九寨沟世界自然遗产地旅游地学景观成因与保护研究
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摘要
世界自然遗产是大自然演化进程中遗留给人类的十分宝贵的财富,遗产旅游是其可持续利用的主要方式。旅游地学景观是世界自然遗产地的主体旅游资源,对它们的科学价值、美学价值、旅游价值等进行挖掘和利用,已成为国内外很多遗产地展示世界遗产价值或进行旅游产品升级换代的重要内容。只有弄清旅游地学景观的形成与演化过程、成景机理,才能深入揭示其科学价值,制定科学的开发方案,采取有效的保护措施,才能最终实现世界自然遗产地的可持续发展。
九寨沟旅游地学景观丰富,分布广泛,类型多样,以岩溶湖泊和瀑布为其特色,集湖、瀑、滩、流、雪峰、彩林于一体,具有极高的美学价值、科学价值和旅游价值,被誉为“童话世界”、“人间仙境”。1992年,九寨沟凭借其“极高的科学价值和美学价值”被联合国教科文组织列入世界自然遗产名录。30多年来,九寨沟凭借其绝美的景色、富有成效的管理和不断改善的旅游交通方式使旅游业迅猛发展,极大带动了阿坝藏族羌族自治州经济的起飞,有力推动了四川旅游的发展,有效促进了中国旅游品牌的塑造,已经成为国内外知名的旅游景区。
九寨沟旅游地学景观是在当地特定的区域地质和自然地理背景下,地质构造、新构造、第四纪冰川作用、岩溶、重力、生物等多种内外营力共同作用的结果。只有深入认识区内各种自然过程及规律,才能防止旅游开发时可能对旅游地学景观造成的破坏,从而提出更为有效的保护措施。此外,系统了解九寨沟旅游地学景观成因,有利于展示九寨沟遗产价值,提升旅游品位和科学文化内涵,推动遗产旅游可持续发展。因此,研究九寨沟成景机理有利于指导九寨沟旅游资源开发与环境保护,有效保护遗产的真实性和完整性,为游客提供更好的服务,为社会创造更大的价值。
九寨沟世界遗产地保护与发展的矛盾将更加尖锐。九寨沟在2007年游客人数已经突破250万,旅游黄金周期间日游客数量突破2万人次。随着可进入性的极大改善,游客人数还有快速增长趋势。近年来旅游经济的快速发展不仅使当地脱贫致富,而且极大地带动了区域经济的发展,因此,地方政府对九寨沟旅游经济寄予更大的期望,将提出更高的要求。因此,九寨沟未来将面临空前的旅游压力。但九寨沟位于四川盆地向青藏高原过渡地带,地质环境非常复杂,生态环境异常脆弱,而游客活动却主要集中在60km2峡谷区域内。如何协调日益突出的保护与发展之间的矛盾,即应采取怎样的保护措施才能更有效地维护九寨沟旅游地学景观成景耦合系统的稳定性和保持遗产的真实性和完整性,是九寨沟迫切需要深入研究的问题。
本文以地质学、自然地理学和旅游地学为指导,采用文献研究、实地踏勘、深度访谈、定性与定量相结合等方法,应用“3S”技术,结合传统地质工作手段,对九寨沟世界自然遗产地旅游地学景观的特征与分布、成景机理和保护措施进行了系统研究。主要取得了以下成果和结论:
(1)对九寨沟旅游地学景观进行了科学分类,分析了其组合特征,并从定性定量角度对其进行了评价,在同类景观比较的基础上探讨了其景观特色。九寨沟旅游地学景观主要分布在由日则沟、则查洼沟和树正沟组成的“Y”字形沟谷中,以水体景观为主,其次是生物景观和气象景观,地貌、古生物化石、地质剖面景观、矿物景观为辅。九寨沟水体景观包括群湖、叠瀑、滩流、泉水、激流河段,分布特别集中,受控于其特殊的水循环系统,形成了泉—湖泊或群海—滩流及瀑布组合。九寨沟旅游地学景观具有极高的美学价值、科学价值和极大的旅游价值。
(2)运用地质学、自然地理学、水文学、气象学、生态学等学科理论系统分析了九寨沟区域背景,详细研究了九寨沟旅游地学景观的地层与岩性条件、地质构造背景、冰川作用与冰碛物、水文条件、岩溶作用及钙华堆积、新构造运动及重力作用等成景条件。九寨沟位于四川盆地西部边缘山地向青藏高原过渡地带,处于青藏板块向扬子板块俯冲带的边缘,属松潘-甘孜地槽区;出露地层主要为泥盆系至三叠系的海相碳酸盐岩地层;褶皱构造主要由一系列轴线延伸北西—南东向的背斜和一些延伸近东西向、北东—南西向向斜组成,断层发育以脆性剪切形变为主导,主要有北西向逆断层及平移断层、南北向逆断层和北东向正断层,东西向正断层四组断层;先后经历了三次冰期,冰川侵蚀、搬运和堆积作用强烈;在强烈的岩溶作用下地表出现大量钙华堆积,形成众多的钙华堤、钙华滩、钙华瀑布和钙华堰塞湖;新构造运动使西部强烈的整体抬升,东部沿早期南北向和北东与北西向断裂产生断块的差异运动,形成南高北低的地貌特征;重力作用主要表现为滑坡、崩塌、泥石流,是景观形成的重要因子。
