长白山冰川演化及其对生态环境的影响
|
摘要
在中国东部第四纪期间确切发育过古冰川的山地中,长白山具有得天独厚的地理优势,自然生态系统保存相当完整,在纬向上是联系黄土高原—日本海及其岛屿的关键部位,在经向上又是联系俄罗斯远东西伯利亚—中国广大海域—台湾的特殊地点。研究该地区的第四纪古冰川作用过程,可以揭示过去地质时期的气候环境变化概况,进而更有利于推断影响过去生态环境变化的积极或者消极因素,成为古今生态变化研究的一个桥梁。
论文采取野外地貌考察—采样,室内沉积物分析—断代对比的分析方法,对研究区冰川发育的地貌特点、冰川作用物理性质、规模、时代、冰期演化序列进行详尽分析,末次冰期环境论述以雪线重建为主要指标,恢复了末次冰期各个阶段的温度和降水条件。以观景台附近海拔2000m黑风口冰碛剖面为主要载体,探讨了长白山地区冰碛物成分特点。
长白山冰川地貌如冰斗、槽谷、磨光面和保存完好的冰碛物等地貌与沉积特点显示这一地区曾经受到冰川作用。典型的冰川地貌和沉积物分布在火山口的内侧与外侧,其冰川作用发生,因其独特的火山地质与地貌背景所决定,具备典型的“口内口外”模式。本区的冰川作用可以分为两个阶段,即末次冰盛期(LGM)和晚冰期,在火山口的内侧与外侧对应分布。其中,气象站冰进的冰进年代为11Ka前后,对应晚冰期,与全球性降温的新仙女木事件相当,分布的海拔高度在2400-2600m。黑风口冰进发生在大约20ka左右,时代上属于末次冰盛期。长白山冰期系列的结果显示末次冰期晚阶段发生的冰进可以和台湾及日本的相比较,但是缺乏中、早阶段(MIS3/4)冰进作用的证据,很可能是后期的冰川前进侵蚀了早期阶段的冰川作用遗迹,或者是强烈的火山作用破坏的结果。末次冰盛期和晚冰期温度下降和降水减少没有太大区别,末次冰盛期,冰川雪线降低值在1100m左右,温度降低值为7.0oC左右;年降水量比现代减少450mm左右。
冰斗研究的气候意义主要体现在冰斗的长宽比、冰斗发育方位、冰斗转向以及冰斗底部高程等与气候之间关系方面。研究结果显示,冰斗的长宽比介于0.6-1.47之间,在平面上具有近似等距性,良好的水热条件能促进冰斗积极成长,并使其长宽比偏小,而水热条件不利环境下的冰斗只能是消极适应,并使其长宽比偏大;冰斗方位在西北大陆性气候区受朝向的影响明显,是主导因素,而其它地区的主导因素中,既有朝向的影响,也有水汽来源方向的影响;点苍山、螺髻山、拱王山发生转向的寄生冰斗数量多,高密度转向的寄生冰斗群的出现可能是海洋性冰川区的又一大特点;冰斗发育的岩性条件在中国东部沉积岩占50%,火成岩占30%,变质岩占20%,在火成岩和变质岩中发育的冰斗规模普遍较大;冰斗的方向性不一,但N、NE、NW三个方向所发育的冰斗比例占绝对优势,即76%。
根据平衡线(ELA)处6~8月多年平均气温(T)和年降水量(P)的关系,计算长白山现代理论雪线高度为3380±100m。通过AAR、TSAM、Hofer、THAR、CF、MELM方法计算平均值2320±20m。考虑到末次冰盛期后地壳上升20m,当时雪线的实际高度为2300±20m。冰盛期的雪线降低值1080±100m。晚冰期雪线高度平均值2465m,考虑新构造运动后的雪线实际高度2454m,降低值926±100m。
从剖面的颗粒组成上看,以粉砂和砂为主,粘土的含量比较低,符合冰碛物的特点;粒度频率曲线多数为近对称分布的双峰和多峰曲线,主峰值为0~2Ф,4~6Ф;标准差平均值为2.089Ф,分选差;偏度介于-0.237~0.49之间在整个剖面上变化较大,从极负偏到极正偏都存在;峰态平均值为0.86Ф,属于宽峰态。
With the methods that field investigation, sampling and sediment analyzing, dating, contrasting in the laboratory, the characteristics of glacial geomorphology, and the physical features, extent, ages and glacial evolution series were studied in details. Adopting the paleoequilibrium line being reconstructed as the main environmental index, the paper rebuilds the temperature and the precipitation conditions during the different glacial stages. The moraine characteristics mainly based on the moraine section (2000m a.s.l.) close to the Heifengkou。
The glacial landforms and deposits such as cirques, trough valley, erratic boulders, polished surfaces and well preserved moraines in Changbai Shan indicate that the area was once glaciated. The typical glacial landforms and remains are distributed inside and outside the volcanic cone. Repeated glaciations of these areas can be divided into two stages: the last glacial maximum (LGM), and Late-glacial stage of the last glacial cycle. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results derived from glacial and glacier-sediments and the K/Ar, TIMS, ESR and 14Cages associated with the volcanic rocks suggest that a glaciation about 11Ka, named the Meteorological Station glacier advance, which could be correlated to the Younger Dryas event, and the LGM glaciation, named the Black Wind Mouth glacier advance, took place about 20 Ka. Under the same monsoonal influence, the glacial records in Changbai Shan are the same as those of Taiwanese and Japanese islands during the late stage of the last glacial cycle. Because there are only two absolute OSL age controls in the glacial remains, the glacial advance stages, and the correlation of glacial sequence between Changbai Shan and other glaciated regions in and along the west Pacific Ocean are temporary. Further research is needed in this area, especially the age control and the discussion of climatic change. The temperature and the precipitation were not very clear between the early and the late stage during the last glaciation. Compared with modern temperature and precipitation conditions, the mean annul temperature declined 7°C and the annul precipitation decreased 450mm in the last glaciation.
Results show that the cirques have the roughly equidistant features, and the ratios between length and width of cirques distribute about 0.6-1.47. Orientation change of high density cirque took place in Luoji Shan, Diancang Shan, and Gongwang Shan. Compared results indicate that the ratios of lithology type influenced the cirque development are 50% in sedimentary rock, 30% in volcanic rock, and 20% in metamorphic rock, and the cirque extent happened in the volcanic and metamorphic rock regions are relatively larger than that of sedimentary rock region. So many cirques occurred in sedimentary rock regions could be related to the structure. Statistical data suggests that the glacial cirques could develop in any direction. However, the preponderant orientation of cirques on north,northwest and northeast has achieved to 76%, which is similar to other modern glaciated mountains in west China. Different factors such as the tectonic, climatic, landform and the sloping direction control to the development of glacial cirques in the study areas.
Based on the Ohmura`s formula in which the relationship between summer (JJA) atmospheric temperature (T) and the annual precipitation (P) at ELA, the present theoretical equilibrium line altitude (ELAt) in Changbsi Shan was 3380±100m. Six methods of AAR、MELM、THAR、TSAM、CF and Hofer were used for calculation of the former ELAs in different stages. These methods provided the ELA for an average value of 2320±20m during the LGM. The ELA was affected by neo-tectonic uplift factor. Adopted 1mm/a as the uplift value, this paper calculated the real snowline position during the LGM and late-glacial. The results show that the real snowline should be 2300±20m during the LGM, and 2454m during late-glacial. The△ELA values were more than 1000m (1080±100m) and about 920m (926±100m) lower than now during the LGM and Late Glacial stage respectively.
