[J].Revelle Symposium.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,1997,94:8292-8299.
123.Louanchi F,Hoppema M,Bakker D C E,et al.Modelled and observed sea surface fCO_2 in the Southern Ocean:a comparative study[J].Tellus,Ser.1999,B51:541- 559.
124.Winguth A M E,Heimann M,Kurz K D,et al.E1Nino Southern Oscillation related fluctuations of marine carbon cycle[J].Global Biogeochem.Cycles,1994,8: 39 - 63.
125. Robertson I E, Watson A J. A summertime sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Southern ocean between 80° Wand 80° E[J]. Deep-sea Research, 1995, 11(42):933 - 954.
126.Boutin J, Etcheto J, Dandonneau Y, et al. Satellite sea surface temperature:a powerful tool for interpreting in situ pCO_2 measurements in the equatorial Pacific Ocean[J]. Tellus, 1999,B51(2): 490-508.
127.Loukos H, Vivier F, Murphy P P, et al. Interannual variability of equatorial Pacific CO_2 fluxes estimated from temperature and salinity data. Geophysical Research Letters[J], 2000, 27(12): 1735-1738.
128.Lee K, Wanninkhof R, Takahashi T, et al. Low interannual variability in recent oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide[J]. Nature, 1998, 396(6707):155-159.
2.王庚辰.温室气体浓度和排放监测及相关过程[M].北京,中国环境科学出版社,1996.第四部分.
3.Battle M,Bender M L,Tans P P,et al.Global carbon sinks and their variability inferred from atmospheric CO_2 and δ 13C[J].Science,2000,287:2467-2470.
4.Hoppema M,Fahrbach E,Stoll M H C,et al.Annual uptake of atmospheric CO_2 by the Weddell Sea derived from a surface layer balance,including estimations of entrainment and new production[J].Journal of Marine Systems,1999,19(4):219-233.
5.Caldeira K,Duffy P B.The role of the Southern Ocean in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide[J].Science,2000,287:620-622.
6.Louanchi F,Hoppema M.Interannual variations of the Antarctic Ocean CO_2 uptake from 1986 to 1994[J].Marine Chemistry,2000,72:103-114.
7.Webb D J,Suginohara N.Oceanography:Vertical mixing in the ocean[J].Nature,2001,409:37,doi:10.1038/35051171.
8.Sweeney C,Dennis A H,Craig A C,et al.Biogeochemical regimes,net community production and carbon export in the Ross Sea,Antarctica[J].Deep Sea Res.,2000,Ⅱ47:3369-3394.
9.Morrison J M,Gaurin S,Codispoti LA,et al.Seasonal evolution of hydrographic properties in the Antarctic circumpolar current at 170° W during 1997 - 1998[J].Deep Sea Res.,2001,Ⅰ48:3943-3972.
10.Metzl N,Brunet C,Jabaud-Jan A,et al.Summer and winter air- sea CO_2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean[J].Deep Sea Res.,2006,Ⅰ53:1548-1563.
11. Mccarrthy J L, Brewer P G, Feldman G. Global ocean flux[J]. Oceanus, 1986, 29(4):16-26.
12. Murphy P P, Feely R A, Gammon R H. Assessment of the air-sea exchange of CO_2 in the South Pacific during austral autumn[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1991, 96:20455 - 20465.
13. Treguer P, Pondaven P. Preface: Climatic changes and the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean: a step forward[J]. Deep-sea Research, 2002,1149: 1597-1600.
14. Takahashi T, Sutherland S C, Sweeney C, et al. Global sea-air C02 flux based on climatological surface ocean PCO_2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects[J]. Deep-sea Research, 2002, II49: 1601-1622.
15. Gibson J A E, Trull T W. Annual cycle of fCO_2 under sea-ice and in open water in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica[J]. Marine Chemistry, 1999, 66: 187-200.
16. Etcheto J, Boutin J, Merlivat L. Seasonal variation of the CO_2 exchange coefficient over the global ocean using satellite wind speed measurements[J].Tellus, 1991, 43B: 247-255.