(3)探讨了九寨沟旅游地学景观成景过程,根据系统科学原理构建了九寨沟旅游地学景观成景耦合系统。追溯景区自寒武纪以来所经历的漫长的建造历史及变形过程,将九寨沟成景过程划分为被动陆缘、褶皱造山及推覆造山、陆内断块造山和第四纪冰川作用、冰后成景等五个阶段。九寨沟成景耦合系统由输入系统和输出系统组成。输入系统包括内动力地质作用子系统、外动力地质作用子系统、地域环境子系统,输出系统包括成景地层子系统和旅游地学景观子系统。以构造运动、地震等为主的内动力地质作用和以冰川、岩溶、流水和重力作用为主的外动力地质作用与地域环境子系统之间形成复杂的网式反馈,共同作用可溶的碳酸盐岩地层,通过长期的物理、化学和生物过程最后形成以岩溶水景闻名天下的九寨沟旅游地学奇观。
(4)运用九寨沟旅游地学景观成景耦合系统研究了九寨沟主要旅游地学景观的成景机理。九寨沟岩溶地貌景观和冰川地貌景观的形成离不开岩溶作用和冰川作用,但同时受九寨沟地层岩性、构造运动、气象水文条件、重力作用、生物作用等因素的影响和控制。九寨沟湖泊多属于堰塞湖,其堰塞物主要来源于冰川侧碛与终碛、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等重力作用和生物钙华沉积。九寨沟的湖水五彩缤纷,主要是由于光的吸收和散射作用,水生植物、钙华沉积、水中矿物质也起了一定作用。九寨沟瀑布成因主要有三种:一是断层和生物岩溶作用;二是差异侵蚀和生物岩溶作用;三是崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等重力作用和生物岩溶作用。钙华滩流是九寨沟特色水景之一,其形成主要源于生物作用和钙华沉积。九寨沟泉群类型主要为溢流泉,是由第四系孔隙水潜流下降所成。九寨沟的湖水清澈见底,主要是因为其湖泊的补给多是地下水补给,钙华沉积作用强烈。
(5)在分析九寨沟旅游地学景观保护历程和所面临的威胁因素后,提出发展低碳旅游是九寨沟旅游地学景观保护和可持续利用的最佳方式,建设智慧景区是保护和管理九寨沟旅游地学景观的最佳战略,实施分区保护是保护九寨沟旅游地学景观的重要措施。
World natural heritage sites are extremely precious heritage from natural evolution, and tourism is a primary way for its sustainable use. Tourism geosciences landscape is the main tourism attractions of world natural heritage sites. Studying and using their scientific value, aesthetic value and tourism value, has become an important content for laying out their value or renewing tourism product. Understanding how the tourism geosciences landscape is formed and evolved, can be helpful to explore its scientific value, to make scientific project, to adopt effective protection, and achieve sustainable development.