论文采取野外地貌考察—采样,室内沉积物分析—断代对比的分析方法,对研究区冰川发育的地貌特点、冰川作用物理性质、规模、时代、冰期演化序列进行详尽分析,末次冰期环境论述以雪线重建为主要指标,恢复了末次冰期各个阶段的温度和降水条件。以观景台附近海拔2000m黑风口冰碛剖面为主要载体,探讨了长白山地区冰碛物成分特点。
长白山冰川地貌如冰斗、槽谷、磨光面和保存完好的冰碛物等地貌与沉积特点显示这一地区曾经受到冰川作用。典型的冰川地貌和沉积物分布在火山口的内侧与外侧,其冰川作用发生,因其独特的火山地质与地貌背景所决定,具备典型的“口内口外”模式。本区的冰川作用可以分为两个阶段,即末次冰盛期(LGM)和晚冰期,在火山口的内侧与外侧对应分布。其中,气象站冰进的冰进年代为11Ka前后,对应晚冰期,与全球性降温的新仙女木事件相当,分布的海拔高度在2400-2600m。黑风口冰进发生在大约20ka左右,时代上属于末次冰盛期。长白山冰期系列的结果显示末次冰期晚阶段发生的冰进可以和台湾及日本的相比较,但是缺乏中、早阶段(MIS3/4)冰进作用的证据,很可能是后期的冰川前进侵蚀了早期阶段的冰川作用遗迹,或者是强烈的火山作用破坏的结果。末次冰盛期和晚冰期温度下降和降水减少没有太大区别,末次冰盛期,冰川雪线降低值在1100m左右,温度降低值为7.0oC左右;年降水量比现代减少450mm左右。
冰斗研究的气候意义主要体现在冰斗的长宽比、冰斗发育方位、冰斗转向以及冰斗底部高程等与气候之间关系方面。研究结果显示,冰斗的长宽比介于0.6-1.47之间,在平面上具有近似等距性,良好的水热条件能促进冰斗积极成长,并使其长宽比偏小,而水热条件不利环境下的冰斗只能是消极适应,并使其长宽比偏大;冰斗方位在西北大陆性气候区受朝向的影响明显,是主导因素,而其它地区的主导因素中,既有朝向的影响,也有水汽来源方向的影响;点苍山、螺髻山、拱王山发生转向的寄生冰斗数量多,高密度转向的寄生冰斗群的出现可能是海洋性冰川区的又一大特点;冰斗发育的岩性条件在中国东部沉积岩占50%,火成岩占30%,变质岩占20%,在火成岩和变质岩中发育的冰斗规模普遍较大;冰斗的方向性不一,但N、NE、NW三个方向所发育的冰斗比例占绝对优势,即76%。
根据平衡线(ELA)处6~8月多年平均气温(T)和年降水量(P)的关系,计算长白山现代理论雪线高度为3380±100m。通过AAR、TSAM、Hofer、THAR、CF、MELM方法计算平均值2320±20m。考虑到末次冰盛期后地壳上升20m,当时雪线的实际高度为2300±20m。冰盛期的雪线降低值1080±100m。晚冰期雪线高度平均值2465m,考虑新构造运动后的雪线实际高度2454m,降低值926±100m。
从剖面的颗粒组成上看,以粉砂和砂为主,粘土的含量比较低,符合冰碛物的特点;粒度频率曲线多数为近对称分布的双峰和多峰曲线,主峰值为0~2Ф,4~6Ф;标准差平均值为2.089Ф,分选差;偏度介于-0.237~0.49之间在整个剖面上变化较大,从极负偏到极正偏都存在;峰态平均值为0.86Ф,属于宽峰态。
With the methods that field investigation, sampling and sediment analyzing, dating, contrasting in the laboratory, the characteristics of glacial geomorphology, and the physical features, extent, ages and glacial evolution series were studied in details. Adopting the paleoequilibrium line being reconstructed as the main environmental index, the paper rebuilds the temperature and the precipitation conditions during the different glacial stages. The moraine characteristics mainly based on the moraine section (2000m a.s.l.) close to the Heifengkou。
The glacial landforms and deposits such as cirques, trough valley, erratic boulders, polished surfaces and well preserved moraines in Changbai Shan indicate that the area was once glaciated. The typical glacial landforms and remains are distributed inside and outside the volcanic cone. Repeated glaciations of these areas can be divided into two stages: the last glacial maximum (LGM), and Late-glacial stage of the last glacial cycle. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results derived from glacial and glacier-sediments and the K/Ar, TIMS, ESR and 14Cages associated with the volcanic rocks suggest that a glaciation about 11Ka, named the Meteorological Station glacier advance, which could be correlated to the Younger Dryas event, and the LGM glaciation, named the Black Wind Mouth glacier advance, took place about 20 Ka. Under the same monsoonal influence, the glacial records in Changbai Shan are the same as those of Taiwanese and Japanese islands during the late stage of the last glacial cycle. Because there are only two absolute OSL age controls in the glacial remains, the glacial advance stages, and the correlation of glacial sequence between Changbai Shan and other glaciated regions in and along the west Pacific Ocean are temporary. Further research is needed in this area, especially the age control and the discussion of climatic change. The temperature and the precipitation were not very clear between the early and the late stage during the last glaciation. Compared with modern temperature and precipitation conditions, the mean annul temperature declined 7°C and the annul precipitation decreased 450mm in the last glaciation.
Results show that the cirques have the roughly equidistant features, and the ratios between length and width of cirques distribute about 0.6-1.47. Orientation change of high density cirque took place in Luoji Shan, Diancang Shan, and Gongwang Shan. Compared results indicate that the ratios of lithology type influenced the cirque development are 50% in sedimentary rock, 30% in volcanic rock, and 20% in metamorphic rock, and the cirque extent happened in the volcanic and metamorphic rock regions are relatively larger than that of sedimentary rock region. So many cirques occurred in sedimentary rock regions could be related to the structure. Statistical data suggests that the glacial cirques could develop in any direction. However, the preponderant orientation of cirques on north,northwest and northeast has achieved to 76%, which is similar to other modern glaciated mountains in west China. Different factors such as the tectonic, climatic, landform and the sloping direction control to the development of glacial cirques in the study areas.
Based on the Ohmura`s formula in which the relationship between summer (JJA) atmospheric temperature (T) and the annual precipitation (P) at ELA, the present theoretical equilibrium line altitude (ELAt) in Changbsi Shan was 3380±100m. Six methods of AAR、MELM、THAR、TSAM、CF and Hofer were used for calculation of the former ELAs in different stages. These methods provided the ELA for an average value of 2320±20m during the LGM. The ELA was affected by neo-tectonic uplift factor. Adopted 1mm/a as the uplift value, this paper calculated the real snowline position during the LGM and late-glacial. The results show that the real snowline should be 2300±20m during the LGM, and 2454m during late-glacial. The△ELA values were more than 1000m (1080±100m) and about 920m (926±100m) lower than now during the LGM and Late Glacial stage respectively.
引文
[1]施雅风,黄茂桓,任炳辉等.中国冰川概论.北京:科学出版社,1988,1-10
[2]黄茂桓.我国冰川温度研究四十年.冰川冻土,1999,21(3):193-199
[3]施雅风,黄茂桓,姚檀栋等.中国冰川与环境-现在、过去和未来.北京:科学出版社,2000,1-8
[4] Embleton C, Cuchlaine A M. Glacial Geomorphology. London:Edward Arnold.1975: 206– 233
[5] Derbyshire E. Geomorphology and climate. John Wiley and Sons, 1976:243- 254