17. Etcheto J, Merlivat L. Satellite determination of the carbon dioxide exchange coefficient at the ocean-atmosphere interface: a first step[J]. J. Geophys. Res.,1988,93: 15669-15678.
18. Ciais P, Tans P P, Trolier M, et al. A large northern hemisphere terrestrial CO_2 sink indicated by the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO_2[J]. Science, 1995,269: 1098-1101.
19. Tans P P, Berry J A, Keeling R F. Oceanic 13C/12C observations: a new window on ocean CO_2 uptake[J]. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 1993, 7: 353-368.
20. Olsen A, Trinanes J A, Wanninkhof R, et al. Sea-air flux of CO_2 in the Caribbean sea estimated using in situ and remote sensing data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004, 89: 309-325.
21.李四海,王宏,许卫东.海洋水色卫星遥感研究与进展[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(2):190-196.
22.Mary-Elena C.Remote sensing tools to study ocean biogeochemistry[J],the state of the art,Sessao Especial-Workshops,Anais X SBSR,Foz do Iguacu,2001,21-26,INPE,779-784.
23.谢文君,陈君.海洋遥感的应用与展望[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(3):123-128.
24.Rangama Y,Boutin J,Etcheto J,et al.Variability of the net air-sea CO_2 flux inferred from shipboard and satellite measurements in the Southern Ocean south of Tasmania and New Zealand[J].Journal of Geophysical research,2005,110,C09005.
25.林敏基.海洋与海岸带遥感应用[M].北京,海洋出版社,1991.138-142.
26.Wanninkhof R.Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical research,1992,97(C5):7373-7382.
27.Cosca C E,Feely R A,Boutin J,et al.Seasonal and interannual CO_2 fluxes for the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean as determined from fCO_2-SST relationships[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(C8):3278,doi:10,1029/2000JC000677.
28.郝春江,解思梅,王毅等.利用卫星遥感监测南极海冰的研究进展[C].南极与全球环境的相互作用和影响论文集,北京,气象出版社,1996.393-396.
29.尹涛,杨清华,许淙.极地科学考察中海冰监测和预报的研究应用[J].海洋预报,2005,22:24-26.
30.吴培中.海洋初级生产力的卫星探测[J].国土资源遥感,2000,3:7-15.
31.檀赛春,石广玉.海洋初级生产力的卫星遥感[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(8):863-870.
32.Morre J K,Mark R A,James G R,et al.SeaWiFS satellite ocean color data from the Southern Ocean[J].GRL,1999,26(10):1465-1468.
33.Wanninkhof R,Olsen A,Trinanes J.Air-sea CO_2 fluxes in the Caribbean Sea from 2002 -2004[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2OO6,doi:10,1016/j.jmarsys.
34.Etcheto J,Dandonneau Y,Boutin J.Estimating the interannual variability of the air-sea CO_2 flux in the east equatorial pacific[J].Physical Chem.1999,Earth(B),24(5):.405-410.
35.Louanchi F,Hoppema M.Interannual variations of the Antarctic Ocean CO_2 uptake from 1986 to 1994[J].Marine Chemistry,2000,72:103-114.
36.Ono T,Saino T,Kurita N,et al.Basin-scale extrapolation of shipboard pCO_2 data by using satellite SST and Chla[J].Remosing Sensing,2004,25(19):3803-3815.
37.Sarma V Y S S,Saino T,Sasaoka K,et al.Basin-scale pCO_2 distribution using satellite sea surface temperature,Chla,and climatological salinity in the North Pacific in spring and summer[J].Global Biogeochemical cycles,2006,Vol20,GB3005,doi:10,1029/2005GB002494.
38.Mark P S,Geoffrey S,Donald B O,et al.Sea-air flux of CO_2 in the North Pacific using shipboard and satellite data[J].Journal of Geophysical research,1995,100(C7):13571-13583.