There is variety of tourism geosciences landscapes distributing widely in Jiuzhaigou, and they are characterized as karst lakes and falls. Lakes, falls, shoals, streams, jokuls and colorful forest gather together in Jiuzhaigou. Considering its considerable scientific, aesthetic, and tourism value, Jiuzhaigou is praised as“fairy tale world”,“fairyland on earth”, and has been listed into the world natural heritage list by UNESCO. Thanks to its fantastic beauty, effective administration and continuously improving of traffic, Jiuzhaigou’s tourism develops quickly in the past 30 years. So the tourism of Jiuzhaigou has not only driven economy takeoff in Aba Tibet and Qiang Race autonomous district, but also promoted tourism’s development of Sichuan province, and even boosted Chinese tourism brand’s shaping. Jiuzhaigou now has become a famous tourist attraction all over the world.
Jiuzhaigou tourism geosciences landscapes are the result of interaction of many inner and external forces under local geology and physical geography, such as tectonic setting, the neotectonics, quaternary glaciations, karst, gravity, biology, etc. Understanding all kinds of natural processes and law in depth, can help prevent tourism geosciences landscapes from destroying on account of tourism development so that propose a series of effective protection measures. Furthermore, on the premise that we have more and systematic understanding of how the tourism geosciences landscapes of Jiuzhaigou are formed, it is more conducive to show Jiuzhaigou natural heritage site’s value, to improve tourism grade and scientific and cultural content, and to motivate sustainable development. So the study of Jiuzhaigou’s scene mechanism can help guide Jiuzhaigou tourism recourse development and environment protection, protect heritage’s authenticity and integrity, provide better services for visitors, and create more value for society.
The contradiction between Jiuzhaigou world natural heritage protection and community’s development is becoming stiffer and stiffer. The number of Jiuzhaigou’s visitors exceeded 2.5 million in 2007, and the number of visitors exceeded 20 thousands a day during the golden week. With the fast improvement of accessibility, more people will come. Tourism economy’s quick development has not only led to local community’s poverty alleviation, but also driven the area’s economical development greatly in recent years. Therefore, the local government place greater expectations on Jiuzhaigou’s tourism economy, and also makes higher demands. Obviously, Jiuzhaigou will face unprecedented pressure from tourism. However, Jiuzhaigou is situated in the transition zone of Sichuan basin and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, where geo-environment is extremely complex and ecosystem is fragile. And visitors are mostly gathering in the 60km2 canyon. How to harmonize increasingly prominent contradiction between protection and development, that is to say, how to maintain Jiuzhaigou tourism geosciences landscapes coupling system’s stability and keep heritage site’s authenticity and integrality, is an urgent issue that needs to be studied in depth.
Under the direction of geology and physiography as well as tourism geosciences,this article use variety of methods, such as literature research, field reconnaissance, intensive interviews, both qualitative and quantitative methods. Through applying "3S" technology, combined with the traditional geological study methods, it has been systematically studied on the Jiuzhaigou World Heritage Site about the characteristics and distribution of its geological landscape, landscape formation mechanism and the protective measures. And the main result and conclusion are as following:
(1)Having classified the geological landscape scientifically and giving an analysis of composite features, an assessment has been made from the qualitative and quantitative prospect. Besides, an approach to the sight features has made on the basis of the comparison with other similar landscape in the world. Most of Jiuzhaigou tourism geosciences landscapes mainly distributed in the Y-shape valley, which is comprised of Rize valley, Zezhawa valley and Shu Zheng valley, mainly focused on its water landscape, secondary to its biological landscape and meteorological landscape, physiognomy, paleontology fossils, geological section landscape, supplemented by minerals. The water sights, including the group of lake, fold waterfalls, shoals, springs, rapids, are closely next to each other, controlled by its special water cycle system, which finally forms the spring - lake or group lakes-shoals-falls. Jiuzhaigou valley has high aesthetic value, scientific value and great tourism value.