[6]焦克勤.天山乌鲁木齐河源区冰川谷的横剖面[J].冰川冻土, 1981,3(增刊): 92-96
[7] Osborn G, Gerloff L. Latest Pleistocene and early Holocene fluctuations of glaciers in the Canadian and northern American Rockies. Quaternary International, 1997, 38-39: 7-19
[8] Seret G, Dricot E, Wansard G. Evidence for early glacial maximum in the French Vosges during the last glacial cycle. Nature, 1990, 346 (2): 453-456
[9] Leonard, E M. Use of lacustrine sedimentary sequences as indicators of Holocene glacial history Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Quaternary Research, 1986, 26:171-181
[10]崔之久,熊黑钢,刘耕年等.中天山冰冻圈地貌过程与沉积特征.河北:河北科学技术出版社,1998,1-5:184-248
[11] Embleton C, King C A. Glacial Geomorphology, second edition in:Edward Arnold, 1975, 205-293
[12]李吉均,张林源,邓养鑫等.庐山第四纪环境演变和地貌发育问题.中国科学(B),1983,8:734-743
[13]施雅风,崔之久,李吉均等.中国东部第四纪冰川与环境问题.北京:科学出版社,1989,13-26;106-109;271-273
[14] Penck A, Brückner, E Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter,1909(3):1199
[15]李四光.冰期之庐山,原文1947年正式发表于中央研究院地质研究院专刊乙种第二号,转引自《中国第四纪冰川》.北京:科学出版社,1975, 56-110
[16]李四光.北京西山地区第四纪冰川遗迹和中国冰期问题.《中国第四纪冰川》,北京:科学出版社,1975,145-149
[17]丁驌.论广西第四纪冰川遗迹.地质论评,1945,10(1-2):55-58
[18]黄培华.中国第四纪时期气候演变的初步探讨.科学通报, 1963(1):34-39
[19]谢又予,吴淑安.九江庐山地区第四纪沉积环境的初步探讨.见:地理集刊13号,地貌.北京:科学出版社,1981,106-132
[20]谢又予,崔之久.庐山“冰川遗迹”质疑.地理学报,1983,38(3):298-308
[21]施雅风.竺可桢与中国冰川研究.冰川冻土,1981a,3(2):1-5
[22]景才瑞.庐山没有第四纪冰川吗?自然辩证法通讯,1981,3(4):42-46
[23]任美锷,刘泽纯,王富葆.对庐山第四纪冰川问题的几点意见.自然辩证法通讯,1982,4(2):37-39
[24]黄培华.中国第四纪气候演变与庐山“冰川遗迹”问题.冰川冻土,1982,4( 3): 1-14
[25]张林源.庐山地区地貌的发育过程和结构特征和成因,见:《中国第四纪冰川冰缘学术讨论会文集》.北京:科学出版社,1985,20
[26]孙殿卿.中国第四纪冰期划分之商讨.第四纪研究,1989,1:3-23
[27]施雅风,李吉均. 80年代以来中国冰川学和第四纪冰川研究的新进展. 1994, 16( 1): 1-14
[28]李承三,高泳源.广元大巴山冰川地形.地理,1942,2(1-2):3-14
[29]杨怀仁.岷江峡谷地理之初步观察.地理学报,1946,12-13:11-29
[30]郑本兴.青藏高原第四纪冰川研究的新进展.冰川冻土,1980,2(2):15-18
[31]任美锷,刘振中,雍万里等.丽江和玉龙山地貌的初步研究.云南大学学报,1957,4:9-17
[32]谢又予,崔之久.滇北玉龙山.见:中国东部第四纪冰川与环境.北京:科学出版社,1989,106-118
[33]崔之久.贡嘎山现代冰川的初步观察.地理学报,1958,(3):24
[34]李承三,吴燕生,李永昭等.四川龙门山南段东坡及其山前带第四纪冰川遗迹,见:中国第四纪冰川遗迹研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1964,14-18
[35]罗来兴,杨逸畴.川西滇北地貌形成时代的探讨.地理集刊,第5号,北京:科学出版社,1963,1-57
[36]郑本兴,施雅风.珠穆朗玛峰地区第四纪冰期探讨,见:珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察报告(1966-1968,现代冰川地貌).北京:科学出版社,1976,29-62
[37]李吉均,郑本兴,杨锡金等.西藏冰川(西藏地区古冰川遗迹与冰期划分).北京:科学出版社,1986,194-257
[38]李吉均,谢应钦.现代冰川的分布与性质,西藏冰川.北京:科学出版社,1986,13-36
[39]杨逸畴,李炳元,尹泽生等.西藏地貌.北京:科学出版社,1983,129-145
[40]李炳元,王富葆,张青松等.西藏第四纪地质.北京,科学出版社,1983,91-109
[41]彭补拙,杨逸畴.南迦巴瓦峰地区自然地理与自然资源.北京:科学出版社,1996,85-104
[42]李吉均,周尚哲,潘保田.青藏高原东部第四纪冰川问题.第四纪研究,1991, 3: 193-202
[43]马秋华.贡嘎山西坡的第四纪冰川作用.冰川冻土,1994,12(1):60-65
[44]崔之久,谢又予,洪云.四川攀西螺髻山第四纪冰川作用遗迹与冰期系列.冰川冻土,1986,8(2):107-117
[45]刘耕年.川西螺髻山冰川侵蚀地貌研究.冰川冻土, 1989, 11( 3):249-262
[46]夏正揩.太白山古冰川地貌与地质构造.冰川冻土, 1990, 12( 2):155-160
[47]马秋华,何元庆.太白山第四纪冰碛物特征与冰期.冰川冻土,1988,10( 1): 66-75
[48]况明生,赵维城.云南大理点苍山地区更新世晚期沉积地层的ESR测年研究.云南地理环境研究,1997,9(1):49-57
[49]史正涛,张世强,周尚哲等.祁连山第四纪冰碛物的ESR测年研究.冰川冻土,2000,22(4):354-357
[50]周尚哲,易朝路,施雅风等.中国西部MIS12冰期研究.地质力学学报,2001, 7(4): 321-327
[51]易朝路,焦克勤,刘克新等.冰碛物ESR测年与天山乌鲁木齐河流末次冰期系列.冰川冻土,2001,23(4):389-393
[52]崔之久,杨健夫,刘耕年等.中国台湾高山第四纪冰川之确证.科学通报,1999, 44(20):2220-2224
[53]张威,崔之久,郭善莉.滇东北高山末次冰期冰川与环境.北京:知识版权出版社,2005
[54] Owen L A, Kamp U, Spencer J Q et al.. Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciation in the eastern Hindukush, Chitral, northern Pakistan: a review and revision of the glacial chronology based on new optically stimulated luminescence dating. Quaternary International, 2002, (97-98): 41-45
[55]赵志忠,吴锡浩, Schluchter C等.青藏高原第四纪冰川的宇宙核素暴露年龄首次测定,地质力学学报,2002,8(2):1-5
[56]徐孝彬,王建,朱捷等.利用宇生核素测年技术对青藏高原东南部冰蚀面年代的研究.地理科学,2004,24(1):101-104
[57]鹿野忠雄.朝鲜东北部山地冰河地形のニ就いて.地理学评论,1937, 13: 1126-1145
[58]肖荣寰,胡俭彬.东北地区末次冰期以来气候地貌的若干特征.冰川冻土, 1988, 10(2): 125-134
[59]裘善文.长白山古冰川、冰缘地貌的研究.第四纪研究, 1990, 2: 137-145
[60]孙建中.吉林省第四纪冰期的划分.地质学报, 1982, 56(2): 174-186
[61]李邦良.白头山区冰川地貌航空卫星照片解译.地质论评, 1992, 38(5): 431-438
[62]丁国瑜.我国东北地区的新构造环境与深震火山活动.东北地震研究, 1988, 4(3): 3-9
[63]刘若新,李继泰,魏海泉等.长白山天池火山--一座具潜在喷发危险的近代火山.地球物理学报, 1992, 35(5): 661-664
[64]杨美华.长白山的气候特征及北坡垂直气候带.气象学报,1981,39(3):311-320
[65]张纯哲,南万洙,太松花等.长白山天池气象条件的分析.延边大学农学学报,2007,29 (1):33-36
[66]黄锡畴,刘德生,李祯.长白山北侧的自然景观带.地理学报, 1959, 25(6): 435-446
[67]李春锋,张兴科,张旸等.长白山天池火山的地质构造背景.地震地磁观测与研究,2006,27(5):43-49
[68]金伯禄,张希友.长白山火山地质研究.吉林延吉:东北朝鲜民族教育出版社,1994
[69]刘嘉麒.中国火山.北京:科学出版社,1999
[70]刘若新,魏海泉,李继泰.长白山天池火山近代喷发.北京:科学出版社, 1998
[71]刘祥,向天元.中国东北地区新生代火山和火山碎屑堆积物资源与灾害.长春:吉林大学出版社, 1997
[72]魏海泉,李春茂,金伯禄等.长白山天池火山造锥喷发岩浆演化系列与地层划分.吉林地质, 2005, 24(1): 229-27
[73]樊祺诚,隋建立,王团华等.长白山天池火山粗面玄武岩的喷发历史与演化.岩石学报,2006,22(6): 1449-1457
[74]刘嘉麒,王松山.长白山火山与天池的形成时代.科学通报,1982,(21):1312-1315
[75]金伯录,张希友.吉林省长白山全新世火山喷发期及火山活动特征.吉林地质,1994,13(2): 1-12
[76]刘若新,魏海泉,李继泰等.长白山天池火山近代喷发.北京:科学出版社,1998,6-14
[77]王非,陈文寄,彭子成等.长白山天池火山晚更新世以来的喷发活动:高精度铀系TIMS年代学制约.地球化学,2001,30(1): 88-94
[78]尹功明.长白山地区近代火山岩的ESR测年研究.地质论评, 1999, 45: 287-293
[79]刘若新,魏海泉,汤吉等.长白山天池火山研究进展.地震地磁观测与研究,1996,17(4): 2-11
[80] Aniya M, Welch R. Morphometric analyses of Antarctic Cirques from photo-grammetric measurements. Geografiska Annaler, 1981, 63A(1-2):41-53
[81] Trenhaile A S. Cirque Morphometry in the Canadian Cordillera. Ann. Assoc. AM.Geogr, 1976, 66: 451- 462
[82] Unwin D J. The distribution and orientation of corries in northern Snowdonia, Wales. Trans. Inst. Brit. Geogr, 1973, 58: 85-97
[83] Vilborg L. The cirque forms of Central Sweden. Geografiska Annaler, 1984, 66A (1-2): 41- 77
[84] Evans I S, Cox N J. The form of glacial cirques in the English Lake District, Cumbria. Zeitschrift Fur Geomorphologie N F, 1995, 39(2):175- 202
[85] Alonso V. Analysis de los circus glaciares en las cabeceras de los rios Narcea, Ibias y Sil. Cordillera Cantabrica.Cuaternario y Geomorfologia, 1994, 8 (1-2): 109- 121