39.宁修仁,刘子琳,史君贤等.1990/1991年南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域浮游植物粒度化级生物量和初级生产力[M].中国海洋学文集,1998,9:42-54.
40.刘子琳,宁修仁,朱根海等.1989/1990年南大洋环极表层水浮游植物分级生物量、初级生产力和颗粒有机碳的分布[M].中国海洋学文集,1998,9:22-30.
41.刘子琳,蔡昱明,陈中元等.1998/1999年南极夏季普里兹湾及北部海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征[J].极地研究,2002,14(1):12-21.
42.王伟强,黄宣宝,张远辉.南印度洋海-气二氧化碳分压差及其通量[J].台湾海峡,1998,17(3):262-268.
43.陈立奇.南极地区与全球变化集成研究展望[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):133-137.
44.陈立奇.南极和北极地区在全球变化中的作用研究[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):245-253.
45.高众勇,陈立奇,王伟强.南大洋二氧化碳源汇分布及其海-气通量研究[J].极地研究,2001,13(3):175-186.
46.高众勇,陈立奇.南大洋碳循环研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2002,24(4):41-48.
47.Deacon G E E R.The hydrology of the southern ocean[J].Discovery Reports,1937,15:1-24.
48.Read J F,Lucas M I,Holley S E,et al.Phytoplankton,nutrients and hydrography in the frontal zone between the Southwest Indian Subtropical gyre and the Southern Ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research Ⅰ,2000,47:2341-2368.
49.Franck V M,Brzezinski M A,Coale K H,et al.Iron and silicic acid concentrations regulate Si uptake north and south of the Polar Frontal Zone in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ,2000,47:3315-3338.
50.Bakker D C E,Watson A J,Law C S.Southern Ocean iron enrichment promotes inorganic carbon drawdown[J].Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ,2001,48:2483-2507.
51.Sabine C L,Key R M.Controls on f(CO_2) in the South Pacific[J].Mar.Chem.,1998,60(1-2):95-110.
52.Tréguer P and Jacques G.Dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton and fluxes of carbon,nitrogen and silicon in the Antarctic Ocean[J].Polar Biology,1992,12:149-162.
53.Bates N R,Hansell D A,Carlson C A,et al.Distribution of CO_2 species,estimates of net community production,and air - sea CO_2 exchange in the Ros Sea polynya[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1998a,103:2883-2896.
54.Bates N R,Takahashi T,Chipman D W,et al.Variability of pCO_2 on diel to seasonal time scales in the Sargasso Sea[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1998b, 103: 15567-15585.
55. Barbini R, Fantoni R, Palucci A, et al. Simultaneous measurements of remote lidar chlorophyll and surface CO_2 distributions in the Ross Sea[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2003, 24: 3807-3819.
56. Sweeney C. The annual cycle of surface waterCO_2 and O_2 in the Ross Sea: a model for gas exchange on the continental shelves of Antarctic. Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea[J]. Antarctic Res. Series, 2002,78: 295-312.
57. Hales B, Takahashi T. High-resolution biogeochemical investigation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the AESOPS (U.S. JGOFS) Program[J]. Glob. Biocheochem.Cycles, 2004, 18, GB3006. doi:10. 1029/2003GB002165.
58. Speer K G, Rintoul S R, Sloyan B M. The diabatic Deacon cell[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2000, 30: 3213-3222.
59. Chisholm S W. Stirring times in the Southern Ocean[J]. Nautre, 2000, 407:685-687.
60. Takahashi T, Olafsson J, Goddard J, et al. Seasonal variation of CO_2 and nutrients in the highlatitude surface oceans: a comparative study[J]. Glob. Biogeochem.Cycles, 1993, 7: 843-878.
61. Bellerby R G J, Turner D R, Robertson J E. Surface pH and pCO_2 distributions in the Bellingshausen Sea, SouthernOcean, during the early Austral summer[J].Deep Sea Res., 1995, 1142(4-5): 1093-1107.