(2)According to the theory systems on some disciplines, such as geology, physical geography, hydrology, aerography, the analysis of its regional background has made, and a detailed study of the background of its landscape formation, covering the stratum and lithology of landscape, tectonic setting, glacier and moraine, hydrological conditions, karstification and travertine deposits, the neotectonics and action of gravity. Locating in the mountainous western edge of Sichuan Basin transition zone to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, on the brink of Qinghai-Tibet plate to the Yangtze subduction zone, Jiuzhaigou Valley is categorized into the Songpan-ganzi geosyncline area. Exposed strata are mainly Devonian to Triassic marine carbonate rocks formation; fold extension of the main axis by a series of northwest - southeast extension of the anticline, and some EW, NE - SW syncline composed of faults in order to become a dominant form of brittle shear, the main thrust fault to the north west and strike-slip faults, north-south trending reverse faults and normal faults, four east-west faults. Jiuzhaigou has gone through three glaciations, with strong effects of glacial erosion, transport and stacking; with strong karstification in a large number of travertine deposits under the surface , a large number of travertine dikes, travertine shoals, travertine waterfalls and travertine lake appeared; the neotectonic movement strongly uplifted the overall western part, while the eastern part have different fault block movement along the early NS and NE and NW trending faults, and the formation of the South higher than in the north of the topographic feature; gravity mainly as landslides, collapse, debris flow, is an important factor in the formation of the landscape.
(3)Examining the process of the landscape formation, we have constructed coupling system of Jiuzhaigou Valley on the basis of scientific principles. Since the Cambrian, the area has experienced the construction of the long history and deformation process. The process could be divided into four stages: the scene Jiuzhaigou passive continental margin, fold and thrust orogenics, continental orogenic block and the role of quaternary glacial. Jiuzhaigou scenery coupled system composed of the input and output system. The input sub-system includes the endogenic geological process and exogenic geological process subsystem, geographical environment subsystem. The output sub-system includes the stratum subsystem of scene formation and the tourism geosciences landscapes subsystem. The endogenic geological process as the main role of tectonic movements, earthquakes, and the glacial, karst, water and gravity-based exogenic geological and geographical environment, have formed complex net-feedback. Their interactions on the soluble carbonate rock, and through long-term physical, chemical and biological processes led to the final form of the world famous karst water features of Jiuzhaigou geological wonders.
(4)Applying to coupled system of the Jiuzhaigou tourism geosciences landscape, the article explores the mechanism of the main tourism geosciences landscape of Jiuzhaigou. Jiuzhaigou karst landscapes and the formation of glacial landscape is inseparable from the role of karst and glaciers, but is controlled by the Jiuzhaigou lithology, tectonic movements, meteorological and hydrological conditions, gravity, biological and other factors. Many are dammed lake in Jiuzhaigou lakes, damming material comes mainly from its lateral moraine and end moraine glaciers, collapse, landslides and debris flows by gravity and biological travertine deposition. Jiuzhaigou colorful lake, are mainly because of absorption and scattering of light, aquatic plants, travertine deposition, mineral in the water, also played a role. There are three main causes of the falls in the Jiuzhaigou: first, the role of faults and bio-karst; the second is the role of differential erosion and bio-karst; third, collapse, landslide and debris flow deposits and biological gravity karstification. Travertine shoal is one of Jiuzhaigou water features, mainly due to its biological role and travertine deposition. The main types of Jiuzhaigou springs are overflow spring, the quaternary deposition by the decrease in pore water into the subsurface. Crystal-clear lake in Jiuzhaigou is mainly because of its many lakes, groundwater recharge supply, and travertine deposition strongly.