[86] Evans I S. Lithological and structural effects on forms of glacial erosion: cirques and lake basins. In: Robinson, D A and Williams, R B G, Rock Weathering and Landform Evolution. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester,1994: 455-472
[87] Sauchyn D J, Cruden D M, Hu X Q. Structural control of the morphometry of open rock basins, Kananaskis region, Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geomorphology, 1998, 22: 313-324
[88] Embleton C, Hamann C A. Comparison of cirques forms between the Austrian Alps and the Highlands of Britain. Zeitschrift Fur Geomorphologie N. F, 1988, Suppl, 70: 75-93
[89] Carcia-Ruiz J M. Morphometry of glacial cirques in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Geogr.Ann, 2000, 82 A (4): 433-442
[90] Federici P R, Spagnolo M. Morphometric analysis on the size, shape and areal distribution of glacial cirques in the Maritime Alps. Geogr.Ann, 2004, 86 A (3): 235-248
[91]施雅风,崔之久,苏珍等.中国第四纪冰川与环境变化.河北:河北科技出版社,2006:90-380
[92]崔之久,杨健失,刘耕年等.季风的发展与冰川的消失.冰川冻土,2000,22(1): 7-14
[93]崔之久.论天山乌鲁木齐河源的冰川冰斗.冰川冻土,1980,3 (增刊):24-35
[94] Mccabe L H. Nivation and corrie erosion in West Spitsbergen. Gergrl, 1939, 94: 447-465
[95] Enquist F. Der Einfluss des Windes auf die Verterlung der Gletscher. Bull.geol. lnstn.Upsala, 1917, 14: 1-108
[96] Viborg. The cirque forms of Swidish Lapland. Geografiska Annaler, 1977, (59)3-4: 89-150
[97]刘潮海,王宗太,蒲健辰等.中国冰川及其分布特征//施雅风,黄茂桓,姚檀栋等.中国冰川与环境-现在、过去和未来.北京:科学出版社,2000: 20-23
[98]李福藻,苍山水文//段诚忠.苍山植物科学考察报告.昆明:云南科技出版社,1995:28-37
[99]杨建强,崔之久.云南点苍山冰川地貌特征.水土保持研究,2003,10(3):90-93
[100]张威,崔之久.云南东川拱王山、轿子山地区末次冰期冰川演化序列.水土保持研究,2003,10(3):94-97
[101]田泽生,黄春长.秦岭太白山古冰川发育与黄土高原气候变迁.地理研究,1990,9(3):15-22
[102]鞠远江.北天山中段冰川进退与气候变化.北京:北京大学博士论文,2004: 37-49
[103]鞠远江,刘耕年.天山玛纳斯河源鹿角湾冰川地貌与冰期序列.冰川冻土,2005,27(6):907-912
[104]易朝路.西南部小相岭东坡更新世冰川地貌与冰川沉积特征的初步研究.冰川冻土,1989,11(1):76-81
[105]罗成德.马鞍山的古冰川地貌[J].地理科学, 1997,17(3):285-288
[106]施雅风,黄茂桓,姚檀栋等.中国冰川与环境--现在、过去和未来.北京:科学出版社,2000,9-16
[107] Ohmura A, Kasser P, Funk M. Climate at the equilibrium line of glaciers. Journal of Glaciology, 1992, 38( 130): 397-411
[108] Benn D I, Lehmkuhl F. Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers in high-mountain environments. Quaternary International, 2000, 65-66: 1-29
[109] Hebenstreit R. Present and former equilibrium line altitudes in the Taiwanese high mountain range. Quaternary International, 2006, 147:70-75
[110] Ono Y, Aoki H, Hasegawa H et al. Mountain glaciation in Japan and Taiwan at the global Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary International, 2005, 138-139: 79-92
[111] Porter S C. Snowline depression in the tropics during the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2001, 20( 10): 1067-1091
[112] Pewe T L, Reger R D. Modern and Wisconsinan snowlines in Alaska. Proceedings of the 24th International Geologic Congress, Section, 1972, 12: 187-197
[113] Nogami M. The snow line andclimate during the last glacial periodin the A- ndes mountains. Daiyonki - Kenkyu ( The Quaternary Research), 1972, 11: 71-80
[114] Nogami M. Altitude of the modern snowline and Pleistocene snowline in the Andes. Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1976, 11: 71-86
[115] Fox A N, Bloom A L. Snowline altitude and climate in the Peruvian Andes (5-17°S) at present andd uring the latest Pleistocene glacial maximum. Journal of Geography, 1994, 103: 867-885
[116] Lichtenecker N. Die gegenwaK rtige und die eiszeitliche Schneegrenze in den Ostalpen. In: GoK tzinger Ged Verhandlungen der III International en QuartaK r-Conferenz, Vienna, September 1936. INQUA, Vienna, Austria, 1938, 141-147
[117] Meierding T C. Late Pleistocene glacial equilibrium-line in the Colorado Front Range: A comparison of methods. Quaternary Research, 1982, 18:289-310
[118] Porter S C, Pierce K L, Hamilton T D. Late Wisconsin mountain glaciation in the western United States. In : Porter S C ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States: The Late Pleistocene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, 71-111
[119] Iwata I, Yagi H, Feng, Y Z. Glacial extent and ELAs during the Last Glacial period in Yunnan province. Proceedings of International Symposium on Paleo-environmental Change in Tropical-subtropical Monsoon Asia. Special Publication, 1995, 24: 113-123
[120] Meier M F, Post A S. Recent variations in mass net budgets of glaciers in western North America. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication, 1962, 58: 63-77
[121] Kulkarni A V. Mass balance of Himalayan glaciers using AAR and ELA methods. Journal of Glaciology, 1992, 38: 101-104
[122] Louis H. Schneegrenze und Schneegrenzbestimmung. Geographisches Taschenbuch, 1955, 19( 54/55): 414-418
[123] Hofer H v, Gletscher and Eiszeitstudien. Sitzungsberichte der Akadademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 1879, 1,( 79): 331-367
[124]董鸿闻,白尚东,王文利.长白山地区地壳垂直运动的监测问题.东北测绘,2002,25: 3-9
[125]崔钟燮,张三焕.长白山火山活动的现状和未来展望.国际地震动态,1999, 3: 1-5
[126]李竹南.朝鲜北部及其邻区的新构造运动和现代地形构造的形成.吉林地质,1991,10 (1): 1-12
[127] Wang Yu, Li Chunfeng, Wei Haiquan et al. Late Pliocene-recent tectonic setting for the Tianchi volcanic zone, Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2003, 21: 1159-1170
[128]崔之久,杨建强,易朝路等.点苍山大理冰期冰川作用的基本特征及其环境意义.科研报告,2002,14-17
[129] Rost K T. Plaeo climatic Field Studies in and along the Qinling Shan(central China), Geo Journal, 1994, 34 (1):107-120
[130] Murray A S, Wintle A G. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot-regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements, 2000, 32 (1): 57-73.
[131] Wintle A G. Luminescence dating: laboratory procedures and protocols. Radiation Measurements, 1997, 27 (5 /6): 769-817
[132]李虎侯.光释光断代.核电子学与探测技术,2000,20(3):217-228
[133] Better-Jensen L, Mejdah1 V, Murray A S. New 1ight on OSL. Quaternary Geoehronology, 1999, 18, 303-309.