62. Poisson A. Ocean geochemistry—carbon dioxide uptake at sea[J]. Nature, 1998,396: 521-522.
63. Wanninkhof R, Sullivan K F, Top Z. Air - sea gas transfer in the Southern Ocean[J].J. Geophys. Res., 2004,109, C08S19. doi:10.1029/ 2003JC001767.
64. Comiso J C, McClain C R, Sullivan C W, et al. Coastal zone color scanner pigment concentrations in the Southern Ocean and relationships to geophysical surface features[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1993, 98: 2419-2451.
65. SmithWO, Keene N K and Comiso J C. Interannual variability in estimated primary productivity of the Antarctic marginal ice zone[J]. In: Sahrhage D. ed.Antarctic ocean and resources variability, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988,131-139.
66. Holm-Hansen O, Mitchell B G. Spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton and primary production in the western Bransfield Strait region[J]. Deep-Sea Research, 1991, 38: 961-980.
67. Smith Jr. W O, Harrison W G. New production in polar regions: the role of environmental controls[J]. Deep-Sea Research, 1991, 38: 1463-1479.
68. Pakhomov E A, Perissinotto R, McQuaid C D, et al. Zooplankton structure and grazing in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in late austral summer 1993[J]. Deep-Sea Research, 2000, 147: 1663-1686.
69. Pu S Z, Dong Z Q, Hu X M, et al. Variability of the Continental Water Boundary near the Prydz Bay[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2002, 4(1): 1-10.
70. Gordon A L, Huber B A. Southern Ocean winter mixed layer[J]. J. Geophys. Res.,1990, 95: 11655-11672.
71. Hoppema M, Stoll M H C, de Baar H J W. CO_2 in the Weddell Gyre and Antarctic Circumpolar Current: austral autumn and early winter[J]. Marine Chemistry,2000,72: 203-220.
72. Dikson A G, Goyet C. Determination of pCO_2 in air that is in equilibrium with a discrete sample of sea water, in: DOE Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water[Z],1994, version 2, eds., ORNL/CDIAC-74.
73. Hooker S B, McClain C R. The calibration and validation of SeaWiFS data[J].Progress in Oceanography, 2000,45(3-4): 427-465.
74.O' Reilly J E,Maritorena S,Mitchell BG,et al.Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFs[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,2001,103(Cll):24937 - 24953.
75.Werdell P J,Bailey S,Fargion G,et al.Unique data repository facilitates ocean colour satellite validation[J].EOS Trans.AGU,2003,84:379-385.
76.Lavender P,Froidefond M,Aiken M.SeaWiFS validation in European coastal waters using optical and bio-geochemical measurements[J].Int.J.Remote Sens.,2004,25:1481 -1488.
77.Barbini R,Colao F,Fantoni R,et al.Comparison of SeaWiFS,MODIS-Terra and MODIS-aqua in the southern ocean[J].J.Remote Sens.2005,26:2471-2478.
78.McClain E P,Pichel W G,Walton C C.Comparative performance of AVHRR-based multichannel sea surface temperatures[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1985,90(C6):11587- 11601.
79.JPL.QuikSCAT Science Data Product User' s Manual(version 2.0).[M]Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publ.D-18053[M],Pasadena,2001.
80.Reynolds R W,Smith T M.Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation[J].J.Climate,1994,7:929-948.
81.刘春霞,何溪澄.QuikSCAT散射计矢量风统计特征及南海大风遥感分析[J].热带气象学报,2003,19:107-117.
82.Wentz F J,Mattox L A.New algorithms for microwave measurements of ocean winds:Application to seasat and the special sensor microwave imager[J].J Geophys Res,1986,91(2):2289.
83.Freilich M H.SeaWinds algorithm theoretical basis docu ment.http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/quikscat/qscat doc:NASA/J PL,2000.
84.Yueh S H,Stiles B W,Tsai W Y,et al.QuikSCAT Geophysical Model Function for Tropical Cyclones and Application to Hurricane Floyd[J].Nature, 2001,39(12):75-87.