(5)Having studied the course of landscape protection and the threats of the tourism geosciences landscape, it is proposed that low-carbon tourism should be the most sustainable way to protect its geological landscape. It is the best strategy to build a smart national park, and zoning protection, served as a significant measure in order to protect its tourism geological landscape.
九寨沟旅游地学景观丰富,分布广泛,类型多样,以岩溶湖泊和瀑布为其特色,集湖、瀑、滩、流、雪峰、彩林于一体,具有极高的美学价值、科学价值和旅游价值,被誉为“童话世界”、“人间仙境”。1992年,九寨沟凭借其“极高的科学价值和美学价值”被联合国教科文组织列入世界自然遗产名录。30多年来,九寨沟凭借其绝美的景色、富有成效的管理和不断改善的旅游交通方式使旅游业迅猛发展,极大带动了阿坝藏族羌族自治州经济的起飞,有力推动了四川旅游的发展,有效促进了中国旅游品牌的塑造,已经成为国内外知名的旅游景区。
九寨沟旅游地学景观是在当地特定的区域地质和自然地理背景下,地质构造、新构造、第四纪冰川作用、岩溶、重力、生物等多种内外营力共同作用的结果。只有深入认识区内各种自然过程及规律,才能防止旅游开发时可能对旅游地学景观造成的破坏,从而提出更为有效的保护措施。此外,系统了解九寨沟旅游地学景观成因,有利于展示九寨沟遗产价值,提升旅游品位和科学文化内涵,推动遗产旅游可持续发展。因此,研究九寨沟成景机理有利于指导九寨沟旅游资源开发与环境保护,有效保护遗产的真实性和完整性,为游客提供更好的服务,为社会创造更大的价值。
九寨沟世界遗产地保护与发展的矛盾将更加尖锐。九寨沟在2007年游客人数已经突破250万,旅游黄金周期间日游客数量突破2万人次。随着可进入性的极大改善,游客人数还有快速增长趋势。近年来旅游经济的快速发展不仅使当地脱贫致富,而且极大地带动了区域经济的发展,因此,地方政府对九寨沟旅游经济寄予更大的期望,将提出更高的要求。因此,九寨沟未来将面临空前的旅游压力。但九寨沟位于四川盆地向青藏高原过渡地带,地质环境非常复杂,生态环境异常脆弱,而游客活动却主要集中在60km2峡谷区域内。如何协调日益突出的保护与发展之间的矛盾,即应采取怎样的保护措施才能更有效地维护九寨沟旅游地学景观成景耦合系统的稳定性和保持遗产的真实性和完整性,是九寨沟迫切需要深入研究的问题。
本文以地质学、自然地理学和旅游地学为指导,采用文献研究、实地踏勘、深度访谈、定性与定量相结合等方法,应用“3S”技术,结合传统地质工作手段,对九寨沟世界自然遗产地旅游地学景观的特征与分布、成景机理和保护措施进行了系统研究。主要取得了以下成果和结论:
(1)对九寨沟旅游地学景观进行了科学分类,分析了其组合特征,并从定性定量角度对其进行了评价,在同类景观比较的基础上探讨了其景观特色。九寨沟旅游地学景观主要分布在由日则沟、则查洼沟和树正沟组成的“Y”字形沟谷中,以水体景观为主,其次是生物景观和气象景观,地貌、古生物化石、地质剖面景观、矿物景观为辅。九寨沟水体景观包括群湖、叠瀑、滩流、泉水、激流河段,分布特别集中,受控于其特殊的水循环系统,形成了泉—湖泊或群海—滩流及瀑布组合。九寨沟旅游地学景观具有极高的美学价值、科学价值和极大的旅游价值。
(2)运用地质学、自然地理学、水文学、气象学、生态学等学科理论系统分析了九寨沟区域背景,详细研究了九寨沟旅游地学景观的地层与岩性条件、地质构造背景、冰川作用与冰碛物、水文条件、岩溶作用及钙华堆积、新构造运动及重力作用等成景条件。九寨沟位于四川盆地西部边缘山地向青藏高原过渡地带,处于青藏板块向扬子板块俯冲带的边缘,属松潘-甘孜地槽区;出露地层主要为泥盆系至三叠系的海相碳酸盐岩地层;褶皱构造主要由一系列轴线延伸北西—南东向的背斜和一些延伸近东西向、北东—南西向向斜组成,断层发育以脆性剪切形变为主导,主要有北西向逆断层及平移断层、南北向逆断层和北东向正断层,东西向正断层四组断层;先后经历了三次冰期,冰川侵蚀、搬运和堆积作用强烈;在强烈的岩溶作用下地表出现大量钙华堆积,形成众多的钙华堤、钙华滩、钙华瀑布和钙华堰塞湖;新构造运动使西部强烈的整体抬升,东部沿早期南北向和北东与北西向断裂产生断块的差异运动,形成南高北低的地貌特征;重力作用主要表现为滑坡、崩塌、泥石流,是景观形成的重要因子。
(3)探讨了九寨沟旅游地学景观成景过程,根据系统科学原理构建了九寨沟旅游地学景观成景耦合系统。追溯景区自寒武纪以来所经历的漫长的建造历史及变形过程,将九寨沟成景过程划分为被动陆缘、褶皱造山及推覆造山、陆内断块造山和第四纪冰川作用、冰后成景等五个阶段。九寨沟成景耦合系统由输入系统和输出系统组成。输入系统包括内动力地质作用子系统、外动力地质作用子系统、地域环境子系统,输出系统包括成景地层子系统和旅游地学景观子系统。以构造运动、地震等为主的内动力地质作用和以冰川、岩溶、流水和重力作用为主的外动力地质作用与地域环境子系统之间形成复杂的网式反馈,共同作用可溶的碳酸盐岩地层,通过长期的物理、化学和生物过程最后形成以岩溶水景闻名天下的九寨沟旅游地学奇观。
(4)运用九寨沟旅游地学景观成景耦合系统研究了九寨沟主要旅游地学景观的成景机理。九寨沟岩溶地貌景观和冰川地貌景观的形成离不开岩溶作用和冰川作用,但同时受九寨沟地层岩性、构造运动、气象水文条件、重力作用、生物作用等因素的影响和控制。九寨沟湖泊多属于堰塞湖,其堰塞物主要来源于冰川侧碛与终碛、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等重力作用和生物钙华沉积。九寨沟的湖水五彩缤纷,主要是由于光的吸收和散射作用,水生植物、钙华沉积、水中矿物质也起了一定作用。九寨沟瀑布成因主要有三种:一是断层和生物岩溶作用;二是差异侵蚀和生物岩溶作用;三是崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等重力作用和生物岩溶作用。钙华滩流是九寨沟特色水景之一,其形成主要源于生物作用和钙华沉积。九寨沟泉群类型主要为溢流泉,是由第四系孔隙水潜流下降所成。九寨沟的湖水清澈见底,主要是因为其湖泊的补给多是地下水补给,钙华沉积作用强烈。
(5)在分析九寨沟旅游地学景观保护历程和所面临的威胁因素后,提出发展低碳旅游是九寨沟旅游地学景观保护和可持续利用的最佳方式,建设智慧景区是保护和管理九寨沟旅游地学景观的最佳战略,实施分区保护是保护九寨沟旅游地学景观的重要措施。
World natural heritage sites are extremely precious heritage from natural evolution, and tourism is a primary way for its sustainable use. Tourism geosciences landscape is the main tourism attractions of world natural heritage sites. Studying and using their scientific value, aesthetic value and tourism value, has become an important content for laying out their value or renewing tourism product. Understanding how the tourism geosciences landscape is formed and evolved, can be helpful to explore its scientific value, to make scientific project, to adopt effective protection, and achieve sustainable development.
There is variety of tourism geosciences landscapes distributing widely in Jiuzhaigou, and they are characterized as karst lakes and falls. Lakes, falls, shoals, streams, jokuls and colorful forest gather together in Jiuzhaigou. Considering its considerable scientific, aesthetic, and tourism value, Jiuzhaigou is praised as“fairy tale world”,“fairyland on earth”, and has been listed into the world natural heritage list by UNESCO. Thanks to its fantastic beauty, effective administration and continuously improving of traffic, Jiuzhaigou’s tourism develops quickly in the past 30 years. So the tourism of Jiuzhaigou has not only driven economy takeoff in Aba Tibet and Qiang Race autonomous district, but also promoted tourism’s development of Sichuan province, and even boosted Chinese tourism brand’s shaping. Jiuzhaigou now has become a famous tourist attraction all over the world.
Jiuzhaigou tourism geosciences landscapes are the result of interaction of many inner and external forces under local geology and physical geography, such as tectonic setting, the neotectonics, quaternary glaciations, karst, gravity, biology, etc. Understanding all kinds of natural processes and law in depth, can help prevent tourism geosciences landscapes from destroying on account of tourism development so that propose a series of effective protection measures. Furthermore, on the premise that we have more and systematic understanding of how the tourism geosciences landscapes of Jiuzhaigou are formed, it is more conducive to show Jiuzhaigou natural heritage site’s value, to improve tourism grade and scientific and cultural content, and to motivate sustainable development. So the study of Jiuzhaigou’s scene mechanism can help guide Jiuzhaigou tourism recourse development and environment protection, protect heritage’s authenticity and integrity, provide better services for visitors, and create more value for society.
The contradiction between Jiuzhaigou world natural heritage protection and community’s development is becoming stiffer and stiffer. The number of Jiuzhaigou’s visitors exceeded 2.5 million in 2007, and the number of visitors exceeded 20 thousands a day during the golden week. With the fast improvement of accessibility, more people will come. Tourism economy’s quick development has not only led to local community’s poverty alleviation, but also driven the area’s economical development greatly in recent years. Therefore, the local government place greater expectations on Jiuzhaigou’s tourism economy, and also makes higher demands. Obviously, Jiuzhaigou will face unprecedented pressure from tourism. However, Jiuzhaigou is situated in the transition zone of Sichuan basin and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, where geo-environment is extremely complex and ecosystem is fragile. And visitors are mostly gathering in the 60km2 canyon. How to harmonize increasingly prominent contradiction between protection and development, that is to say, how to maintain Jiuzhaigou tourism geosciences landscapes coupling system’s stability and keep heritage site’s authenticity and integrality, is an urgent issue that needs to be studied in depth.
Under the direction of geology and physiography as well as tourism geosciences,this article use variety of methods, such as literature research, field reconnaissance, intensive interviews, both qualitative and quantitative methods. Through applying "3S" technology, combined with the traditional geological study methods, it has been systematically studied on the Jiuzhaigou World Heritage Site about the characteristics and distribution of its geological landscape, landscape formation mechanism and the protective measures. And the main result and conclusion are as following:
(1)Having classified the geological landscape scientifically and giving an analysis of composite features, an assessment has been made from the qualitative and quantitative prospect. Besides, an approach to the sight features has made on the basis of the comparison with other similar landscape in the world. Most of Jiuzhaigou tourism geosciences landscapes mainly distributed in the Y-shape valley, which is comprised of Rize valley, Zezhawa valley and Shu Zheng valley, mainly focused on its water landscape, secondary to its biological landscape and meteorological landscape, physiognomy, paleontology fossils, geological section landscape, supplemented by minerals. The water sights, including the group of lake, fold waterfalls, shoals, springs, rapids, are closely next to each other, controlled by its special water cycle system, which finally forms the spring - lake or group lakes-shoals-falls. Jiuzhaigou valley has high aesthetic value, scientific value and great tourism value.