[134]王旭龙,卢演俦,李晓妮.细颗粒石英光释光测年:简单多片再生法.地震地质, 2005,27(4): 615-623
[135] Lu Y C, Wang X L, Wintle A G. A new OSL chronology for dust accumulation in the last 130,000 yr for the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary Research, 2007, 1: 152-160
[136] Wang X L, Lu Y C, Zhao H. On the performance of the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol for Chinese loess: fine quartz and polymineral grains. Radiation Measurements, 2006, 41: 1-8
[137] Clarke M L, Rendell H M, Wintle A G. Quality assurance in luminescence dating. Geomorphology, 1999, 29: 173-185
[138] Richards B W, Owen L A, Rhodes E J. Timing of late Quaternary glaciations in the Himalayas of northern Pakistan. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2000, 15: 283-297
[139]王同利,陈杰,杨传成. Daybreak厚源α-计数仪的标定及测量影响因素的初步研究.地震地质, 2005,27(4): 633-644
[140] Aitken M J. An introduction to optical dating: the dating of Quaternary sediments by the use of photon-stimulated luminescence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, 216-239
[141]徐馨,曹琼英,王雪瑜等.第四纪环境研究方法,1992,69-75
[142]刘耕年.螺髻山冰川地貌.硕士论文,1985,56-64
[143]杨健夫.台湾雪山末次冰期冰碛物研究.台湾大学,2000
[144] Bowen D Q. Quaternary Geology.Pergam on: Oxford Press, 1978, 99-108
[145] Shackleton N J. the last interglacial in the marine and terrestrial records, in: proceedings of the Royal Society of Landon, 1969, (174): 135-194
[146] Winograd I J, Landwehr J M, Lidwig, K.R. et al.. Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations. Quaternary Research, 1997, 48(2): 141-154
[147]秦蕴珊,李铁刚,苍树溪.末次间冰期以来气候系统的突变.地球科学进展,2000,15(3):243-250
[148]刘东生,施雅风,王汝建等.以气候变化为标志的中国第四纪地层对比表.第四纪研究,2000,20(2):108-127
[149]王宝灿.第四纪时期海平面变化与我国海岸线变迁的探讨.上海师范大学学报,1978,1-5
[150]高由禧,郭其蕴.东亚季凤气候形成问颐的讨论.东亚季风的若干问题:科学出版社,1962
[151]叶佰生,李世杰,施雅风.从末次冰盛期冰川规模探讨当时的气候环境-以乌鲁木齐河源区末次冰盛期冰川为例.冰川冻土,1997,19(1):1-9
[152]张兰生.我国晚更新世最后冰期气候复原.北京师范大学学报,1980,1:101-118
[153]夏玉梅,汪佩芳,王曼华.哈尔滨黄山剖面孢粉组合的初步研究.地理科学,1983,2(3): 183-187
[154]周本雄.披毛犀和猛犸象的地理分布与有关的古气候问题.古脊椎动物与古人类,1978,16(1)
[155]王靖泰,汪品先.中国东部晚更新世以来海面升降与气候变化的关系.地理学报,35(4): 209-312
[156]孔昭宸,杜乃秋.中国晚冰期时的植物群.冰川冻土,2(4): 29-32
[157]张振栓.南迦巴瓦峰西北坡末次冰期以来的冰川变化.冰川冻土,1988,10(2): 180-188
[158]李世杰,郑本兴,焦克勤.西昆仑山区湖泊初探.海洋与湖沼,1993,(23): 37-44
[159]伍光和.祁连山的第四纪冰期问题.中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊-祁连山冰川变化及利用.北京:科学出版社,1985,116-123
[160]刘金陵.长白山区孤山屯沼泽地13000年以来的植被和气候变化.古生物学报,1989,28(4): 495-510
[161]崔之久,张威.末次冰期冰川规模与冰川“异时”“同时”问题的讨论.冰川冻土, 2003,25(5): 510-516
[162]张威,闫玲,崔之久等.长白山现代理论雪线和古雪线高度,2008,28 (4):1-7
[163]林朝.台湾地形.台北:台湾省文献委员会出版,1957, 424
[164]杨健夫.台湾雪山末次冰期冰碛物研究.台湾大学,2000
[165] Hebenstreit R, Bose M. Geomorphological evidence for a Late Pleistocene glaciation in the high mountains of Taiwan dated with age estimates by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. Suppl.-Bd, 2003, 130: 31-49
[166] Cui Z J, Yang C F, Liu G N, et al. The Quaternary glaciation of Shesan Mountain in Taiwan and glacial classification in monsoon areas. Quaternary International, 2002, 97-153
[167] Ono, Y, Naruse, T. Snowline elevation and eolian dust in the Japanese Islands during Isotope stages 2 and 4. Quaternary International, 1997, 37:45-54
[168] Aoki T. Younger Dryas glacial advances in Japan dated with in situ produced cosmogenic radionuclides. Transactions, Japanese Geomorphologi- cal Union, 2003, 24: 27-39
[169] Aoki T. Chronometry of the glacial deposits based on the 10Be exposure age method-a case study in Senjojiki cirque and Nogaike cirque, northern part of the Kiso mountain range. The Quaternary Research, 2000b, 39: 189-198
[170] Machida H, Arai F. Atlas of Tephra in and around Japan. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1992, 276
[171] Iwasaki S, Hirakawa K, Sawagaki T. Late Quaternary glaciation in the Esaoman-Tottabetsu valley, Hidaka Range, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Geography, 2000a, 109: 37-55.
[172] Sawagaki T, Iwasaki S, Hirakawa K. Late Quaternary glaciation in the Hidaka Mountain range, Hokkaido, northernmost Japan: its chronology and deformation till. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, 2003, 130: 237-262
[173] Machida H, Arai F. Atlas of Tephra in and Around Japan (revised edition).University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 2004, 336
[174] Yanagida M. Age of the Shikotsu pumice fall-1 deposit. The Quaternary Research, 1994, 33: 205-207
[175] Okuno M. Chronology of tephra layers in Southern Kyushu, SW Japan, for the last 30,000 years. The Quaternary Research, 2002, 41: 225-236
[176] Liu, C C. Geodetic monitoring of mountain building in Taiwan. EOS Transactions-American Geophysical Union 76 (46-Suppl.), 1995, 636
[177] Lundberg, N, Dorsey, R.J. Rapid Quaternary emergence, uplift, and denudation of the Coastal Range, eastern Taiwan. Geology, 1990, 18(7): 638– 641
[178] Liew, P M, Pirazzoli, P A L, H M et al. Holocene tectonic uplift deduced from elevated shorelines, eastern Coastal Range of Taiwan. Tectonophysics, 1993, 222: 55-68
[179] Vita-Finzi, C, Lin, J C. Serial reverse and strike slip on imbricate faults: The Coastal Range of east Taiwan. Geology, 1998, 26 (3): 279-281
[180] Lan, C Y, Lee, T, Lee, C W. The Rb–Sr isotopic record in Taiwan gneisses and its tectonic implication. Tectonophysics, 1990, 183: (1-4): 129-143
[181] Krishnamurti T N.The subtropical jet stream of winter. J Meteor, 1961, 18: 172-191
[182] Hou A Y.Hadley circulation as a modulator of the extratropical climate. J Atmos Sci, 1998, 55: 2437-2457
[183] Kung E C, Chan PH. Energetics characteristics of the Asian winter monsoon in the source region.Mon Wea Rev, 1981, 109: 854-870
[184] Yang S, Lau K M, Kim K M. Variations of the East Asian jet stream and Asian-Pacific-American winter climate anomalies. J Climate, 2002, 15: 306-324
[185] Lin Z D, Lu R Y. Interannual meridiona ldisplacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream in summer. Adv Atmos Sci, 2005, 22: 199-211
[186]伍荣生.现代天气学原理.北京:高等教育出版社.1999
[187]朱乾根.天气学原理和方法.北京:气象出版社.1992
[188]叶笃正,高由禧.青藏高原气象学.北京:科学出版社. 1979
[189] Ye D S, Tao, M Li. The abrupt change of circulation over the Northern Hemisphere during June and October. The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion, the Rockefeller Institute Press and Oxford University Press, 1959, 24-267
[190] Ono Y, Shulmeister J, Lehmkuhl F, et al. Timings and causes of glacial advances across the PEP-II transect (East-Asia to Antarctica) during the last glaciation cycle. Quaternary International, 2004, 118-119: 55-68
[2]黄茂桓.我国冰川温度研究四十年.冰川冻土,1999,21(3):193-199
[3]施雅风,黄茂桓,姚檀栋等.中国冰川与环境-现在、过去和未来.北京:科学出版社,2000,1-8
[4] Embleton C, Cuchlaine A M. Glacial Geomorphology. London:Edward Arnold.1975: 206– 233
[5] Derbyshire E. Geomorphology and climate. John Wiley and Sons, 1976:243- 254
[6]焦克勤.天山乌鲁木齐河源区冰川谷的横剖面[J].冰川冻土, 1981,3(增刊): 92-96
[7] Osborn G, Gerloff L. Latest Pleistocene and early Holocene fluctuations of glaciers in the Canadian and northern American Rockies. Quaternary International, 1997, 38-39: 7-19
[8] Seret G, Dricot E, Wansard G. Evidence for early glacial maximum in the French Vosges during the last glacial cycle. Nature, 1990, 346 (2): 453-456
[9] Leonard, E M. Use of lacustrine sedimentary sequences as indicators of Holocene glacial history Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Quaternary Research, 1986, 26:171-181
[10]崔之久,熊黑钢,刘耕年等.中天山冰冻圈地貌过程与沉积特征.河北:河北科学技术出版社,1998,1-5:184-248
[11] Embleton C, King C A. Glacial Geomorphology, second edition in:Edward Arnold, 1975, 205-293
[12]李吉均,张林源,邓养鑫等.庐山第四纪环境演变和地貌发育问题.中国科学(B),1983,8:734-743
[13]施雅风,崔之久,李吉均等.中国东部第四纪冰川与环境问题.北京:科学出版社,1989,13-26;106-109;271-273
[14] Penck A, Brückner, E Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter,1909(3):1199
[15]李四光.冰期之庐山,原文1947年正式发表于中央研究院地质研究院专刊乙种第二号,转引自《中国第四纪冰川》.北京:科学出版社,1975, 56-110
[16]李四光.北京西山地区第四纪冰川遗迹和中国冰期问题.《中国第四纪冰川》,北京:科学出版社,1975,145-149
[17]丁驌.论广西第四纪冰川遗迹.地质论评,1945,10(1-2):55-58
[18]黄培华.中国第四纪时期气候演变的初步探讨.科学通报, 1963(1):34-39
[19]谢又予,吴淑安.九江庐山地区第四纪沉积环境的初步探讨.见:地理集刊13号,地貌.北京:科学出版社,1981,106-132
[20]谢又予,崔之久.庐山“冰川遗迹”质疑.地理学报,1983,38(3):298-308
[21]施雅风.竺可桢与中国冰川研究.冰川冻土,1981a,3(2):1-5
[22]景才瑞.庐山没有第四纪冰川吗?自然辩证法通讯,1981,3(4):42-46
[23]任美锷,刘泽纯,王富葆.对庐山第四纪冰川问题的几点意见.自然辩证法通讯,1982,4(2):37-39
[24]黄培华.中国第四纪气候演变与庐山“冰川遗迹”问题.冰川冻土,1982,4( 3): 1-14
[25]张林源.庐山地区地貌的发育过程和结构特征和成因,见:《中国第四纪冰川冰缘学术讨论会文集》.北京:科学出版社,1985,20
[26]孙殿卿.中国第四纪冰期划分之商讨.第四纪研究,1989,1:3-23
[27]施雅风,李吉均. 80年代以来中国冰川学和第四纪冰川研究的新进展. 1994, 16( 1): 1-14
[28]李承三,高泳源.广元大巴山冰川地形.地理,1942,2(1-2):3-14
[29]杨怀仁.岷江峡谷地理之初步观察.地理学报,1946,12-13:11-29
[30]郑本兴.青藏高原第四纪冰川研究的新进展.冰川冻土,1980,2(2):15-18
[31]任美锷,刘振中,雍万里等.丽江和玉龙山地貌的初步研究.云南大学学报,1957,4:9-17
[32]谢又予,崔之久.滇北玉龙山.见:中国东部第四纪冰川与环境.北京:科学出版社,1989,106-118
[33]崔之久.贡嘎山现代冰川的初步观察.地理学报,1958,(3):24
[34]李承三,吴燕生,李永昭等.四川龙门山南段东坡及其山前带第四纪冰川遗迹,见:中国第四纪冰川遗迹研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1964,14-18
[35]罗来兴,杨逸畴.川西滇北地貌形成时代的探讨.地理集刊,第5号,北京:科学出版社,1963,1-57
[36]郑本兴,施雅风.珠穆朗玛峰地区第四纪冰期探讨,见:珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察报告(1966-1968,现代冰川地貌).北京:科学出版社,1976,29-62
[37]李吉均,郑本兴,杨锡金等.西藏冰川(西藏地区古冰川遗迹与冰期划分).北京:科学出版社,1986,194-257
[38]李吉均,谢应钦.现代冰川的分布与性质,西藏冰川.北京:科学出版社,1986,13-36
[39]杨逸畴,李炳元,尹泽生等.西藏地貌.北京:科学出版社,1983,129-145
[40]李炳元,王富葆,张青松等.西藏第四纪地质.北京,科学出版社,1983,91-109
[41]彭补拙,杨逸畴.南迦巴瓦峰地区自然地理与自然资源.北京:科学出版社,1996,85-104
[42]李吉均,周尚哲,潘保田.青藏高原东部第四纪冰川问题.第四纪研究,1991, 3: 193-202
[43]马秋华.贡嘎山西坡的第四纪冰川作用.冰川冻土,1994,12(1):60-65
[44]崔之久,谢又予,洪云.四川攀西螺髻山第四纪冰川作用遗迹与冰期系列.冰川冻土,1986,8(2):107-117
[45]刘耕年.川西螺髻山冰川侵蚀地貌研究.冰川冻土, 1989, 11( 3):249-262
[46]夏正揩.太白山古冰川地貌与地质构造.冰川冻土, 1990, 12( 2):155-160
[47]马秋华,何元庆.太白山第四纪冰碛物特征与冰期.冰川冻土,1988,10( 1): 66-75
[48]况明生,赵维城.云南大理点苍山地区更新世晚期沉积地层的ESR测年研究.云南地理环境研究,1997,9(1):49-57
[49]史正涛,张世强,周尚哲等.祁连山第四纪冰碛物的ESR测年研究.冰川冻土,2000,22(4):354-357
[50]周尚哲,易朝路,施雅风等.中国西部MIS12冰期研究.地质力学学报,2001, 7(4): 321-327
[51]易朝路,焦克勤,刘克新等.冰碛物ESR测年与天山乌鲁木齐河流末次冰期系列.冰川冻土,2001,23(4):389-393
[52]崔之久,杨健夫,刘耕年等.中国台湾高山第四纪冰川之确证.科学通报,1999, 44(20):2220-2224
[53]张威,崔之久,郭善莉.滇东北高山末次冰期冰川与环境.北京:知识版权出版社,2005
[54] Owen L A, Kamp U, Spencer J Q et al.. Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciation in the eastern Hindukush, Chitral, northern Pakistan: a review and revision of the glacial chronology based on new optically stimulated luminescence dating. Quaternary International, 2002, (97-98): 41-45
[55]赵志忠,吴锡浩, Schluchter C等.青藏高原第四纪冰川的宇宙核素暴露年龄首次测定,地质力学学报,2002,8(2):1-5
[56]徐孝彬,王建,朱捷等.利用宇生核素测年技术对青藏高原东南部冰蚀面年代的研究.地理科学,2004,24(1):101-104
[57]鹿野忠雄.朝鲜东北部山地冰河地形のニ就いて.地理学评论,1937, 13: 1126-1145
[58]肖荣寰,胡俭彬.东北地区末次冰期以来气候地貌的若干特征.冰川冻土, 1988, 10(2): 125-134
[59]裘善文.长白山古冰川、冰缘地貌的研究.第四纪研究, 1990, 2: 137-145
[60]孙建中.吉林省第四纪冰期的划分.地质学报, 1982, 56(2): 174-186
[61]李邦良.白头山区冰川地貌航空卫星照片解译.地质论评, 1992, 38(5): 431-438
[62]丁国瑜.我国东北地区的新构造环境与深震火山活动.东北地震研究, 1988, 4(3): 3-9
[63]刘若新,李继泰,魏海泉等.长白山天池火山--一座具潜在喷发危险的近代火山.地球物理学报, 1992, 35(5): 661-664
[64]杨美华.长白山的气候特征及北坡垂直气候带.气象学报,1981,39(3):311-320
[65]张纯哲,南万洙,太松花等.长白山天池气象条件的分析.延边大学农学学报,2007,29 (1):33-36
[66]黄锡畴,刘德生,李祯.长白山北侧的自然景观带.地理学报, 1959, 25(6): 435-446
[67]李春锋,张兴科,张旸等.长白山天池火山的地质构造背景.地震地磁观测与研究,2006,27(5):43-49
[68]金伯禄,张希友.长白山火山地质研究.吉林延吉:东北朝鲜民族教育出版社,1994
[69]刘嘉麒.中国火山.北京:科学出版社,1999
[70]刘若新,魏海泉,李继泰.长白山天池火山近代喷发.北京:科学出版社, 1998
[71]刘祥,向天元.中国东北地区新生代火山和火山碎屑堆积物资源与灾害.长春:吉林大学出版社, 1997
[72]魏海泉,李春茂,金伯禄等.长白山天池火山造锥喷发岩浆演化系列与地层划分.吉林地质, 2005, 24(1): 229-27
[73]樊祺诚,隋建立,王团华等.长白山天池火山粗面玄武岩的喷发历史与演化.岩石学报,2006,22(6): 1449-1457
[74]刘嘉麒,王松山.长白山火山与天池的形成时代.科学通报,1982,(21):1312-1315
[75]金伯录,张希友.吉林省长白山全新世火山喷发期及火山活动特征.吉林地质,1994,13(2): 1-12
[76]刘若新,魏海泉,李继泰等.长白山天池火山近代喷发.北京:科学出版社,1998,6-14
[77]王非,陈文寄,彭子成等.长白山天池火山晚更新世以来的喷发活动:高精度铀系TIMS年代学制约.地球化学,2001,30(1): 88-94
[78]尹功明.长白山地区近代火山岩的ESR测年研究.地质论评, 1999, 45: 287-293
[79]刘若新,魏海泉,汤吉等.长白山天池火山研究进展.地震地磁观测与研究,1996,17(4): 2-11
[80] Aniya M, Welch R. Morphometric analyses of Antarctic Cirques from photo-grammetric measurements. Geografiska Annaler, 1981, 63A(1-2):41-53
[81] Trenhaile A S. Cirque Morphometry in the Canadian Cordillera. Ann. Assoc. AM.Geogr, 1976, 66: 451- 462
[82] Unwin D J. The distribution and orientation of corries in northern Snowdonia, Wales. Trans. Inst. Brit. Geogr, 1973, 58: 85-97