85.Antonov J I,Locarnini R A,Boyer T Pet al.World Ocean Atlas 2005,Volume 2:Salinity.S.Levitus,Ed.NOAA Atlas NESDIS 62,U.S.Government Printing Office,Washington,D.C.,2006,182.
86.Conkright M E,Locarnini S A,Garcia H E,et al.World Ocean Atlas 2001:Objective Analyses,.Data Statistics,and Figures,CD-ROM Documentation[Z].National Oceanographic Data Center,Silver Spring,MD,2002,17.
87.Weiss R F,Price B A.Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater[J].Mar.Chem.,1980,8:347-359.
88.李宁,李学刚,宋金明.海洋碳循环研究的关键生物地球化学过程[J].海洋环境科学,2005,24(2):75-80.
89.Weiss R F.Carbon dioxide in water and seawater:the solubility of a non-ideal gas[J].Mar.Chem.,1974,2:203-205.
90.Liss P S,Merlivat.Air-sea gas exchange rates.Introduction and synthesis.In:the role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling,1986,113-127.
91.Jacobs C M J,Kohsiek W,Oost W A.Air-sea fluxes and transfer velocity of CO_2over the North Sea:result from ASGhMAGE.Tellus,1999,51B:629-641.
92.Marina M,Kendra L D,Chuanmin H.Spatial and temporal variability of SeaWifs chlorophyll a distributions west of the Antarctic Peninsula:implications for krill production[J].Deep-Sea research,2008,II55:377-392.
93.Holm-Hansen O,El-Sayed S Z,Franceschini G A,et al.Primary production and the factors controlling phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean[J].In:Proceedings of the Third SCAR Symposium of Antarctic Biology on Adaptations within Antarctic Ecosystems,1977,11-50.
94.Smith W O,Nelson D M.Phytoplankton bloom produced by a receding ice edge in the Ross Sea:spatial coherence with the density field[J].Science,1985,227: 163-166.
95.Sullivan C W,Arrigo K R,McClain C R,et al.Distribution of phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Ocean[J].Science,1993,262:1832-1837.
96.Moore J K,Abbott M R.Phytoplankton chlorophyll distributions and primary production in the Southern Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105:28709 - 28722.
97.Arrigo K R,van Dijken G L.Phytoplankton dynamics within 37 Antarctic coastal polynya systems[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108:3271.
98.Garibotti I A,Vernet M,Ferrario M E,et al.Phytoplankton spatial distribution patterns along the western Antarctic Peninsula(Southern Ocean)[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2003,261:21- 39.
99.刘子琳,宁修仁,蔡昱明等.1999/2000年夏季环南极表层海水叶绿素a和初级生产力[J].2000,极地研究,112(4):235-244.
100.Mitchell B G,Holm-Hansen O.Bio-optical properties of Antarctic Peninsula waters:differentiation from temperate ocean models[J].Deep-Sea Research,1991,38:1009-1028.
101.El-Sayed S Z.Observations on phytoplankton bloom in the Weddell Sea[J].Biology of the Antarctic Seas,1971,Ⅳ(17):301- 312.
102.El-Sayed S Z,Taguchi S.Primary production and standing crop of phytoplankton along the ice-edge in the Weddell Sea[J].Deep-Sea Research,1981,28A:1017 - 1032.
103.Sedwick P N,DiTullio GR.Regulation of algal blooms in Antarctic shelf waters by the release of iron from melting sea ice[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1997,24:2515-2518.
104.Atkinson A,Whitehouse M J,Priddle J,et al.South Georgia,Antarctica:a productive,cold water,pelagic ecosystem[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2001,216:279-308.
105.Peter W,Whitehouse M J,Rachael S,et al.Plankton community structure south and west of South Georgia(Southern Ocean):Links with production and physical forcing[J].Deep-sea research,2007,Ⅰ54:1871-1889.
106.Fraser W R,Trivelpiece W Z.Factors controlling the distribution of seabirds:winter-summer heterogeneity in the distribution of Ade' lie penguin populations[J].Antarctic Research Series,1996,70:257-272.