(2)According to the theory systems on some disciplines, such as geology, physical geography, hydrology, aerography, the analysis of its regional background has made, and a detailed study of the background of its landscape formation, covering the stratum and lithology of landscape, tectonic setting, glacier and moraine, hydrological conditions, karstification and travertine deposits, the neotectonics and action of gravity. Locating in the mountainous western edge of Sichuan Basin transition zone to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, on the brink of Qinghai-Tibet plate to the Yangtze subduction zone, Jiuzhaigou Valley is categorized into the Songpan-ganzi geosyncline area. Exposed strata are mainly Devonian to Triassic marine carbonate rocks formation; fold extension of the main axis by a series of northwest - southeast extension of the anticline, and some EW, NE - SW syncline composed of faults in order to become a dominant form of brittle shear, the main thrust fault to the north west and strike-slip faults, north-south trending reverse faults and normal faults, four east-west faults. Jiuzhaigou has gone through three glaciations, with strong effects of glacial erosion, transport and stacking; with strong karstification in a large number of travertine deposits under the surface , a large number of travertine dikes, travertine shoals, travertine waterfalls and travertine lake appeared; the neotectonic movement strongly uplifted the overall western part, while the eastern part have different fault block movement along the early NS and NE and NW trending faults, and the formation of the South higher than in the north of the topographic feature; gravity mainly as landslides, collapse, debris flow, is an important factor in the formation of the landscape.
(3)Examining the process of the landscape formation, we have constructed coupling system of Jiuzhaigou Valley on the basis of scientific principles. Since the Cambrian, the area has experienced the construction of the long history and deformation process. The process could be divided into four stages: the scene Jiuzhaigou passive continental margin, fold and thrust orogenics, continental orogenic block and the role of quaternary glacial. Jiuzhaigou scenery coupled system composed of the input and output system. The input sub-system includes the endogenic geological process and exogenic geological process subsystem, geographical environment subsystem. The output sub-system includes the stratum subsystem of scene formation and the tourism geosciences landscapes subsystem. The endogenic geological process as the main role of tectonic movements, earthquakes, and the glacial, karst, water and gravity-based exogenic geological and geographical environment, have formed complex net-feedback. Their interactions on the soluble carbonate rock, and through long-term physical, chemical and biological processes led to the final form of the world famous karst water features of Jiuzhaigou geological wonders.
(4)Applying to coupled system of the Jiuzhaigou tourism geosciences landscape, the article explores the mechanism of the main tourism geosciences landscape of Jiuzhaigou. Jiuzhaigou karst landscapes and the formation of glacial landscape is inseparable from the role of karst and glaciers, but is controlled by the Jiuzhaigou lithology, tectonic movements, meteorological and hydrological conditions, gravity, biological and other factors. Many are dammed lake in Jiuzhaigou lakes, damming material comes mainly from its lateral moraine and end moraine glaciers, collapse, landslides and debris flows by gravity and biological travertine deposition. Jiuzhaigou colorful lake, are mainly because of absorption and scattering of light, aquatic plants, travertine deposition, mineral in the water, also played a role. There are three main causes of the falls in the Jiuzhaigou: first, the role of faults and bio-karst; the second is the role of differential erosion and bio-karst; third, collapse, landslide and debris flow deposits and biological gravity karstification. Travertine shoal is one of Jiuzhaigou water features, mainly due to its biological role and travertine deposition. The main types of Jiuzhaigou springs are overflow spring, the quaternary deposition by the decrease in pore water into the subsurface. Crystal-clear lake in Jiuzhaigou is mainly because of its many lakes, groundwater recharge supply, and travertine deposition strongly.
(5)Having studied the course of landscape protection and the threats of the tourism geosciences landscape, it is proposed that low-carbon tourism should be the most sustainable way to protect its geological landscape. It is the best strategy to build a smart national park, and zoning protection, served as a significant measure in order to protect its tourism geological landscape.
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