[83] Vilborg L. The cirque forms of Central Sweden. Geografiska Annaler, 1984, 66A (1-2): 41- 77
[84] Evans I S, Cox N J. The form of glacial cirques in the English Lake District, Cumbria. Zeitschrift Fur Geomorphologie N F, 1995, 39(2):175- 202
[85] Alonso V. Analysis de los circus glaciares en las cabeceras de los rios Narcea, Ibias y Sil. Cordillera Cantabrica.Cuaternario y Geomorfologia, 1994, 8 (1-2): 109- 121
[86] Evans I S. Lithological and structural effects on forms of glacial erosion: cirques and lake basins. In: Robinson, D A and Williams, R B G, Rock Weathering and Landform Evolution. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester,1994: 455-472
[87] Sauchyn D J, Cruden D M, Hu X Q. Structural control of the morphometry of open rock basins, Kananaskis region, Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geomorphology, 1998, 22: 313-324
[88] Embleton C, Hamann C A. Comparison of cirques forms between the Austrian Alps and the Highlands of Britain. Zeitschrift Fur Geomorphologie N. F, 1988, Suppl, 70: 75-93
[89] Carcia-Ruiz J M. Morphometry of glacial cirques in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Geogr.Ann, 2000, 82 A (4): 433-442
[90] Federici P R, Spagnolo M. Morphometric analysis on the size, shape and areal distribution of glacial cirques in the Maritime Alps. Geogr.Ann, 2004, 86 A (3): 235-248
[91]施雅风,崔之久,苏珍等.中国第四纪冰川与环境变化.河北:河北科技出版社,2006:90-380
[92]崔之久,杨健失,刘耕年等.季风的发展与冰川的消失.冰川冻土,2000,22(1): 7-14
[93]崔之久.论天山乌鲁木齐河源的冰川冰斗.冰川冻土,1980,3 (增刊):24-35
[94] Mccabe L H. Nivation and corrie erosion in West Spitsbergen. Gergrl, 1939, 94: 447-465
[95] Enquist F. Der Einfluss des Windes auf die Verterlung der Gletscher. Bull.geol. lnstn.Upsala, 1917, 14: 1-108
[96] Viborg. The cirque forms of Swidish Lapland. Geografiska Annaler, 1977, (59)3-4: 89-150
[97]刘潮海,王宗太,蒲健辰等.中国冰川及其分布特征//施雅风,黄茂桓,姚檀栋等.中国冰川与环境-现在、过去和未来.北京:科学出版社,2000: 20-23
[98]李福藻,苍山水文//段诚忠.苍山植物科学考察报告.昆明:云南科技出版社,1995:28-37
[99]杨建强,崔之久.云南点苍山冰川地貌特征.水土保持研究,2003,10(3):90-93
[100]张威,崔之久.云南东川拱王山、轿子山地区末次冰期冰川演化序列.水土保持研究,2003,10(3):94-97
[101]田泽生,黄春长.秦岭太白山古冰川发育与黄土高原气候变迁.地理研究,1990,9(3):15-22
[102]鞠远江.北天山中段冰川进退与气候变化.北京:北京大学博士论文,2004: 37-49
[103]鞠远江,刘耕年.天山玛纳斯河源鹿角湾冰川地貌与冰期序列.冰川冻土,2005,27(6):907-912
[104]易朝路.西南部小相岭东坡更新世冰川地貌与冰川沉积特征的初步研究.冰川冻土,1989,11(1):76-81
[105]罗成德.马鞍山的古冰川地貌[J].地理科学, 1997,17(3):285-288
[106]施雅风,黄茂桓,姚檀栋等.中国冰川与环境--现在、过去和未来.北京:科学出版社,2000,9-16
[107] Ohmura A, Kasser P, Funk M. Climate at the equilibrium line of glaciers. Journal of Glaciology, 1992, 38( 130): 397-411
[108] Benn D I, Lehmkuhl F. Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers in high-mountain environments. Quaternary International, 2000, 65-66: 1-29
[109] Hebenstreit R. Present and former equilibrium line altitudes in the Taiwanese high mountain range. Quaternary International, 2006, 147:70-75
[110] Ono Y, Aoki H, Hasegawa H et al. Mountain glaciation in Japan and Taiwan at the global Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary International, 2005, 138-139: 79-92
[111] Porter S C. Snowline depression in the tropics during the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2001, 20( 10): 1067-1091
[112] Pewe T L, Reger R D. Modern and Wisconsinan snowlines in Alaska. Proceedings of the 24th International Geologic Congress, Section, 1972, 12: 187-197
[113] Nogami M. The snow line andclimate during the last glacial periodin the A- ndes mountains. Daiyonki - Kenkyu ( The Quaternary Research), 1972, 11: 71-80
[114] Nogami M. Altitude of the modern snowline and Pleistocene snowline in the Andes. Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1976, 11: 71-86
[115] Fox A N, Bloom A L. Snowline altitude and climate in the Peruvian Andes (5-17°S) at present andd uring the latest Pleistocene glacial maximum. Journal of Geography, 1994, 103: 867-885
[116] Lichtenecker N. Die gegenwaK rtige und die eiszeitliche Schneegrenze in den Ostalpen. In: GoK tzinger Ged Verhandlungen der III International en QuartaK r-Conferenz, Vienna, September 1936. INQUA, Vienna, Austria, 1938, 141-147
[117] Meierding T C. Late Pleistocene glacial equilibrium-line in the Colorado Front Range: A comparison of methods. Quaternary Research, 1982, 18:289-310
[118] Porter S C, Pierce K L, Hamilton T D. Late Wisconsin mountain glaciation in the western United States. In : Porter S C ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States: The Late Pleistocene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, 71-111
[119] Iwata I, Yagi H, Feng, Y Z. Glacial extent and ELAs during the Last Glacial period in Yunnan province. Proceedings of International Symposium on Paleo-environmental Change in Tropical-subtropical Monsoon Asia. Special Publication, 1995, 24: 113-123
[120] Meier M F, Post A S. Recent variations in mass net budgets of glaciers in western North America. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication, 1962, 58: 63-77
[121] Kulkarni A V. Mass balance of Himalayan glaciers using AAR and ELA methods. Journal of Glaciology, 1992, 38: 101-104
[122] Louis H. Schneegrenze und Schneegrenzbestimmung. Geographisches Taschenbuch, 1955, 19( 54/55): 414-418
[123] Hofer H v, Gletscher and Eiszeitstudien. Sitzungsberichte der Akadademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 1879, 1,( 79): 331-367
[124]董鸿闻,白尚东,王文利.长白山地区地壳垂直运动的监测问题.东北测绘,2002,25: 3-9
[125]崔钟燮,张三焕.长白山火山活动的现状和未来展望.国际地震动态,1999, 3: 1-5
[126]李竹南.朝鲜北部及其邻区的新构造运动和现代地形构造的形成.吉林地质,1991,10 (1): 1-12
[127] Wang Yu, Li Chunfeng, Wei Haiquan et al. Late Pliocene-recent tectonic setting for the Tianchi volcanic zone, Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2003, 21: 1159-1170
[128]崔之久,杨建强,易朝路等.点苍山大理冰期冰川作用的基本特征及其环境意义.科研报告,2002,14-17
[129] Rost K T. Plaeo climatic Field Studies in and along the Qinling Shan(central China), Geo Journal, 1994, 34 (1):107-120
[130] Murray A S, Wintle A G. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot-regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements, 2000, 32 (1): 57-73.
[131] Wintle A G. Luminescence dating: laboratory procedures and protocols. Radiation Measurements, 1997, 27 (5 /6): 769-817
[132]李虎侯.光释光断代.核电子学与探测技术,2000,20(3):217-228
[133] Better-Jensen L, Mejdah1 V, Murray A S. New 1ight on OSL. Quaternary Geoehronology, 1999, 18, 303-309.
[134]王旭龙,卢演俦,李晓妮.细颗粒石英光释光测年:简单多片再生法.地震地质, 2005,27(4): 615-623
[135] Lu Y C, Wang X L, Wintle A G. A new OSL chronology for dust accumulation in the last 130,000 yr for the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary Research, 2007, 1: 152-160
[136] Wang X L, Lu Y C, Zhao H. On the performance of the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol for Chinese loess: fine quartz and polymineral grains. Radiation Measurements, 2006, 41: 1-8
[137] Clarke M L, Rendell H M, Wintle A G. Quality assurance in luminescence dating. Geomorphology, 1999, 29: 173-185
[138] Richards B W, Owen L A, Rhodes E J. Timing of late Quaternary glaciations in the Himalayas of northern Pakistan. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2000, 15: 283-297
[139]王同利,陈杰,杨传成. Daybreak厚源α-计数仪的标定及测量影响因素的初步研究.地震地质, 2005,27(4): 633-644
[140] Aitken M J. An introduction to optical dating: the dating of Quaternary sediments by the use of photon-stimulated luminescence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, 216-239
[141]徐馨,曹琼英,王雪瑜等.第四纪环境研究方法,1992,69-75
[142]刘耕年.螺髻山冰川地貌.硕士论文,1985,56-64
[143]杨健夫.台湾雪山末次冰期冰碛物研究.台湾大学,2000
[144] Bowen D Q. Quaternary Geology.Pergam on: Oxford Press, 1978, 99-108
[145] Shackleton N J. the last interglacial in the marine and terrestrial records, in: proceedings of the Royal Society of Landon, 1969, (174): 135-194
[146] Winograd I J, Landwehr J M, Lidwig, K.R. et al.. Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations. Quaternary Research, 1997, 48(2): 141-154
[147]秦蕴珊,李铁刚,苍树溪.末次间冰期以来气候系统的突变.地球科学进展,2000,15(3):243-250
[148]刘东生,施雅风,王汝建等.以气候变化为标志的中国第四纪地层对比表.第四纪研究,2000,20(2):108-127
[149]王宝灿.第四纪时期海平面变化与我国海岸线变迁的探讨.上海师范大学学报,1978,1-5
[150]高由禧,郭其蕴.东亚季凤气候形成问颐的讨论.东亚季风的若干问题:科学出版社,1962
[151]叶佰生,李世杰,施雅风.从末次冰盛期冰川规模探讨当时的气候环境-以乌鲁木齐河源区末次冰盛期冰川为例.冰川冻土,1997,19(1):1-9
[152]张兰生.我国晚更新世最后冰期气候复原.北京师范大学学报,1980,1:101-118
[153]夏玉梅,汪佩芳,王曼华.哈尔滨黄山剖面孢粉组合的初步研究.地理科学,1983,2(3): 183-187
[154]周本雄.披毛犀和猛犸象的地理分布与有关的古气候问题.古脊椎动物与古人类,1978,16(1)
[155]王靖泰,汪品先.中国东部晚更新世以来海面升降与气候变化的关系.地理学报,35(4): 209-312
[156]孔昭宸,杜乃秋.中国晚冰期时的植物群.冰川冻土,2(4): 29-32
[157]张振栓.南迦巴瓦峰西北坡末次冰期以来的冰川变化.冰川冻土,1988,10(2): 180-188
[158]李世杰,郑本兴,焦克勤.西昆仑山区湖泊初探.海洋与湖沼,1993,(23): 37-44
[159]伍光和.祁连山的第四纪冰期问题.中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊-祁连山冰川变化及利用.北京:科学出版社,1985,116-123
[160]刘金陵.长白山区孤山屯沼泽地13000年以来的植被和气候变化.古生物学报,1989,28(4): 495-510
[161]崔之久,张威.末次冰期冰川规模与冰川“异时”“同时”问题的讨论.冰川冻土, 2003,25(5): 510-516
[162]张威,闫玲,崔之久等.长白山现代理论雪线和古雪线高度,2008,28 (4):1-7
[163]林朝.台湾地形.台北:台湾省文献委员会出版,1957, 424
[164]杨健夫.台湾雪山末次冰期冰碛物研究.台湾大学,2000
[165] Hebenstreit R, Bose M. Geomorphological evidence for a Late Pleistocene glaciation in the high mountains of Taiwan dated with age estimates by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. Suppl.-Bd, 2003, 130: 31-49
[166] Cui Z J, Yang C F, Liu G N, et al. The Quaternary glaciation of Shesan Mountain in Taiwan and glacial classification in monsoon areas. Quaternary International, 2002, 97-153
[167] Ono, Y, Naruse, T. Snowline elevation and eolian dust in the Japanese Islands during Isotope stages 2 and 4. Quaternary International, 1997, 37:45-54
[168] Aoki T. Younger Dryas glacial advances in Japan dated with in situ produced cosmogenic radionuclides. Transactions, Japanese Geomorphologi- cal Union, 2003, 24: 27-39
[169] Aoki T. Chronometry of the glacial deposits based on the 10Be exposure age method-a case study in Senjojiki cirque and Nogaike cirque, northern part of the Kiso mountain range. The Quaternary Research, 2000b, 39: 189-198
[170] Machida H, Arai F. Atlas of Tephra in and around Japan. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1992, 276
[171] Iwasaki S, Hirakawa K, Sawagaki T. Late Quaternary glaciation in the Esaoman-Tottabetsu valley, Hidaka Range, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Geography, 2000a, 109: 37-55.
[172] Sawagaki T, Iwasaki S, Hirakawa K. Late Quaternary glaciation in the Hidaka Mountain range, Hokkaido, northernmost Japan: its chronology and deformation till. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, 2003, 130: 237-262
[173] Machida H, Arai F. Atlas of Tephra in and Around Japan (revised edition).University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 2004, 336
[174] Yanagida M. Age of the Shikotsu pumice fall-1 deposit. The Quaternary Research, 1994, 33: 205-207
[175] Okuno M. Chronology of tephra layers in Southern Kyushu, SW Japan, for the last 30,000 years. The Quaternary Research, 2002, 41: 225-236
[176] Liu, C C. Geodetic monitoring of mountain building in Taiwan. EOS Transactions-American Geophysical Union 76 (46-Suppl.), 1995, 636
[177] Lundberg, N, Dorsey, R.J. Rapid Quaternary emergence, uplift, and denudation of the Coastal Range, eastern Taiwan. Geology, 1990, 18(7): 638– 641
[178] Liew, P M, Pirazzoli, P A L, H M et al. Holocene tectonic uplift deduced from elevated shorelines, eastern Coastal Range of Taiwan. Tectonophysics, 1993, 222: 55-68
[179] Vita-Finzi, C, Lin, J C. Serial reverse and strike slip on imbricate faults: The Coastal Range of east Taiwan. Geology, 1998, 26 (3): 279-281
[180] Lan, C Y, Lee, T, Lee, C W. The Rb–Sr isotopic record in Taiwan gneisses and its tectonic implication. Tectonophysics, 1990, 183: (1-4): 129-143
[181] Krishnamurti T N.The subtropical jet stream of winter. J Meteor, 1961, 18: 172-191
[182] Hou A Y.Hadley circulation as a modulator of the extratropical climate. J Atmos Sci, 1998, 55: 2437-2457
[183] Kung E C, Chan PH. Energetics characteristics of the Asian winter monsoon in the source region.Mon Wea Rev, 1981, 109: 854-870
[184] Yang S, Lau K M, Kim K M. Variations of the East Asian jet stream and Asian-Pacific-American winter climate anomalies. J Climate, 2002, 15: 306-324
[185] Lin Z D, Lu R Y. Interannual meridiona ldisplacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream in summer. Adv Atmos Sci, 2005, 22: 199-211
[186]伍荣生.现代天气学原理.北京:高等教育出版社.1999
[187]朱乾根.天气学原理和方法.北京:气象出版社.1992
[188]叶笃正,高由禧.青藏高原气象学.北京:科学出版社. 1979
[189] Ye D S, Tao, M Li. The abrupt change of circulation over the Northern Hemisphere during June and October. The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion, the Rockefeller Institute Press and Oxford University Press, 1959, 24-267
[190] Ono Y, Shulmeister J, Lehmkuhl F, et al. Timings and causes of glacial advances across the PEP-II transect (East-Asia to Antarctica) during the last glaciation cycle. Quaternary International, 2004, 118-119: 55-68