107.Arrigo K R,Worthen D,Schnell A,et al.Primary production in Southern Ocean waters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103:15587-15600.
108.Deibel D,Daly K L.Zooplankton processes.Polynyas:Windows into Polar Oceans[J].Elsevier Oceanography Series,2007,74:271-321.
109.Smith R C,Dierssen H M,Vernet M.Phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the western Antarctic Peninsula region[J].Antarctic Research Series,1996,70:333-356.
110.Rodriguez F,Varela M,Zapata M.Phytoplankton assemblages in the Gerlache and Bransfield Straits(Antarctic Peninsula) determined by light microscopy and CHEMTAX analysis of HPLC pigment data[J].Deep-Sea Research,2002,Ⅱ49:723-747.
111.Park Y H,Charriaud E,Fieux M.Thermohaline structure of the Antarctic Surface Water/Winter Water in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean[J].Journal of Marine Systems,1998,17:5-23.
112.Gordon A L,Huber B A.Thermohaline stratification below the Southern Ocean sea ice[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89:641-648.
113.Deacon G E R.Physical and biological zonation in the Southern Ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research,1982,29(1A):1-15.
114.闫明,刘金芳,杨亮等.南大西洋海面风场时空特征分析[J].海洋预报,2004,121(1): 27-34.
115.贺志刚,董兆乾,蒲书箴.东南印度洋各锋位置和走向的季节变化及其与风场变化的关系[J].海洋学报,2007,29(2):18-24.
116.Nihashi S,Cavalieri D J.Observational evidence of a hemispheric-wide ice-ocean albedo feedback effect on Antarctic sea-ice decay[5].J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,C12001,doi:10.1029/2005JC003447.
117.宁修仁,刘子琳,史君贤等.南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域浮游植物粒度分级生物量和初级生产力[J].极地研究,1993,5(4):50-62.
118.Conway T 5,Tans P P,Waterman L S,et al.Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationrClimate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory global air sampling network[5].J.Geophys.Res.,1994,D99:22831-22855.
119.Francey R 5,Tans P P,Allison C E,et al.Changes in oceanic and terrestrial carbon uptake since 198215].Nature,1995,373:326-330.
120.马丽娟,陆龙骅,卞林根.南极海冰的时空变化特征[J].极地研究,2004,16(1):29-37.
121.Tans P P,Fung I Y,Takahashi T.Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO_2 budget[J].Science,1990,247(2):1431 - 1438.
122.Takahashi T,Feely R A,Weiss R F,et al.Global air-sea fluxes of CO_2:an estimate based on measurements of sea-air pCO_2 difference[J].Revelle Symposium.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,1997,94:8292-8299.
123.Louanchi F,Hoppema M,Bakker D C E,et al.Modelled and observed sea surface fCO_2 in the Southern Ocean:a comparative study[J].Tellus,Ser.1999,B51:541- 559.
124.Winguth A M E,Heimann M,Kurz K D,et al.E1Nino Southern Oscillation related fluctuations of marine carbon cycle[J].Global Biogeochem.Cycles,1994,8: 39 - 63.
125. Robertson I E, Watson A J. A summertime sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Southern ocean between 80° Wand 80° E[J]. Deep-sea Research, 1995, 11(42):933 - 954.
126.Boutin J, Etcheto J, Dandonneau Y, et al. Satellite sea surface temperature:a powerful tool for interpreting in situ pCO_2 measurements in the equatorial Pacific Ocean[J]. Tellus, 1999,B51(2): 490-508.
127.Loukos H, Vivier F, Murphy P P, et al. Interannual variability of equatorial Pacific CO_2 fluxes estimated from temperature and salinity data. Geophysical Research Letters[J], 2000, 27(12): 1735-1738.
128.Lee K, Wanninkhof R, Takahashi T, et al. Low interannual variability in recent oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide[J]. Nature, 1998, 396(6707):155-159.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |